Uso de testosterona en mujeres: un comentario sobre el consenso global sobre el uso de la terapia de testosterona para mujeres / Global consensus position statement on the use of testosterone therapy for women

Las mujeres han sido tratadas por décadas con testosterona intentando aliviar una gran variedad de síntomas con riesgos y beneficios inciertos. En la mayoría de los países, la testosterona se prescribe "off-label", de modo que las mujeres están utilizando compuestos y dosis ideadas para tratamientos en hombres. En este sentido, varias sociedades médicas de distintos continentes adoptaron recientemente por consenso una toma de posición sobre los beneficios y potenciales riesgos de la terapia con testosterona en la mujer, explorar las áreas de incertidumbre e identificar prácticas de prescripción con potencial de causar daño. Las recomendaciones con respecto a los beneficios y riesgos de la terapia con testosterona se basan en los resultados de ensayos clínicos controlados con placebo de al menos 12 semanas de duración. A continuación se comentan las recomendaciones. (AU)

There are currently no clear established indications for testosterone replacement therapy for women. Nonetheless, clinicians have been treating women with testosterone to alleviate a variety of symptoms for decades with uncertainty regarding its benefits and risks. In most countries, testosterone therapy is prescribed off-label, which means that women are using testosterone formulations or compounds approved for men with a modified dose for women. Due to these issues, there was a need for a global Consensus Position Statement on testosterone therapy for women based on the available evidence from placebo randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This Position Statement was developed to inform health care professionals about the benefits and potential risks of testosterone therapy intended for women. The aim of the Consensus was to provide clear guidance as to which women might benefit from testosterone therapy; to identify symptoms, signs, and certain conditions for which the evidence does not support the prescription of testosterone; to explore areas of uncertainty, and to identify any prescribing practices that have the potential to cause harm. (AU)

Ruxolitinib combined with prednisone, thalidomide and danazol for treatment of myelofibrosis: a pilot study / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ruxolitinib combined with prednisone, thalidomide and danazol for treatment of in myelofibrosis (MF). Methods: Patients of MF according to the WHO 2016 criteria, received ruxolitinib (RUX) combined with prednisone, thalidomide and danazol (PTD). The response, changes of blood counts and adverse events were evaluated. Results: Six PMF and one post-ET MF patients were enrolled. Four patients presented JAK2V617F mutation, one CALR mutation, one MPL mutation, one triple-negative. Responses per IWG-MRT criteria were clinical improvement in 5 patients, stable disease in 2 ones, spleen response in 6 ones. All of 7 patients were symptomatic responses, four patients achieved at least 50% improvement from baseline on MPN-SAF TSS. Three patients initially treated with RUX alone, all of 3 patients experienced treatment-associated anemia and thrombocytopenia. Then these 3 patients received RUX combined with PTD, both hemoglobin and platelet increased significantly. Four patients initially treated with RUX combined with PTD. Increased levels of hemoglobin and platelet were seen in all of 7 patients received RUX combined with PTD with maximum increased hemoglobin of 30(18-54) g/L and maximum increased platelets of 116(13-369)×10(9)/L, respectively from baseline. The treatment dose of RUX increased due to improved platelet count in 3 patients. The frequent non-hematologic adverse events grade 1-2 were constipation, abdominal distension, crura edema and increased ALT. Conclusions: RUX combined with PTD for treatment of MF may modulate initial hematologic toxicity observed when RUX alone, and may increase response due to improved levels of hemoglobin or platelet.

