The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals, in the early stages of the drug discovery process / Los efectos de la anti-desnaturalización in vitro inducida por productos naturales y compuestos no esteroidales en la albúmina sérica bovina (inmunogénica) tratada con calor, se proponen aquí como ensayo de pesquizaje para la detección de compuestos inflamatorios sin el uso de animales en las etapas tempranas del proceso de descubrimiento del medicamento

There are emerging ethical issues with regards to the use of animals in the early stages of drug discovery for anti-inflammatory and degenerative diseases from natural products using the activity-directed isolation pathways when many compounds (eg > 100) are present in the crude extract or fraction and are to be tested. The above-mentioned is the main reason for proposing the use of the in vitro anti-denaturation (stabilization) effects of heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an assay. Current methods used for detecting and isolating a wide range of anti-inflammatory compounds in the early stages of the drug discovery process utilize a large number of animals. When BSA is heated and is undergoing denaturation, it expresses antigens associated to Type III hyper-sensitive reaction and which are related to diseases such as serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Thus, the assay that is being proposed should be applicable to the discovery of drugs for treating the above mentioned diseases and others, once the compounds stabilize the denaturation process.

Actualmente surgen problemas éticos en relación con el uso de animales en las etapas tempranas del descubrimiento de medicamentos anti-inflamatorios y contra enfermedades degenerativas, a partir de productos naturales, usando vías de aislamiento dirigido por actividad, cuando muchos compuestos están presentes (p.ej. > 100) en la fracción o extracto crudo, y deben ser probados. Lo anterior representa la razón principal para proponer el uso de los efectos de la anti-desnaturalización (estabilización) in vitro de la albúmina sérica bovina (inmunogénica) tratada con calor (ASB) como ensayo. Los métodos corrientes usados para detectar y aislar una amplia gama de compuestos anti-inflamatorios en las etapas tempranas del proceso de descubrimiento del medicamento, utilizan un gran número de animales. Cuando la ASB es calentada y sometida a un proceso de desnaturalización, expresa antígenos en relación con la reacción hipersensitiva de tipo III, relacionada a su vez con enfermedades tales como la enfermedad del suero, la glomerulonefritis, la artritis reumatoide, y el lupus sistémico y eritematoso. De este modo, el ensayo que aquí proponemos debe ser aplicable al descubrimiento de medicamentos para el tratamiento de las enfermedades anteriormente mencionadas y otras, una vez que los compuestos estabilicen el proceso de desnaturalización.

Pressure-assisted cold denaturation of hen egg white lysozyme: the influence of co-solvents probed by hydrogen exchange nuclear magnetic resonance

COSY proton nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the exchange rates of amide protons of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) in the pressure-assisted cold-denatured state and in the heat-denatured state. After dissolving lysozyme in deuterium oxide buffer, labile protons exchange for deuterons in such a way that exposed protons are substituted rapidly, whereas "protected" protons within structured parts of the protein are substituted slowly. The exchange rates k obs were determined for HEWL under heat treatment (80°C) and under high pressure conditions at low temperature (3.75 kbar, -13°C). Moreover, the influence of co-solvents (sorbitol, urea) on the exchange rate was examined under pressure-assisted cold denaturation conditions, and the corresponding protection factors, P, were determined. The exchange kinetics upon heat treatment was found to be a two-step process with initial slow exchange followed by a fast one, showing residual protection in the slow-exchange state and P-factors in the random-coil-like range for the final temperature-denatured state. Addition of sorbitol (500 mM) led to an increase of P-factors for the pressure-assisted cold denatured state, but not for the heat-denatured state. The presence of 2 M urea resulted in a drastic decrease of the P-factors of the pressure-assisted cold denatured state. For both types of co-solvents, the effect they exert appears to be cooperative, i.e., no particular regions within the protein can be identified with significantly diverse changes of P-factors.

Inhibition of albumin denaturation and anti-inflammatory activity of acetamido [(phenyl-4'-yl)-oxymethyl)]2-(p-substituted phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazoles and -1,3,4-thiadiazoles.

Acetamido [(phenyl-4'-yl)-oxymethyl)]-2-(p-substituted-phenylamino)-1,2,4-tr iazoles (4a-4d) and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (5a-5d) inhibited the thermal denaturation of bovine serum albumin. As protein denaturation is implicated in inflammation, some compounds which showed good inhibition of denaturation were tested in vivo for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced edema in the rat paw. Although there was no complete correlation, compounds which showed good inhibition of denaturation also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

The denatured states of ribonuclease-A: mechanism of denaturation by lithium chloride.

Denaturation of ribonuclease-A by lithium chloride has been studied using difference spectral, circular dichroic and viscometric measurements. The difference spectral results were interpreted in the light of our observations that the solvent effect of the denaturant on the tyrosyl residue is non-linear. It has been observed that (1) the lithium chloride-denatured protein contains 3% alpha-helix and 18% beta-structure, and (2) only two of the three buried tyrosyl residues are normalized in the denatured protein.