Intervenções de enfermagem para incontinência urinária e disfunção sexual após prostatectomia radical / Intervenciones de enfermería para incontinencia urinaria y disfunción sexual después de prostatectomía radical / Nursing interventions for urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction after radical prostatectomy

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar, na literatura, intervenções de enfermagem para promover continência urinária e adaptação à disfunção sexual após prostatectomia radical. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, e LILACS, utilizando os descritores "cuidados de enfermagem", "incontinência urinária", "disfunção erétil", e "prostatectomia" e as palavras chaves "enf*", "impotência sexual masculina" e "prostatectomia radical". Resultados: Dezoito publicações foram incluídas, entre essas, oito descreviam intervenções para a incontinência urinária, cinco para disfunção sexual e cinco para ambas as complicações. Foram encontradas três estratégias para implementação das intervenções, 16 intervenções para incontinência e 12 para disfunção sexual. Conclusão: Nas estratégias para implementação das intervenções, notou-se a importância de que o enfermeiro utilize diferentes recursos para assistir os pacientes. Para a incontinência urinária, o foco das intervenções variou entre educativo, comportamental e físico. Para disfunção sexual, observou-se um predomínio de ações psicoeducativas aos pacientes e, quando possível, ao parceiro sexual.

Resumen Objetivo: Investigar, en la literatura, intervenciones de enfermería para promover continencia urinaria y adaptación a la disfunción sexual después de prostatectomía radical. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, y LILACS, utilizando los descriptores "cuidados de enfermería", "incontinencia urinaria", "disfunción eréctil", y "prostatectomía" y las palabras claves "enf *", "impotencia sexual masculina" y "prostatectomía radical". Resultados: Dieciocho publicaciones fueron incluidas; entre ellas, ocho describían intervenciones para la incontinencia urinaria, cinco para disfunción sexual y cinco para ambas complicaciones. Se encontraron tres estrategias para la implementación de intervenciones, 16 intervenciones para incontinencia y 12 para disfunción sexual. Conclusão: En las estrategias para la implementación de las intervenciones, se notó la importancia de que el enfermero utilice diferentes recursos para asistir a los pacientes. Para la incontinencia urinaria, el foco de las intervenciones varió entre educativo, conductual y físico. Para la disfunción sexual, se observó un predominio de acciones psicoeducativas junto a los pacientes y, siempre que posible, junto al compañero sexual.

Abstract Objective: Investigate, in the literature, nursing interventions to promote urinary continence and adapt to sexual dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Methods: Integrative literature review in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and LILACS, using the descriptors "nursing care", "urinary incontinence", "erectile dysfunction", and "prostatectomy", and the keywords "nurse", "male sexual impotence" and "radical prostatectomy". Results: Eighteen publications were included, eight of which described interventions for urinary incontinence, five for sexual dysfunction and five for both complications. Three intervention strategies were found: 16 interventions for incontinence and 12 for sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: In the implementation strategies of interventions, the importance of nurses using different resources to attend to patients was observed. For urinary incontinence, the focus of interventions varied among educational, behavioral and physical. For sexual dysfunction, a predominance of psychoeducational actions was observed, involving the patients and, when possible the sexual partners.

Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in men with multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and interrelationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in men with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated 41 men (mean age 41.1±9.9 years) with MS from February 2011 to March 2013, who were invited to participate irrespective of the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms or sexual dysfunction. Neurological impairment was assessed with the Expanded Disability Status Scale; lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated with the International Continence Society male short-form questionnaire, and sexual dysfunction was evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients underwent transabdominal urinary tract sonography and urine culture. RESULTS: The mean disease duration was 10.5±7.3 years. Neurological evaluation showed a median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 3 [2-6]. The median International Continence Society male short-form questionnaire score was 17 [10-25]. The median International Index of Erectile Function score was 29 [15-46]. Twenty-nine patients (74.4%) had sexual dysfunction as defined by an International Index of Erectile Function score <45. Voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction increased with the degree of neurological impairment (r=0.02 [0.02 to 0.36] p=0.03 and r=-0.41 [-0.65 to -0.11] p=0.008, respectively). Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction also displayed a significant correlation (r=-0.31 [-0.56 to -0.01] p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Most male patients with MS have lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction. The severity of the neurological disease is a predictive factor for the occurrence of voiding and sexual dysfunctions.