Imidazole Antifungal Drugs Inhibit the Cell Proliferation and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer is currently the most prevalent cancer in women, and its incidence increases every year. Azole antifungal drugs were recently found to have antitumor efficacy in several cancer types. They contain an imidazole (clotrimazole and ketoconazole) or a triazole (fluconazole and itraconazole) ring. Using human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), we evaluated the effects of azole drugs on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion, and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Clotrimazole and ketoconazole inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines while fluconazole and itraconazole did not. In addition, clotrimazole and ketoconazole inhibited the motility of MDA-MB-231 cells and induced G₁-phase arrest in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, as determined by cell cycle analysis and immunoblot data. Moreover, Transwell invasion and gelatin zymography assays revealed that clotrimazole and ketoconazole suppressed invasiveness through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in MDA-MB-231 cells, although no significant changes in invasiveness were observed in MCF-7 cells. There were no significant changes in any of the observed parameters with fluconazole or itraconazole treatment in either breast cancer cell line. Taken together, imidazole antifungal drugs showed strong antitumor activity in breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and G₁ arrest in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and suppression of invasiveness via matrix metalloproteinase 9 inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells. Imidazole drugs have well-established pharmacokinetic profiles and known toxicity, which can make these generic drugs strong candidates for repositioning as antitumor therapies.

Outcomes of long term treatments of type I hereditary angioedema in a Turkish family

Abstract: Background: Hereditary angioedema is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by potentially life-threatening angioedema attacks. Objective: We aimed to investigate the clinical and genetic features of a family with angioedema attacks. Methods: The medical history, clinical features and C1-INH gene mutation of a Turkish family were investigated and outcomes of long-term treatments were described. Results: Five members had experienced recurrent swellings on the face and extremities triggered by trauma. They were all misdiagnosed as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) depending on frequent abdominal pain and were on colchicine therapy for a long time. They had low C4 and C1-INH protein concentrations and functions. A mutation (c.1247T>A) in C1-INH gene was detected. They were diagnosed as having hereditary angioedema with C1-INH deficiency (C1-INH hereditary angioedema) for the first time. Three of them benefited from danazol treatment without any significant adverse events and one received weekly C1 esterase replacement treatment instead of danazol since she had a medical history of thromboembolic stroke. Study limitations: Small sample size of participants. Conclusion: Patients with C1-INH hereditary angioedema may be misdiagnosed as having familial Mediterranean fever in regions where the disorder is endemic. Medical history, suspicion of hereditary angioedema and laboratory evaluations of patients and their family members lead the correct diagnoses of hereditary angioedema. Danazol and C1 replacement treatments provide significant reduction in hereditary angioedema attacks.

A Sporadic Case of Epstein Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Refractory Thrombocytopenia / 대한내과학회지

A 37-year-old female presented to our hospital with a history of bleeding episodes (excessive bleeding after tooth extraction, gum bleeding, easy bruising, and excessive menstruation) and severe thrombocytopenia (2,000/µL). She had no family history of bleeding tendency or thrombocytopenia. No peripheral lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly was noted. The patient's white blood cell count was normal; hemoglobin was 9.7 g/dL. A peripheral blood smear showed markedly decreased platelets, with occasional giant or large platelets. Bone marrow examination found increased megakaryocytes. The patient also complained of hearing difficulty; a hearing test indicated sensory-neural hearing impairment. Her thrombocytopenia was refractory to treatment with glucocorticosteroids, intravenous gamma-globulin, and danazol. In the 13 years following her initial presentation, the patient required anti-hypertensive treatment, a hearing-aid for progressive hearing loss, and started maintenance kidney dialysis. Her clinical history of refractory thrombocytopenia, progressive hearing impairment, and renal failure suggested myosin heavy chain 9 gene-related congenital syndrome (Epstein syndrome), which was confirmed by the presence of a heterozygous deletion mutation, c.221_223del, (p.Lys74del) in peripheral leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid.

