Factors Associated With Coronary Heart Disease Among Adult Residents in Jinjiang District,Chengdu City / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To analyze the prevalence of coronary heart disease among community residents over 18 years old in Jinjiang district of Chengdu city,Sichuan province,and explore its associated factors,so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of coronary heart disease in communities.Methods From October 15 to November 10 in 2021,a total of 5220 adult residents from 33 communities in Jinjiang were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling for face-to-face questionnaire survey,physical examination,and laboratory blood test.Binary Logistic regression was employed to predict the factors associated with coronary heart disease among adult residents in Jinjiang.Results The crude and standard prevalence rates of coronary heart disease among 5220 adult residents were 3.39% and 2.11%,respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.068,95%CI=1.051-1.086,P<0.001),depressive symptoms (OR=1.639,95%CI=1.037-2.591,P=0.034),regular exercise (OR=0.584,95%CI=0.378-0.902,P=0.015),elevated blood pressure (OR=3.529,95%CI=2.344-5.312,P<0.001),dyslipidemia (OR=2.152,95%CI=1.291-3.587,P=0.003),and core knowledge score of chronic diseases (OR=1.144,95%CI=1.066-1.228,P<0.001) were associated with coronary heart disease among adult residents in Jinjiang.Conclusions The prevalence of coronary heart disease is high among adult residents in Jinjiang district of Chengdu.The urban residents who are older,have depressive symptoms,lack of exercise,elevated blood pressure,dyslipidemia,and score higher on core knowledge of chronic diseases are prone to coronary heart disease.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y condiciones socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas en México, 2000 - 2018 / Cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic and sociodemographic conditions in Mexico, 2000 ­ 2018

Resumen Introducción: En países de ingresos altos, el nivel socioeconómico se relaciona con diferencias en la prevalencia e incidencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En países de ingresos medios como México, la evidencia es menor por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue estimar las tendencias en las prevalencias de seis de los principales factores modificables de riesgo cardiovascular; a saber, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, colesterol elevado, consumo de tabaco, consumo de alcohol y obesidad, según el nivel de condiciones socioeconómicas en el hogar y su asociación con determinados factores sociodemográficos entre personas adultas de 20 y más años en el periodo 2000-2018. Método: Los datos se obtuvieron de cuatro encuestas de salud de tipo transversal, representativas a nivel nacional. Con muestras individuales de cada encuesta, se estimaron las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Con un análisis por conglomerados se determinaron tres niveles de condiciones socioeconómicas. En cada muestra, con regresiones logísticas, se estimaron las prevalencias de cada factor de riesgo, según el nivel socioeconómico determinado por cada conglomerado ajustando por sexo, edad y escolaridad. Resultados: A diferencia de la diabetes, la hipertensión, el colesterol o la obesidad, el consumo de tabaco y de alcohol ha disminuido. La obesidad, la hipertensión arterial, el consumo de tabaco o de alcohol y el colesterol elevado mostraron diferencias entre los niveles alto y bajo de condiciones socioeconómicas en los cuatro puntos analizados, pero no la diabetes. Conclusión: Deben consolidarse programas y políticas enfocadas a la modificación, atención y tratamiento médico de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: In high-income countries, socioeconomic status is related to differences in the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. In middle-income countries like Mexico, the evidence is less so the objective of the study was to estimate the trends in the prevalences of six of the main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol use, and obesity, according to the level of socioeconomic conditions at home among adults 20 years of age and over in the period 2000 - 2018. Method: The data were obtained from four nationally representative cross-sectional health surveys. With individual samples from each survey, the prevalences of cardiovascular risk factors were estimated. With a cluster analysis, three levels of socioeconomic conditions were determined. In each sample, with logistic regressions, the prevalences of each risk factor were estimated according to the socioeconomic level determined by each cluster, adjusting for sex, age, and education. Results: Unlike diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol or obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption have decreased. Obesity, arterial hypertension, tobacco or alcohol consumption and high cholesterol showed differences between the high and low levels of socioeconomic conditions in the four points analyzed, but not diabetes. Conclusion: Programs and policies focused on the modification, care and medical treatment of cardiovascular risk factors should be consolidated.