Associação entre Disfunção Erétil e Piora na Qualidade de Vida de Pacientes com Doença Arterial Coronariana / Association between Erectile Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Fundamentos: A disfunção erétil (DE) e a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) compartilham os mesmos fatores de risco e as associações entre DE, qualidade de vida (QV) e DAC têm sido motivo de estudos recentes. Objetivo: Avaliar se a DE está associada a piora da QV em pacientes com DAC. Métodos: Estudo transversal, multicêntrico, prospectivo e analítico, realizado de dezembro de 2014 a abril de 2016, que recrutou 304 homens (idade média: 57 ± 9,9 anos) com diagnóstico clínico de DAC. A QV foi avaliada através do Short Form-36 e a DE pelo Índice Internacional de Função Erétil. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritiva e analítica, sendo que o teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para analisar se existem diferenças significativas em cada domínio de qualidade de vida quando se comparam os diferentes tipos de DE. Para todos os testes, valor de p ≤ 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados: A prevalência de DE foi de 76,3%. As medianas e percentis 25 e 75 de cada domínio de qualidade de vida de acordo com a ausência de DE, DE leve, leve a moderada, moderada e grave, respectivamente, foram: Capacidade funcional: 85 (63-100), 75 (50-95), 60 (32-85), 55 (35-75), 50 (30-70), p < 0,001; Aspectos físicos: 87 (0-100), 40 (0-100), 0 (0-100), 0 (0-31), 0 (0-12), p < 0,001; Dor: 72 (51-100), 66 (51-100), 74 (51-100), 62 (51-100), 51 (31-62), p = 0,001; Estado geral de saúde: 77 (62-87), 72 (57-77), 67 (55-82), 67 (59-75), 52 (37-68), p < 0,001; Vitalidade: 75 (60-85), 65 (50-75), 65 (55-75), 60 (43-75), 50 (32-65), p < 0,001; Aspectos sociais: 87 (62-100), 87 (62-100), 87 (68-100), 75 (62-100), 75 (50-93), p = 0,139; Aspectos emocionais: 100 (58-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (0-100), 0 (0-100), p = 0,001; Saúde mental: 80 (67-89), 72 (60-84), 72 (66-80), 68 (58-80), 56 (50-74), p < 0,001. Conclusões: A prevalência de disfunção erétil foi elevada. A DE esteve associada a piora da QV em pacientes com DAC

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD) share the same risk factors and the associations between ED, quality of life (QoL) and CAD have been the subject of recent studies. Objective: To evaluate whether ED is associated with worsening QoL in patients with CAD. Methods:A cross-sectional, multicenter, prospective and analytic study was carried out from EDcember 2014 to April 2016, which recruited 304 men (mean age: 57 ± 9.9 years) with clinical diagnosis of CAD. QoL was assessed using Short Form-36 and ED by the International Erectile Function InEDx. EDscriptive and analytical statistical analyzes were performed, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to test whether there are significant differences in each quality of life domain when comparing different types of ED. For all tests, p ≤ 0.05 was consiEDred significant. Results: The prevalence of ED was 76.3%. The median and percentiles 25 and 75 of each life quality domain according to the absence of ED; mild ED, mild to moderate, moderate and severe ED and severe ED, respectively, were: Functional capacity: 85 (63-100), 75 (50 -95), 60 (32-85), 55 (35-75), 50 (30-70), p < 0.001; Physical aspects: 87 (0-100), 40 (0-100), 0 (0-100), 0 (0-31), 0 (0-12), p < 0.001; Pain: 72 (51-100), 66 (51-100), 74 (51-100), 62 (51-100), 51 (31-62), p = 0.001; General state of health: 77 (62-87), 72 (57-77), 67 (55-82), 67(59-75), 52 (37-68), p < 0.001; Vitality: 75 (60-85), 65 (50-75), 65 (55-75), 60 (43-75), 50 (32-65), p < 0.001; Social Aspects: 87 (62-100), 87 (62-100), 87 (68-100), 75 (62-100), 75 (50-93), p = 0.139; Emotional Aspects: 100 (58-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (33-100), 100 (0-100), 0 (0-100), p = 0.001; Mental health: 80 (67-89), 72 (60-84), 72 (66-80), 68 (58-80), 56 (50-74), p < 0.001. Conclusions: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was high. ED was associated with worsening of QoL in patients with CAD