Trend of Prevalence and Antifungal Drug Resistance of Candida Species Isolated from Candidemia Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital During Recent Two Decades / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Candidemia has increased with an increasing number of people in the high risk group and so has become more important. This study was conducted to investigate the isolation rate of Candida species from candidemia patients and the change in rate of antifungal resistance. METHODS: At a single tertiary care hospital, 1,120 blood cultures positive for Candida species from 1997 to 2016 were investigated according to date of culture, gender, age, and hospital department. RESULTS: During the investigation period, the number of candidemia patients increased from 14 in 1997 to 84 in 2016. The most common organism identified during the two decades was Candida albicans (40.8%), followed by Candida parapsilosis (24.1%), Candida tropicalis (13.2%), and Candida glabrata (12.8%). C. glabrata was relatively common in females (45.5%) compared to males. The age group 40-89 years was more frequently infected than other age groups, and the most frequent isolates according to age group were C. albicans in neonate (66.7%), C. parapsilosis in 1-9-year-olds (41.7%), and C. glabrata in those aged ≥60 years (range; 13.3%–20.0%). According to the visited departments, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and Candida haemulonii were more common in medical departments, while C. parapsilosis was more common in surgical departments. In the antifungal susceptibility test, a rising trend of azole resistance among C. albicans and C. glabrata was observed in recent years. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was confirmed that the isolation rate of Candida species in blood is different by age, gender, and hospital department, and the distribution of isolated Candida species changed over time. The resistance patterns of antifungal agents are also changing, and continuous monitoring and proper selection of antifungal agents are necessary.

Azole Resistance Caused by Increased Drug Efflux in Candida glabrata Isolated from the Urinary Tract of a Dog with Diabetes Mellitus

A yeast-like organism was isolated from a urine sample of a 6-year-old neutered male miniature poodle dog with urinary tract infection, diabetes ketoacidosis, and acute pancreatitis. We identified the yeast-like organism to be Candida glabrata and found that this fungus was highly resistant to azole antifungal drugs. To understand the mechanism of azole resistance in this isolate, the sequences and expression levels of the genes involved in drug resistance were analyzed. The results of our analysis showed that increased drug efflux, mediated by overexpression of ATP transporter genes CDR1 and PDH1, is the main cause of azole resistance of the C. glabrata isolated here.

Eficacia y seguridad de eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de medula ósea / Efficacy and safety of eltrombopag in patients with severe medullary aplasia, non-tributary to immunosuppressive triple therapy and bone marrow transplantation