Estudio de la deformación miocárdica longitudinal en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Study of longitudinal myocardial deformation in patients with ischemic cardiopathy

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en Cuba y la mayoría de los países desarrollados. La ecocardiografía con speckle tracking bidimensional (ST 2D) es una técnica reciente en la evaluación de la función cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la deformación miocárdica medida por ST 2D y el estado de la circulación coronaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en el CIMEQ, durante un año. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 55 pacientes con indicación de coronariografía sometidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional y estudio de ST 2D con medición de la deformación longitudinal (DLG). Se crearon dos grupos: enfermedad coronaria significativa (ECS = 32) y no significativa (ECNS = 23). Se utilizó SSPS para análisis de los resultados. Resultados: La edad promedio fue mayor en la ECS (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8; p = 0.014). Predominaron los hombres con ECS (47.3%), los hipertensos (ECS = 90.6% y ENCS = 65.2%; p = 0.02) y los fumadores (ECS = 59.4% y ENCS = 17.4%; p = 0.002). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la angina crónica estable (87%). En la ECS predominó la enfermedad de tres vasos (75%). La DLG fue menor en la ECS [(-20.0 ± 3.2 vs. -22.1 ± 3.6; p = 0.035); AUC = 0.458]. No hubo diferencias en la DLG según el número de vasos significativamente afectados. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados no justifican el empleo del ST 2D para diferenciar la ECS.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Cuba and most of the developed countries. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D ST) is a recent technique in the evaluation of cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the relationship between myocardial deformation measured by 2D ST and coronary circulation in patients with ischemic heart disease, in the CIMEQ, for 1 year. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 55 patients with an indication for coronary angiography who underwent 2D echocardiography and 2D ST study with longitudinal strain measurement (LSM). Two groups significant coronary disease (SCD = 32) and not significant (NSCD = 23) were created. SSPS was used to analyze the results. Results: The average age was higher in SCD (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8, p = 0.014). Men with SCD (47.3%), hypertensive (SCD = 90.6% and NSCD = 65.2%, p = 0.02) and smokers (SCD = 59.4% and NSCD = 17.4%, p = 0.002) predominated. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic stable angina (87%). Three-vessel disease (75%) prevailed in SCD. The LMS was lower in SCD ([−20.0 ± 3.2 vs. −22.1 ± 3.6, p = 0.035]; AUC = 0.458). There were no differences in LSM according to the number of significantly diseased vessels. Conclusions: The results found do not justify the use of 2D ST to discriminate SCD.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas y predictores de complicaciones coronarias en niños de Argentina con enfermedad de Kawasaki / Clinical- epidemiological characteristics and predictors of coronary complications in children of Argentina with Kawasaki disease

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis sistémica aguda con riesgo de desarrollar aneurismas coronarios. Objetivos: Describir características clínico-epidemiológicas en niños con diagnóstico de EK en Argentina. Analizar factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones coronarias (CC). Población y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo, transversal, observacional y analítico. Incluyó pacientes bajo 18 años de edad, con diagnóstico de EK en hospitales de Argentina, entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013. Resultados: N = 193 sujetos. Edad: mediana: 29 meses. Tasa promedio total país 5 casos/10.000 egresos hospitalarios. Presentaron CC 15,5%. Mayor riesgo de CC: Mayor cantidad de días de fiebre al momento de colocación del tratamiento (p = 0,0033); Aumento de: frecuencia cardíaca (p = 0,0021), eritrosedimentación (VSG) (p = 0,005), proteína C reactiva (PCR) (p < 0,0001), leucocitosis (p = 0,0006), neutrofilia (p = 0,0021); Disminución de hematocrito (p = 0,0007) y hemoglobina (p < 0,0001). Asociación con CC: alteraciones cardiológicas no coronarias (ORv10.818); PCR mayor de 68 mg/L (OR = 11.596); leucocitos mayores a 20.000/mm3 (OR= 4.316); y VSG mayor de 64 mm/1° hora (OR = 4.267). Conclusión: La forma de presentación más frecuente fue EK completa, el riesgo de CC fue mayor en varones, menores de 5 años de edad, los factores de riesgo (clínicos y de laboratorio) fueron semejantes a los descritos en la bibliografía.