Is age a determinant factor in evar as a predictor of outcomes or in the selection procedure? our experience

Abstract Introduction: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the therapy of choice in high risk patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. The good results described are leading to the broadening of clinical indications to younger patients. However, reintervention rates seem higher and even with successful treatment sometimes there is growth of the aneurysm sac and rupture, meaning a failure of the therapeutic goal. This study proposes to analyse the impact of age in patients' selection and post-EVAR results. Methods: The clinical records of consecutive patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair, between 2001 and 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided according to age groups (<70, 70-80 and >80 years). Gender, body mass index, aneurysm anatomic features, neck characteristics, iliac morphology, surgical indication, endograft type, anesthesic risk classification, length of stay, reinterventions and mortality were analysed and compared. Results: The study included 171 patients, 161 (94.1%) men, and mean age 74.1±8.9 years. The age group under 70 had 32% of the patients. Only three characteristics were found different among age groups: 1) body mass index was higher in younger patients, with a considerable trend toward significance (P=0.06); 2) surgical indication, in the younger group, surgeon's and the patient's option were more proeminent (P<0.05); 3) erectile dysfunction was higher in elderly group (P<0.05). No other clinical and anatomical characteristics or final outcomes were found statisticaly different among age groups. Conclusion: The absence of statistically differences in mortality and reinterventions among age groups suggests that age by itself is not a relevant factor in endovascular aneurysm repair. Indeed, the three characteristics different in younger (obesity, sexual function and patient's choice) favor endovascular aneurysm repair.

Is there a relationship between severity of coronary artery disease and severity of erectile dysfunction?

Introduction The correlation between erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease has been emphasized and ED has been recognized as a potential independent risk factor and/or predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluated the association between the number of occluded coronary arteries in myocardial infarction (MI) patients with the severity of ED, and investigated the influence of related risk factors in our study group. Materials and Methods 183 male patients who underwent coronary angiography because of acute MI from November 2009 to May 2011 were included. Following the stabilization of patients after the treatment, each patient was evaluated for erectile functionality. Risk factors such as age, diabetes, smoking, waist circumference, hypertension, and hematologic parameters were recorded. Results Among 183 patients with a mean age of 55.2 years who underwent coronary angiography due to acute MI, 100 (54.64%) had ED, while the ED rate was 45.36% (44/97) in cases of single-vessel disease, 64.5% (31/48) in cases of two-vessel disease, and 65.7% (25/38) in cases of three-vessel disease. The mean IIEF score was 24.2 ± 4.3, 20.4 ± 4.9 and 20.5 ± 4.2 for single or two or three-vessel disease, respectively. The presence of hypertension aggravated ED only in patients with three-vessel disease and increased total and LDL cholesterol levels in patients with single-vessel or two-vessel disease were accompanied by significantly decreasing IIEF scores. Conclusion The severity of ED correlated with the number of occluded vessels documented by coronary angiography, in male patients with acute myocardial infarction. In addition, the presence of hypertension had a significant influence over erectile function only in patients with three-vessel occlusion. .