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen responde a la solicitud de evaluación de tecnología sanitaria del uso fuera del petitorio de Eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de médula ósea. Aspectos Generales: La trombopeyetina es un factor humoral o citoquina, el cual estimula la producción de trombocitos (plaquetas), proliferación de megacariocitos de la médula ósea y por ende liberación de plaquetas en un mecanismo llamado trombopoyesis. El rol principal de las plaquetas es proveer la interacción y activación de factores de coagulación en la cascada de coagulación. Los pacientes con anemia aplásica exhiben altos niveles de trombopoyetina y pero aún así presentan trombocitopenia debido a una supresión o falla por parte de la producción de plaquetas en la médula ósea. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Eltrombopag (ETP), Revolade o Promacta (GlaxoSmithKline lnc) es un medicamento agonista del receptor de la trombopoyetina (TPOr) que promueve la diferenciación megacariocítica, la proliferación y la producción de plaquetas. Es un agente hematopoyético que actúa como agonista no peptídico del receptor de la trombopoyetina. Interacciona con el dominio transmembrana e induce a la proliferación y diferenciación de los megacariocitos produciendo, a consecuencia de ello, un incremento en el recuento plaquetario. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de Eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de médula ósea. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó en primer lugar la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas de autorización comercial como la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA) de Estados Unidos, la Agencia de Medicamentos Europea (EMA) y la Dirección General de Medicamentos y Drogas (DIGEMID) en el Perú. Seguidamente, se emplearon los motores de búsqueda de los metabuscadores Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), Epistemonikos y Health Systems Evidence (HSE). Asimismo, se buscó información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) del Reino Unido, National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) de Estados Unidos, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) de Canadá, Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) de Escocia, Haute Authorité de Santé (HAS) de Francia, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (IETS) de Colombia, el Instituto de efectividad clínica y sanitaria (IECS) de Argentina. Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de las bases de datos Pubmed, EMBASE, y The Web of Science que a su vez fue complementada con una búsqueda en www.clinicaltrials.gov y www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu. RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: De acuerdo con la pregunta PICO, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de evidencia científica relacionada al uso de eficacia y seguridad de eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de médula ósea. En la presente sinopsis se describe la evidencia encontrada a la fecha. Guías de práctica clínica: No se encontraron guías de práctica clínica de buena calidad que recomienden eltrombopag en AAS. Evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias: El grupo evaluador de NICE revisó este año (2016) la evidencia disponible para AAS con eltrombopag. Sin embargo es observable que tanto la CADTH de Canada, la SMC de Escocia, el IECS Argentina, IETS Colombia, y la HAS de Francia los cuales son referentes internacionales de evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias, no han realizado aún evaluaciones ni han emitido recomendaciones para el uso de eltrombopag en AAS. Ensayos clínicos: Se encontraron los ensayos clínicos fase II de Olnes et al., 2012 y Desmond et al., 2014. Ensayos clínicos no-publicados: Se encontraron tres estudios en progreso en la página de clinicaltrials.gov que corresponden a NCT01891994, NCT 01703169, y NCT 02148133. Otros documentos adicionales: Documento de recomendación como Guía de la BCSH. CONCLUSIONES: El presente dictamen responde a la solicitud de evaluación de tecnología sanitaria del uso fuera del petitorio de Eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de médula ósea. Se encontraron dos ensayos clínicos fase II, no-aleatorizados, abiertos y de un solo brazo y tres ensayos clínicos en proceso no-publicados, los cuales evaluaron la respuesta hematológica a eltrombopag en la población de interés. La evidencia generada por éstos contiene limitaciones severas para la interpretación y generalización de los resultados para la población de interés. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­IETSI, aprueba el uso de Eltrombopag en pacientes con aplasia medular severa, no tributarios a terapia triple inmunosupresora ni trasplante de médula ósea. La vigencia del presente dictamen preliminar es de un año. En los subsiguientes meses a la publicación del presente dictamen, se evaluará la nueva evidencia publicada en la literatura internacional, y se analizarán los datos clínicos de todos aquellos pacientes que hayan recibido eltrombopag en el contexto del presente dictamen, con el fin de establecer el impacto del mismo. Esta información será tomada en cuenta para actualizar el presente dictamen al culminar su vigencia.

Angioedema hereditario, una enfermedad de fácil confusión en su diagnóstico / Hereditary angioedema, a disease of easily diagnosis confusion

El angioedema hereditario es una enfermedad genética rara, autosómica dominante, con una aparición de 1:10 000 a 1:50 000 habitantes, que presenta como síntoma principal episodios de edema definido, doloroso, deformante con ausencia de prurito, generalmente localizado en las extremidades. El diagnóstico se realiza basado en anamnesis, examen físico y determinación de C4, C1 - INH, cuyos niveles séricos deben encontrarse bajos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 33 años que asiste a consulta con un edema deformante en el rostro y en las extremidades superiores, refiere que en su familia un abuelo presentó un cuadro semejante y sus dos hijos tienen estos síntomas. Los exámenes realizados reflejaron: C3: 87 mg/dL, C4: 10 mg/dL y actividad funcional de C1-INH: 33 por ciento; el resto de los estudios hormonales e inmunológicos mostraron valores dentro de los rangos normales. Se diagnosticó como angioedema hereditario tipo II y se impuso tratamiento profiláctico con Danazol (200 mg); el paciente lleva cuatro meses sin episodios(AU)

Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic autosomal dominant disease with an appearance from 1:10 000 to 1:50 000, which main symptom is defined episodes of painful deforming edema with absence of pruritus, usually located in extremities. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis, physical examination and determination of C4, C1-INH, where low serum must be found. We present a male patient aged 33, who attends a consultation with disfiguring edema in the face and upper extremities reporting that in his family a grandfather presented a similar symptom as well as his two sons. The tests made reflected: C3: 87 mg / dl, C4: 10 mg / dl and functional activity of C1-INH: 33 percernt; other hormonal and immunological studies showed values within normal ranges. He was diagnosed as hereditary angioedema type II and received prophylactic treatment with Danazol (200 mg); the patient has now been four months without episodes(AU)