Background: Kawasaki disease (EK) is an acute systemic vasculitis with a risk of developing coronary aneurysms. Aim: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with EK in Argentina and to analyse the risk factors for the development of coronary's complications (CC). Methods: Multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional, observational and analytical study. It included patients younger than 18 years of age diagnosed with EK in hospitals in Argentina, between January the 1st, 2010 and December the 31th, 2013. Results: N = 193 subjects. Age: medium: 29 months. Total incidence 5 cases / 10,000 hospital discharges. CC was observed in 15.5% of patients. Increased risk factors for CC: Elevated number of days with fever at the time of treatment placement (p = 0.0033); Increased of: heart frequency (p = 0.0021), erythrosedimentation (ESR) (p = 0.005), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.0001), leukocytes (p = 0.0006), neutrophils (p = 0.0021); Decreased of hematocrit (p = 0.0007) and hemoglobin (p < 0.0001).Association with CC: non-coronary cardiological alterations (OR = 10,818); PCR greater than 68 mg /L (OR = 11,596); leukocytes greater than 20,000 / mm3 (OR = 4.316); and ESR greater than 64 mm / 1 hour (OR = 4.267). Conclusion: The most frequent form of presentation was complete EK, the risk of CC was higher in males, younger than 5 years old, the risk factors (clinical and laboratory) were similar to those described in the literature.

Polymorphisms of T149C and T950C genes in osteoprotegerin promoter sites and the relationship between serum osteoprotegerin levels and coronary heart disease / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the polymorphisms of T149C and T950C gene in osteoprotectin (OPG) promoter sites and the levels of serum OPG and soluble nuclear factor-ΚB receptor activator ligand (sRANKL) and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD).@*METHODS@#528 patients in Tianjin suspected of CHD and underwent coronary angiography (CAG) who admitted to the department of cardiology of Tianjin Chest Hospital from April 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled. According to the CAG results, they were divided into two groups: CHD group (n = 302) and non-CHD group (n = 226). The gender, age, history of hypertension, family history of CHD, diabetes, levels of blood lipid parameters in serum and other clinical data of patients were recorded. The levels of serum OPG and sRANKL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T149C and T950C gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance test was performed for alleles. Binomial classification multivariate non-conditional Logistic regression method was used to analyze the relationship between T149C and T950C gene polymorphisms, serum levels of OPG and sRANKL and CHD.@*RESULTS@#All patients were enrolled in the final analysis. The serum level of OPG in CHD group was significantly higher than that in non-CHD group (μg/L: 1.76±0.49 vs. 1.47±0.29, P < 0.01), the serum level of sRANKL was significantly lower than that in non-CHD group (ng/L: 342.14±121.38 vs. 376.63±108.66, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, gender, blood lipid parameters, diabetes and other factors, the increase in serum OPG level was an independent risk factor for CHD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.995, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.935-2.066, P = 0.012]. PCR-RFLP results showed that TT, TC and CC genotypes were found in T149C and T950C of OPG promoter. According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, the polymorphisms of OPG T149C and T950C accorded with Hardy-Weinberg law, achieving genetic balance with representative of the population. The frequencies of TT, TC, CC and alleles T and C in T149C genotypes of non-CHD group were 53.5%, 42.9%, 3.6%, 75.0% and 25.0%, respectively, and they were 43.1%, 50.3%, 6.6%, 68.2% and 31.8%, respectively in CHD group. There were statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups (all P < 0.05). It was shown by Logistic regression analysis that the risk of CHD in TC+CC genotype of T149C was 1.86 of TT genotype (OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.24-2.78, P = 0.003). It was suggested that C allele might be a susceptible gene for CHD. In non-CHD group, the frequencies of TT, TC, CC, and alleles T and C in T950C genotypes were 39.8%, 46.5%, 13.7%, 63.1% and 36.9%, respectively. They were 39.4%, 43.4%, 17.2%, 61.1% and 38.9%, respectively in CHD group. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that TC+CC genotype of T950C was not related with CHD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The increased level of serum OPG was closely related with CHD and could be used as a risk factor for CHD. The cases carried OPG T149C TC+CC genotype might have the risk suffering CHD. C allele is might be a susceptible gene.

Factores de riesgo asociados a complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con enfermedad de Kawasaki en el noroeste de México / Risk factors related to cardiovascular complications in patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease in northwestern Mexico