Índice Internacional de Função Erétil Simplificado e doença coronariana em pacientes hipertensos / Simplified International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and coronary artery disease in hypertensive patients

FUNDAMENTO: A Disfunção Erétil (DE) se associa ao risco aumentado de Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre DE, determinada pelo Índice Internacional de Função Erétil Simplificado (IIFE-5), e DAC. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal que avaliou 263 hipertensos (55 [50 - 61] anos). A DE foi avaliada pelo IIEF-5 e a DAC, por meio da história de revascularização miocárdica prévia e/ou por cineangiocoronariografia. RESULTADOS: O IIFE-5 se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina [ClCr] (Rho = 0,23; p < 0,001) e com a idade (Rho = -0,22; p < 0,001). Quarenta e dois pacientes apresentavam DAC; e o IIFE-5 foi capaz de discriminá-los (área sob a curva ROC = 0,63; p = 0,006). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: IIFE-5 < 20 (n = 140) e IIFE- 5 > 20 (n = 123); aqueles com menor IIFE-5 tinham idade mais elevada (57 [52 - 61] vs. 54 [45 - 60] anos; p = 0,002), maior prevalência de DAC (22% vs. 9%; p = 0,004), tabagismo (64% vs. 47%; p = 0,009) e do uso de inibidores dos canais de cálcio (65 % vs. 43%; p = 0,001), além de menor ClCr (67,3 [30,8 - 88,6] vs. 82,6 [65,9 - 98,2] ml/min; p < 0,001). O IIFE-5 < 20 se associou ao maior risco de DAC em regressão logística; tanto univariada (RR = 2,89 [IC 95% 1,39 - 6,05]), quanto após ajustes para idade, diabetes, ClCr, tabagismo, pressão arterial média e uso de anti- hipertensivos (RR = 2,59 [IC 95%: 1,01 - 6,61]). CONCLUSÃO: O IIFE-5 se associa ao diagnóstico de DAC e sua utilização pode agregar informação ao estadiamento do risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos.

BACKGROUND: Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between ED, determined by the Simplified International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and CAD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional cohort study that evaluated 263 hypertensive patients (55 [50-61] years). ED was assessed through the IIEF-5 and CAD by the history of previous myocardial revascularization and/or coronary angiography. RESULTS: The IIEF-5 correlated with creatinine clearance [CrCl] (Rho = 0.23, p <0.001) and age (Rho = -0.22, p <0.001). Forty-two patients had CAD, and IIEF-5 was able to discriminate them (area under the ROC curve = 0.63, p = 0.006). Patients were divided into two groups: IIEF-5 < 20 (n = 140) and IIEF-5 > 20 (n = 123); those with lower IIEF-5 scores were older (57 [52-61] vs. 54 [45-60] years, p = 0.002), had higher prevalence of CAD (22% vs. 9%, p = 0.004), smoking (64% vs. 47%, p = 0.009) and use of calcium channel inhibitors (65% vs. 43.%, p = 0.001), as well as lower CrCl (67.3 [30.8 to 88.6] vs. 82.6 [65.9 - 98.2] ml/min, p <0.001). The IIEF-5 < 21 was associated with increased risk of CAD in the logistic regression, both univariate (RR = 2.89 [95%CI: 1.39 - 6.05]), and after adjusting for age, diabetes, CrCl, smoking, mean arterial pressure and use of antihypertensive drugs (RR = 2.59 [95% CI: 1.01 - 6.61]). CONCLUSION: The IIEF-5 is associated with the diagnosis of CAD and its use can add information to cardiovascular risk staging in hypertensive patients.