Successful Treatment of Sclerosing Panniculitis with Danazol / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Successful Treatment of Fungemia Caused by Cyberlindnera fabianii with Anidulafungin: A Case Report / 대한임상미생물학회지

Cyberlindnera fabianii (previously known as Hansenula fabianii, Pichia fabianii, and Lindnera fabianii) is a yeast species that forms a biofilm, allowing it to resist azole drugs. In this study, we report a case of fungemia with C. fabianii that was successfully treated with anidulafungin. In this case, the organism was initially misidentified as Candida utilis (with a high probability of 93%, suggesting good identification) using the VITEK 2 yeast identification card (YST ID; bio-Merieux, USA). The species responsible for the patient's fungemia was correctly identified after sequencing the internally transcribed spacer region and the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (26S) rDNA gene. The CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution method was used to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of anidulafungin and fluconazole against C. fabianii. The MICs of anidulafungin and fluconazole were found to be 0.03 microg/mL and 2 microg/mL, respectively. The patient recovered after 14 days of anidulafungin treatment.

Thoracic endometriosis with catamenial haemoptysis and pneumothorax: computed tomography findings and long-term follow-up after danazol treatment

Thoracic endometriosis (TE) is an uncommon disorder affecting women of childbearing age. We herein report clinical and thin-section computed tomography (CT) findings of two cases, in which one woman presented with catamenial haemoptysis (CH) alone and another woman presented with bilateral catamenial pneumothoraces (CP) coinciding with CH, a rare manifestation of TE. The dynamic changes demonstrated on thin-section chest CT performed during and after menses led to accurate localisation and presumptive diagnosis of TE in both patients. Following danazol treatment, the patient with CH alone had a complete cure, while the patient with CP and CH had an incomplete cure and required long-term danazol treatment. We discuss the role of imaging studies in TE, with an emphasis on the appropriate timing and scanning technique of chest CT in women presenting with CH, potential mechanisms, treatment and patient outcomes.

Efectividad y seguridad de los regímenes de tratamiento que incluyen inmunoglobulina antitimocítica comparados con ciclofosfamida, ciclosporina, danazol y terapia de soporte / Effectiveness and safety of treatment regimens including antithymocyte immunoglobulin compared to cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, danazol and supportive therapy

Introducción: La anemia aplásica es una enfermedad poco común que afecta a 2 de cada 1´000.000 de personas anualmente con igual distribución en hombres y mujeres. Se caracteriza por la sustitución del tejido hematopoyético de la medula ósea por grasa causando una pancitopenia periférica, con diferentes niveles de gravedad, originando un síndrome anémico, hemorragias e infecciones graves que pueden llevar a desenlaces fatales de no recibir tratamiento oportuno. La primera opción de tratamiento en pacientes no compatibles para trasplante de progenitores hematopoyeticos es la terapia inmunosupresora. La evidencia actual sugiere la efectividad del tratamiento con inmunoglobulina antitimocítica en los esquemas de tratamiento. Objetivo: Examinar los beneficios y riesgos del uso de la inmunoglobulina antitimocítica en pacientes con anemia aplásica no hereditaria severa a muy severa. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios clinicos incluyendo utilizando las bases de datos MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations y Daily Update) EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects ­ DARE, LILACS y la revisión de publicaciones obtenidas por otros medios comparando el uso de inmunoglobulina antitimocitica en pacientes con anemia aplasica no hereditaria, no candidatos a trasplante de prognitores hematopoyéticos con otros tratamientos inmunosupresores, considerando los resultados en cuanto a tasa de respuesta, sobrevida, recaída y transformación clonal. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 103 publicaciones, 24 fueron tamizadas para valoración de los criterios de inclusión. Tres cumplieron con estos y se evaluaron con las herramientas de la colaboración Cochrane. Todas las referencias reportaron alto riesgo de sesgo. Un ensayo clinico controlado no reportó diferencias significativas para ninguno de los desenlaces evaluados comparando CTX más CsA frente a ATGr más CsA. Uno de los estudios de cohorte reportó una efectividad de 77.8% y sobrevida a 5 años fue de 74.1%. La segunda cohorte reportó respuesta completa (17.7%), respuesta parcial (37.9%) y tasa de respuesta global (55.6%). La recaida fue de 3.2%, la transformacion clonal 0.8% y la sobrevida a 5 años fue 74.7%. Conclusiones: La evidencia sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la inmunoglobulina antitimocitica es limitada y de baja calidad. Con los hallazgos obtenidos en esta revision no es posible determinar la superioridad de esta tecnología frente a otras opciones de tratamiento disponibles.(AU)

