A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. Materials and Methods Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. Results Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 mL. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. Conclusions Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or ...

Early successful orchidopexy does not prevent from developing azoospermia

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of Ad spermatogonia (stem cells for fertility) was assessed in 20 cryptorchid patients, all of whom had a successful orchidopexy in childhood but developed azoospermia following puberty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a cohort of 231 patients who had a semen analysis following successful orchidopexy 20 patients (9 percent) had azoospermia. The patients were classified into 2 groups according to the time of surgery: A = < 21 months of age (n = 5, mean = 10.7 ± 8.6 months) and B = during childhood (n = 15, mean = 10.1 ± 3 years). Nine of the 20 patients (45 percent) had bilateral cryptorchidism: A = 1 and B = 8. Testicular biopsies were performed during orchidopexy and analyzed with semi-thin technique. The number of Ad spermatogonia and entire number of germ cells was determined. The patients' semen analyses were evaluated at least twice; FSH and testosterone plasma values were estimated. RESULTS: In group A, all patients had germ cells at the time of surgery (mean = 1.04 ± 1.4 germ cells per tubular cross section); only 6 patients in group B (40 percent) had no germ cells (mean = 0.17 ± 0.4); A vs. B, p = 0.0133. Importantly, Ad spermatogonia were absent in the entire study population. The plasma FSH of 16 patients (80 percent) was abnormal [median = 16.35 IU/L (Interquartile range of sample - IQR 9.075-27.85 95 percent CI, 3-53)] while the plasma testosterone of all the patients was normal. CONCLUSIONS: The most severe cause of infertility in cryptorchid patients cannot be mitigated by an early successful surgery alone.

Endocrinological parameters in experimental unilateral undescended testis.

It is a common clinical practice to estimate FSH, LH and testosterone levels in patients with unilateral undescended testis (U/L UDT) as a prognostic pointer to fertility potential. Is this practice correct? To ascertain this aspect, new born rats were operated to create experimental U/L UDT by gubernaculectomy and anchoring the gubernaculum to anterior abdominal wall. Fertility and hormone levels were evaluated later in adult life. Though fertility of rats with U/L UDT was significantly less (p < 0.01) than the controls, no significant alterations were found in the levels of serum testosterone, FSH and LH. Even though variations in the hormone levels may be responsible, to a certain extent, for the decrease in fertility potential in U/L UDT, estimation of sex hormone levels in U/L UDT is not a sensitive indicator of fertility potential. U/L UDT may additionally be affecting fertility through non-endocrinological mechanisms.

Modificaciones bioquímicas en el suero de pacientes con criptorquidea / Biochemical alterations in serum of patients with cryptorchidism

Teniendo en cuenta que el criptorquismo es un factor de riesgo de malignidad testicular, fue estudiado el perfil isoenzimático de la fosfatasa alcalina sérica (FAL), en 42 pacientes con criptocardia unilateral o bilateral; los mismos fueron divididos en dos grupos, según que dicho perfil correspondiera al encontrado en dadores sanos (grupo A) o al de pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar cáncer (grupo B). En ambos grupos se efectuó el estudio de la actividad sérica de fosfatasa alcalina total (FAT), fosfatasa ácida total (FAcT), fosfatasa ácida prostática (FAcP), hexosaminidasa (Hex) y fracciones proteicas, comparándose los resultados con los obtenidos para el grupo C o control. Fue observado un incremento de la actividad de FAT en los grupos A y B, notándose niveles elevados de FAcT y FAcP en el 28,0% y 19,0% respectivamente, del grupo A y en el 43,0% y 25,0% del grupo B. La actividad de Hex presentó niveles elevados en el 50,0% y 63,6% de los grupos A y B respectivamente. La relación albúmina/globulinas estuvo disminuida en el 33,3% del grupo A y en el 85,0% del B, a expensas del incremento de las fracciones globulínicas y al descenso de albúmina. Los pacientes del grupo B generalmente no responden a la terapia hormonal ni quirúrgica, mientras los del grupo A sí. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de marcadas modificaciones en el metabolismo proteico, como asimismo en la actividad de algunas enzimas séricas en los pacientes criptorquídicos