Disfunción eréctil en población masculina mayor de 35 años en la ciudad de Siguatepeque / Erectile dysfunction in men above 35 in Siguatepeque, Honduras

Las funciones sexuales y eréctiles son importantes en la salud de los hombres y el bienestar de las parejas. La disfunción eréctil (DE) tiene una alta prevalencia fundamentalmente en las últimas décadas de la vida y se halla relacionada con múltiples factores de riesgo. Objetivo: establecer algunos factores de riesgo y enfermedades concomitantes así como la prevalencia de la disfunción eréctil en la población masculina mayor de 35 años de la ciudad de Siguatepeque, Honduras, agosto del 2009. Metodología; estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población fue de 5,200 hombres mayores de 35 años. La muestra de 371 hombres. El método de muestreo fue estratificado según barrios de la ciudad. La unidad de estudio fue seleccionada en forma aleatoria. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron dos instrumentos, una encuesta con datos de carácter general; otro instrumento utilizado fue el Test de SHIM (Sexual Health Inventory for Men), cuestionario sobre salud sexual masculina, versión abreviada del IIEF (Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil) del que se seleccionaron 5 preguntas sobre sexualidad masculina en los últimos 6 meses, con el propósito de detectar DE en grupos de riesgo. Se considera DE cuando la puntuación es igual o inferior a 21. Resultados; La prevalencia de DE encontrada fue de 214(58%) del total de la muestra, los grados de disfunción fueron: Leve 114(53%), de Leve a Moderada 57(27%), Moderada 18(8%), y Grave 25(12%). La DE encontrada según rangos de edad fue para mayores de 60 años 94(44%), de 45 a 59 años 95(45%), de 35 a 44 años 25(11%). Los hábitos tóxicos: hombres que en el pasado ingirieron bebidas alcohólicas y al momento de la entrevista consumían y tenían DE 104(49%) y 50(23%) respectivamente. Tabaquismo como antecedente de consumo y al momento de la entrevista presentaban DE, 96(45%) y 55(26%) respectivamente. El consumo de otras drogas 3(1%). Las enfermedades concomitantes que se relacionan con DE fueron: problemas cardiovascular...

Disfunção erétil: um marcador precoce de doenças cardiovasculares / Erectile dysfunction: an early marker of cardiovascular diseases

A disfunção erétil tem fatores de risco similares aos das doenças cardiovasculares, mas também pode ser um fator de risco independente para tais doenças. As evidências atuais consideram a disfunção erétil como uma desordem primordialmente de origem vascular e, mais do que isso, como um marcador precoce das doenças cardiovasculares. Apesar disso, o potencial da disfunção erétil como um sinal para alertar os médicos para uma possível manifestação precoce de doenças cardiovasculares mais graves tem sido pouco explorado na prática clínica diária.

Disfunción eréctil y estudio vascular de arterias cavernosas como factor predictor de cardiopatía coronaria / Erectile dysfunction and vascular study of cavernous arteries like predicting factor of coronary cardiopathy

During the last 15 years there has been increasing evidence demonstrating that erectile dysfunction (ED) due to vascular etiology is a primary manifestation of endothelial damage and that in a high percentage of the affected men it precedes coronary artery disease (CAD). These findings have positionated ED as a significant risk factor for CAD. The association between these pathological entities relies mainly in anatomical factor since the diameter of the cavernosal arteries is 1 to 2 mm and of the coronary arteries 3 to 4 mm. Considering that the physiopathology of the endothelial dysfunction is the same in both diseases, the clinical manifestations (DE) become apparent first in the organ with the smaller arteries. Classically the vascular study of the penis has been done with the color doppler ultrasound of the cavernosal arteries associated with an injection of prostaglandin E2; in the clinical setting this study represents a penile stress test (functional study). A pathological result in the color doppler ultrasound of the cavernosal arteries in patients with DE predicts the presence of CAD with high accuracy. Taking this information in account the specific study of these blood vessels may allow the detection of patients in risk of having CAD, positionating this study as a screnning method for patients in cardiovascular risk.