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with renal cell carcinoma

No abstract available.

Comparison of low-dose thalidomide and prednisone combined with or without danazol for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis-associated anemia / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effects of low-dose thalidomide (THAL) and prednisone (PRED) with or without danazol (DANA) in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) associated anemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cohort of 58 PMF patients with anemia (Hb<100 g/L) were retrospectively studied. Of them, 28 patients were treated with THAL and PRED (THAL-PRED group), and the rest with THAL, PRED and DANA (THAL-PRED-DANA group). The hematological response was assessed according to the modified criteria of the International Working Group in 2006, and the myelofibrosis degree was evaluated at 3 and 12 month after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total response rate was 56.9%(33/58) including 1.7% (1/58) partial remission (PR) and 55.2% (32/58) clinical improvement (CI). There was no statistical difference in the response rate between THAL-PRED and THAL-PREDDANA groups (50.0% vs 63.3%, P=0.306). However, the median response duration of clinical improvement, erythroid response (CI-E) and total response prolonged in THAL-PRED-DANA than THALPRED group (61.5w vs 22w, P=0.015; 75w vs 30w, P=0.007, respectively). Myelofibrosis degree at 3 and 12 months after treatment decreased significantly than before treatment (P=0.000 and 0.005, respectively). Side-effects in both groups were only grade 1-2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Low-dose THAL together with PRED appeared to be effective in the treatment of PMF-associated anemia, and the response duration would prolong significantly if combined with DANA.</p>

Sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática / Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia

A DOENÇA: Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da doença: A menorragia é clinicamente definida como a perda sanguínea, durante o período menstrual, excessiva em quantidade ou número de dias (definidos como habituais naquela mulher). O sangramento excessivo é considerado na maioria dos casos, aquele que envolvem uma perda de sangue menstrual maior que 80 ml. Em um sentido mais amplo, a menorragia também é definida como a perda excessiva de sangue menstrual que interfere com a qualidade física, social, emocional e /ou material de uma mulher. Isso pode ocorrer por si só ou em combinação com outros sintomas. Esta condição não está associada com uma mortalidade significativa, no entanto, trata-se de causa comum de procura ao ginecologista. Deve-se distinguir a menorragia de outros diagnósticos ginecológicos comuns. Isso inclui a metrorragia (perda sanguínea, de origem corporal, fora do período menstrual), menometrorragia (perda sanguínea irregular e prolongada) e polimenorréia (sangramento com intervalos menores do que 21 dias). Muitas vezes estes termos recebem descrições e definições conflitantes. Em boa parte das mulheres que sofrem de menorragia, as patologias ou causas que levam à perda excessiva de sangue não podem ser identificadas, justificando dessa forma a denominação menorragia idiopática. . Esse diagnóstico é firmado após a realização de exames diagnósticos, como a ultrassonografia, e o descarte de outras condições que poderiam levar à desregulação ou sangramento em excesso, como endometriose, terapia de reposição hormonal, dentre outros. Outras causas como complicações da gestação (ectópica, aborto), doenças pélvicas (mioma, pólipo endometrial ou cervical, adenomiose, cervicite, grave infecção vaginal, carcinoma do trato reprodutivo, hiperplasia endometrial), doenças sistêmicas (distúrbios hemostáticos, distúrbios da tireóide, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, insuficiência renal crônica, insuficiência hepática) e causas iatrogênicas (hormonioterapia, contraceptivos injetáveis, medicamentos como tranquilizantes, antidepressivos, anticoagulantes e corticoides) também devem ser afastadas. Os dados epidemiológicos da menorragia idiopática são bastante imprecisos, pela própria subjetividade ou dificuldade em se determinar um sangramento menstrual excessivo. Assim, os estudos trazem acometimentos entre 8,0-51,6% de mulheres com uma maior prevalência em mulheres com idade mais avançada. No Brasil, não há uma estatística nacional sobre a doença, mas um estudo realizado em 2011 na cidade de Pelotas-RS mostrou que a prevalêcia de mulheres com menorragia atendidas pelo SUS de 2006 a 2011 foi de 35,3%, com maior prevalência entre as mulheres mais velhas e com elevado número de gravidezes. TRATAMENTO RECOMENDADO: O tratamento médico da menorragia pode envolver tratamentos farmacológicos ou cirúrgicos, e a escolha do tratamento adequado deve levar em conta algumas condições individuais das mulheres, como idade, doença concomitantes, tratamentos anteriores, opção pela fertilidade e o próprio custo do tratamento, que estará relacionado à sua adesão ao tratamento. Como alternativas de tratamento para a menorragia temos: Antiinflamatórios não esteróides, Contraceptivos orais, Terapia com prostagênio, Agonistas do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina, Danazol, Estrogênios conjugados, Ácido tranexâmico, Sistema intra-uterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG), Curetagem, Ablação endometrial, Histerectomia. A TECNOLOGIA: Levonorgestrel - O levonorgestrel é um progestógeno com atividade anti-estrogênica utilizado em ginecologia de diversas formas: como componente progestogênico em contraceptivos orais e na terapia de reposição hormonal ou isoladamente para contracepção em pílulas contendo somente progestógeno e implantes subdérmicos. O lenorgestrel também pode ser administrado na cavidade uterina por meio de um endoceptivo (SIU) possibilitando o uso de doses menores, com liberação diretamente no órgão-alvo. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Além da análise dos estudos apresentados pelo demandante, a Secretaria-Executiva da CONITEC realizou busca na literatura por artigos científicos, com o objetivo de localizar a melhor evidência científica disponível sobre o tema. Para isso, foi considerada a estratégia de busca descrita no Quadro 3, tendo como principal critério de inclusão o tipo de estudo considerado a melhor evidência para avaliar a eficácia de uma tecnologia para tratamento, isto é, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). Outro critério de inclusão foi estudos que avaliassem a eficácia e/ou segurança do dispositivo intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel no tratamento de Menorragia Idiopática. Alguns critérios de exclusão foram estabelecidos: registros de ensaios controlados em andamento, revisões narrativas, estudos sobre outros medicamentos que não o de interesse, estudos que incluam outras indicações do medicamento, estudos de biologia molecular ou ensaios pré-clínicos (com modelos animais), estudos fase I/II, estudos sem grupo comparador, relatos ou séries de casos, e estudos escritos em outro idioma que não inglês, português ou espanhol. Não houve restrições com relação à data de publicação, sendo resgatados artigos até a data de 29/01/2013. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: As evidências atualmente disponíveis sobre eficácia e segurança do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel 52mg mostram que o produto apresentou-se como alternativa possível a mulheres com menorragia idiopática, com resultados de redução do sangramento menstrual superior ao das terapias farmacológicas existentes e, em termos de melhora na qualidade de vida, similares ao da histerectomia, alternativa cirúrgica padrão-ouro com 100% de eficácia. No entanto, a evidência comparando diretamente os desfechos entre o uso do SIU-LNG e a histerectomia ainda é escassa, e não demonstrou superioridade em relação à histerectomia sob qualquer aspecto, sugerindo-se que estudos de longo prazo sejam realizados para avaliar as taxas de permanência e satisfação com o dispositivo, e se o tratamento cirúrgico está sendo de fato evitado ou apenas postergado. Mesmo considerando o fato de que a opção pelo SIU-LNG é menos invasiva e com menor potencial para complicações do que o procedimento cirúrgico da histerectomia, observou-se nos estudos uma alta taxa de descontinuação do uso do SIU-LNG pelas mulheres e posterior opção pela cirurgia. Considerando todas as limitações metodológicas e de impacto orçamentário, os resultados sugerem que a tecnologia demandada, no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, não apresentou superioridade clínica e pode não ser mais custo-efetiva que a histerectomia, procedimento padrão já incorporado ao SUS, com similaridade em relação aos aspectos de qualidade de vida, além de maior eficácia. Assim, o conjunto de argumentos à disposição configura-se como insuficiente para assegurar que a incorporação do produto, dentro da indicação e escopo oferecidos, apresenta reais e inequívocas vantagens para o sistema de saúde público brasileiro. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Na 15º reunião ordinária, os membros do plenário da CONITEC discutiram todas as contribuições da consulta pública, no entanto nenhuma delas trouxe informações ou dados relevantes para a mudança da decisão. Houve consenso que o SIU-LNG não se aplica a toda a população-alvo apresentada pelo demandante, e que o SUS dispõe de outras opções terapêuticas farmacológicas para o tratamento desta condição, nos casos em que não é necessária a histerectomia. Assim, os membros da CONITEC presentes na 15º reunião ordinária, ratificaram, por unanimidade, a deliberação de não recomendar a incorporação do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel 52mg para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 31, de 3 de julho de 2013 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel para o tratamento da menorragia idiopática no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Comparison of the effects of sanjie zhentong capsule and danazol on the endometriosis rats / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effects of sanjie zhentong capsule (SZC) and danazol on rats with endometriosis (EMT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 48 adult female Lewis rats were selected, 12 as the blank control group, and the rest 36 rats in the estrus cycle were used to establish the EMT model. After modeling they were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e., the model control group, the SZC treatment group, and the danazol treatment group, 12 in each group. Four weeks later the focus was measured by a second laparotomy. The normal saline at 1 mL/day was administered to rats in the model control group, SZC at 86.4 mg/day to those in the SZC treatment group, and danazol at 7.2 mg/day to those in the danazol treatment group. All the treatment lasted for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, a third laparotomy was performed to measure the size of focus. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected using immunohistochemical assay. The cell apoptosis rate was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the peritoneal fluid and the serum were detected using ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was statistical difference in the change of the focus volume between the SZC treatment group (-23.27 +/- 18.18) and the danazol treatment group (-12.28 +/- 10.04) and the model control group (13.97 +/- 7.54, P < 0.01). The expression of ectopic PCNA significantly decreased and the positive expression rate of TUNEL obviously increased in the two treatment groups when compared with the model control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The expression of ectopic PCNA decreased and the positive expression rate of TUNEL increased more obviously in the SZC treatment group than in the danazol treatment group (P < 0.01). The concentration of PGE2 in the peritoneal fluid and the serum was significantly lower in the two treatment group when compared with the model control group (P < 0.01). The concentration of PGE2 in the peritoneal fluid and the serum was significantly lower in the SZC treatment group than in the danazol treatment group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SZC and danazol both could inhibit the focus growth in EMT rats. SZC showed better effects. It was an effective drug for treating EMT.</p>

The First Probable Case of Hereditary Angioedema in Vietnam

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is rare disorder due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH) that are debilitating and may be life-threatening. HAE is a lack of consensus concerning diagnosis, therapy, and management, particularly in Vietnam. In this case report, we report a 40-year-old male patient with typical clinical symptoms and family history but he showed normal C4 level, and we could not measure C1q and C1-INH level. However, the diagnosis of HAE can be made based on typical clinical symptoms and the favorable prophylactic response to danazol treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that he has type I HAE, although he showed normal C4 level.