The male biological clock is ticking: a review of the literature / O relógio biológico masculino está batendo: revisão da literatura

The term biological clock is usually used by physicians and psychologists to refer to the declining fertility, increasing risk of fetal birth defects and alterations to hormone levels experienced by women as they age. Female fecundity declines slowly after the age of 30 years and more rapidly after 40 and is considered the main limiting factor in treating infertility. However, there are several scientific reports, chapters in books and review articles suggesting that men may also have a biological clock. The aim of our study was to conduct a review of the literature, based on the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), to evaluate the male biological clock. After adjustments for other factors, the data demonstrate that the likelihood that a fertile couple will take more than 12 months to conceive nearly doubles from 8 percent when the man is < 25 years old to 15 percent when he is > 35 years old. Thus, paternal age is a further factor to be taken into account when deciding on the prognosis for infertile couples. Also, increasing male age is associated with a significant decline in fertility (five times longer to achieve pregnancy at the age of 45 years). Patients and their physicians therefore need to understand the effects of the male biological clock on sexual and reproductive health, in that it leads to erectile dysfunction and male infertility, as well as its potential implications for important medical conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

O termo relógio biológico é geralmente usado por médicos e psicólogos para se referir ao declínio da fertilidade, aumento no risco de defeitos congênitos, e níveis hormonais alterados que a mulher com o passar dos anos apresenta. A fecundidade feminina declina paulatinamente após os 30 anos e mais rapidamente após os 40 anos e é considerada como o principal fator limitante nos tratamentos da infertilidade. Entretanto, existem vários artigos científicos capítulos de livros e artigos de revisão sugerindo que o homem também apresente um relógio biológico. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi realizar uma revisão no Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) para avaliar o relógio biológico masculino. Após ajustar para outros fatores, foi demonstrado que a probabilidade de um casal apresentar uma demora superior a 12 meses para engravidar praticamente duplica de 8 por cento quando o homem possui idade inferior a 25 para 15 por cento quando possui idade superior a 35 anos; desta forma, a idade paterna é um fator a ser levado em consideração quando se decidir sobre o prognóstico de um casal infértil. Além disso, a idade avançada está associada com um declínio significante na fertilidade (tempo para engravidar superior a cinco vezes aos 45 anos de idade), sendo independente de idade da parceira, freqüência de relação sexual e estilo de vida, assim como os efeitos de outros fatores de risco para subfertilidade. Os pacientes e seus médicos devem entender os efeitos do relógio biológico na saúde sexual e reprodutiva, levado à disfunção erétil e infertilidade, assim como às potenciais contribuições para condições médicas como diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares.

Efficacy and safety of sildenafil in Asian males with erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the effectiveness of sildenafil in Asian males with erectile dysfunction (ED) and one or more of the co-morbidities, mild-to-moderate hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A six-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was carried out in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. One hundred and fifty five male subjects were randomized (2:1) to sildenafil (n = 104) or placebo (n = 51). Sildenafil was started at 50 mg and increased (100 mg) or decreased (25 mg) at week 2 if necessary. RESULTS: On the primary efficacy endpoint, sildenafil-treated subjects had significantly better scores on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questions 3 and 4 than placebo (p < 0.001, both questions). When accumulated into IIEF domains, all five domains were significant in favor of sildenafil. In addition, sildenafil-treated subjects were more satisfied with treatment and had a higher intercourse success rate. The majority of adverse events were mild in severity; the most commonly reported treatment-related events were dizziness (7.7%) and tinnitus (2.9%). CONCLUSION: Sildenafil (25, 50, and 100 mg) was found to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for ED in the present study population of Thai, Malaysian, and Singaporean males who also had increased cardiovascular risk

Effect of sildenafil citrate on the cardiovascular system

Sildenafil citrate is a drug commonly used to manage erectile dysfunction. It is designated chemically as 1-[[3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H -pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)-4 ethoxyphenyl] sulfonyl]-4-methylpiperazine citrate (C22H30N6O4 S). It is a highly selective inhibitor of cyclic guanine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5. In late March through mid-November 1998, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a report on 130 confirmed deaths among men (mean age, 64 years) who received prescriptions for sildenafil citrate, a period during which >6 million outpatient prescriptions (representing about 50 million tablets) were dispensed. The US FDA recently reported that significant cardiovascular events, including sudden cardiac death, have occurred in men with erectile dysfunction who were taking sildenafil citrate. These reports have raised concerns that sildenafil citrate may increase the risk of cardiovascular events, particularly fatal arrhythmias, in patients with cardiovascular disease. In the past few years, the cardiac electrophysiological effects of sildenafil citrate have been investigated extensively in both animal and clinical studies. According to extensive data available to date, sildenafil citrate has been shown to pose minimal cardiovascular risks to healthy people taking this drug. Some precautions are needed for patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, the only absolute contraindication for sildenafil citrate is the concurrent use of nitrates. This article is intended to review sildenafil citrate's cardiovascular effects, as well as current debates about its arrhythmogenic effects.

Efficacy, safety and tolerability of sildenafil in Brazilian hypertensive patients on multiple antihypertensive drugs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of sildenafil among Brazilian patients with hypertension treated with combinations of anti-hypertensive drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty hypertensive men aged 30 to 81 years old under treatment with 2 or more anti-hypertensive drugs and with erectile dysfunction (ED) lasting for at least 6 months were enrolled at 7 research centers in Brazil. Patients were randomized to receive treatment with either sildenafil or placebo taken 1 hour before sexual intercourse (initial dose of 50 mg, adjusted to 25 mg or 100 mg according to efficacy and toxicity). During the following 8 weeks, patients were evaluated regarding vital signs, adverse events, therapeutic efficacy, satisfaction with treatment and use of concurrent medications. RESULTS: The primary evaluation of efficacy, which was based on responses to questions 3 and 4 of the International Index of Erectile Function, showed significant differences regarding treatment with sildenafil (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In the assessment of global efficacy, 87 percent of the patients treated with sildenafil reported improved erections, as compared with 37 percent of patients given placebos (p < 0.0001). The other secondary evaluations supported the results favoring sildenafil. The most frequent adverse events among patients treated with sildenafil were headaches (11.4 percent), vasodilation (11.4 percent) and dyspepsia (6.5 percent). There were no significant changes in blood pressure measurements in both groups. CONCLUSION: Sildenafil is efficacious and safe for the treatment of hypertensive patients with ED who receive concurrent combinations of anti-hypertensive drugs.

The association between erectile function and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms.

It is unclear whether the erectile dysfunction (ED) that frequently occurs with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may have a common causative factor: sympathetic overactivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between ED and LUTS. From June 1998 to March 2000, 75 male patients, presenting with LUTS, enrolled into the present study. A total of 63 patients were included into the study, age ranging from 51 - 74 years (mean 61.5). Allpatients completed an American Urological Association (AUA) symptom severity index and IIEF-5 questionnaires. The results from the present study demonstrated that the AUA symptom and IIEF-5 scores do not correlate with increasing age. When the statistical analyses were performed for each age group, there were no significant differences in mean IIEF-5 values between any degree of AUA symptom score in the same age group (p > 0.05). The present results indicate that there is no association between the degree of LUTS and the erectile function. Moreover, the statistical analyses of the association between any degree of erectile function and the mean A UA symptom score either for obstructive or irritative symptoms revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05). The present study demonstrates that there is no association between BPH and erectile function in any age group, inconsistent with the sympathetic overactivity theory.

Continencia y disfunción erectil luego de prostatectomía radical: análisis de encuesta a pacientes / Incontinence and impotence after radical prostatectomy: analysis of survey to patients

La prostatecttomía Radical (PR)es el tratamiento más importante del Cáncer Prostático Localizado. La PR se ha asociado a morbilidad importante que ha disminuido con los años. Entre los afectos secundarios, la disfunción eréctil y la incontinencia urinaria continúan siendo una preocupación constante para los urólogos. Por lo anterior el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la incidencia de estos trastornos en una serie actual de Prostatectomías Radicales realizadas en nuestro caso.

Disfunción sexual eréctil en la diabetes mellitus / Sexual erectile dysfunction in diabetes melliltus

El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar diferentes aspectos de la disfunción sexual eréctil (DSE) en el diabético: epidemiología, patogénesis, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Una de las principales causas de la DSE en todo el mundo lo constituye la diabetes mellitus (DM). Se calcula una prevalencia de DSE en la DM de hasta el 50 porciento (rango de 38 al 59 porciento). Se considera que la causa puede deberse principalmente a neuropatía y/o vasculopatía. La evaluación clínica inicial del diabético con DSE abarca: historia clínica completa que debe incluir, historia psicosocial y sexual. El diagnóstico se precisará con pruebas hemodinámicas y electrodiagnósticas: plestimografía, flujometría, drogas vasoactivas, biotensometría, reflejo bulbo cavernoso y potenciales evocados somatosensoriales. El tratamiento de la DSE en la DMI está dirigido a la obtención de un control metabólico optimizado y a la erradicación de los factores de riesgo modificables. Como tratamiento farmacológico se ha empleado la yohimbina (antagonista alfa-2 adrenérgico), isoxuprina (agonista beta-adrenérgico), trazadone (antidepresivo tricíclico con efectos colinérgicos limitados), citrato de sildenafil (inhibidor selectivo de la fosfodiesterasa del tipo 5). También se han utilizado diversos dispositivos que permiten inducir la erección asistida (vacum) y la inyección en los cuerpos cavernosos de sustancias vasoactivas (fentolamina, papaverina, y prostaglandina El). Los procederes quirúrgicos dependen de la causa e incluyen ligadura venosa y revacularización arterial. Cuando los métodos antes señalados fallan, está indicada la inserción de una prótesis peneana (inflables o no inflables). En la actualidad, el fármaco de elección para el tratamiento de la DSE es el citrato de sildenafil(AU)

This review is aimed at bringing up-to-date different aspects of sexual erectile dysfunction (SED) in the diabetic patient: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main causes of SED in the world. A prevalance of SED in DM of up to 50 percent (range from 38 to 59 percent) is calculated . It is considered that it is mainly caused by neuropathy and/or vasculopathy. The initial clinical evaluation of the diabetic patient with SED includes a complete medical history that should comprise psychosocial and sexual history. The diagnosis will be determined by hemodynamic and electrodiagnostic tests, phlethysmography, flowmetry, vasoactive drugs, biotensometry, bulbocavernous reflex and evoked somatosensorial potentials. The treatment of DSE in DM is directed to the obtention of an optimized metabolic control and to the erradication of the modifiable risk factors. Yohimbine (adrenergic alpha-2 antagonist), isoxuprine (beta-adrenergic agonist), trazadone (tricyclic antidepressive with limited cholinergic effects), and sildenafil (selective inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterase) have been used in the pharmacological treatment. Diverse devices allowing to induce the assisted erection (vacuum) and the injection in the corpus cavernous of vasoactive substances (phentolamine, papaverine and prostaglandin EI) have also been utilized. The surgical procedures depend on the cause and include venous ligation and arterial revascularization. When the above mentioned methods fail, the insertion of a penial prosthesis (inflatable or not) is indicated. At present, sildenafil is the elective drug to treat SED(AU)

Análise retrospectiva do implante de prótese peniana em diabéticos / Retrospective analysis of the penile prosthesis implant in diabetic patients

Foram analisados onze pacientes diabéticos do Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglinone submetidos a prótese peniana por disfunção erétil, com o objetivo de avaliar as condições pré-implante e a segurança do procedimento. A indicação se baseou na resposta incompleta ou negativa ao teste de ereção com prostaglandina ou na rejeição pelo paciente ao uso de outros métodos para tratamento da disfunção. Todos os pacientes demonstraram satisfação com os resultados da cirurgia e apenas um apresentou complicações pós-operatória, decorrente de falha mecânica conseqüente a prótese defeituosa. Concluímos que o implante de prótese peniana pode ser considerado uma modalidade de tratamento segura, especialmente para a população diabética em situação sócio-econômica desfavorecida, uma vez que elimina a necessidade de tratamento farmacológicos de longa duração e o período pós-operatório cursa com raras complicações.