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis sistémica aguda de pequeños y medianos vasos, que se presenta principalmente en niños. Se manifiesta como síndrome febril aunado a datos de vasculitis, y puede causar anormalidades en las arterias coronarias en el 25% de los pacientes no tratados. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el comportamiento clínico y la identificación de factores de riesgo para complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes pediátricos con EK atendidos en un hospital de segundo nivel del noroeste de México. Métodos: Bajo un diseño de serie de casos, se estudiaron pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de EK. Se midieron variables clínicas, de laboratorio y presencia de complicaciones cardiacas, y se estimó la probabilidad de riesgo con razón de momios (RM) y asociación con prueba de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes y predominó el sexo femenino; la edad media de presentación de la EK fue de 2 años. La presentación clínica fue completa en el 100% de los casos y hubo además manifestaciones atípicas. El 50% de los pacientes estudiados presentaron complicaciones cardiovasculares; la más común fue afección coronaria (33%). Las variables sexo masculino, edad menor de 2 años y anemia tuvieron RM de 5.5 y 10 de presentar complicaciones cardiovasculares. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones cardiovasculares de la EK son frecuentes (más del 30% de los pacientes). Las variables sexo masculino, edad menor de 2 años y anemia incrementaron la probabilidad de riesgo para la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares.

Abstract: Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of small and medium vessels, which occurs primarily in children; it manifests itself as a febrile syndrome coupled with vasculitis data and can cause coronary artery abnormalities in 25% of untreated patients. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical behavior and to identify risk factors for cardiovascular complications in pediatric patients with KD, in a second level hospital in Northwestern Mexico. Methods: Under a case series design, we studied pediatric patients with diagnosis of KD. We measured clinical variables, laboratory values and the presence of cardiac complications; the probability of risk was determined with odds ratio (OR) and the association with chi squared test. Results: 12 patients were included, and the female gender predominated; the mean age of presentation of KD was 2 years. The clinical presentation was complete in 100 % of the cases and patients also presented atypical manifestations. 50% of the patients studied had cardiovascular complications, the most common of which was coronary disease (33%). The variables male gender, age under 2 years and anemia reported OR of 5.5 and 10 to present cardiovascular complications. Conclusions: Cardiovascular complications of KD are frequent (more than 30%). Male gender, age under 2 years and anemia increase the probability of risk for the presence of cardiovascular complications.

Coronary risk assessment in primary health care: a descriptive study / Avaliação do risco coronariano na atenção primária à saúde: um estudo descritivo / Evaluación de riesgo coronario en la atención primaria de salud: estudio descriptivo

Problem: The risk of coronary disease in the Brazilian population has increased along with other chronic non-communicable diseases and accounts for more than 70% of the mortality in this population. Aim: Determine the health profile and risk of coronary disease among youth, adults, and elderly people in primary health care. Method: A descriptive study was conducted in a basic health unit in Londrina city, Brazil. We interviewed 120 individuals. Their personal, anthropometric, and biochemical data; daily habits; history of disease; and coronary risk scores were analyzed using a mobile application. Results: The results showed 66.5% of individuals were overweight, 36.5% were physically active, 39% had hypercholesterolemia, 21.5% were hypertensive, 29% were smokers, 25.5% consumed alcoholic drinks, and 11% had hyperglycemia. The coronary risks were 88% and 68% in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated a substantial risk for developing coronary heart disease in this population.

Problema: O risco de doença coronariana na população brasileira aumentou junto com outras doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, representando mais de 70% da mortalidade nessa população. Objetivo: Determinar o perfil de saúde e o risco de doença coronariana entre jovens, adultos e idosos na atenção primária à saúde. Método: Estudo descritivo realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da cidade de Londrina, Brasil. Entrevistamos 120 pessoas. Os dados pessoais, antropométricos e bioquímicos; hábitos diários; história de doença, e os escores de risco coronariano foram analisados usando uma aplicação móvel. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram 66,5% de sobrepeso, 36,5% fisicamente ativos, 39% de hipercolesterolemia, 21,5% hipertensos, 29% tabagistas, 25,5% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas e 11% apresentavam hiperglicemia. Os riscos coronarianos foram 88% e 68% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram um risco substancial para o desenvolvimento de doença coronariana nessa população.

Problema: El riesgo de cardiopatía coronaria en la población de Brasil ha aumentado junto con otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, y alcanza más del 70% de la mortalidad en esta población. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de salud y el riesgo de sufrir enfermedad coronaria entre jóvenes, adultos y ancianos en atención primaria de salud. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo en una Unidad Básica de Salud en la ciudad de Londrina, Brasil. Se entrevistaron 120 personas; mediante una aplicación móvil se analizaron sus datos personales, antropométricos y bioquímicos, hábitos diarios, historial médico y puntuación de riesgo coronario. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un 66,5% de sobrepeso, un 36,5% eran físicamente activos, el 39% tenían hipercolesterolemia, el 21,5% eran hipertensos, el 29% eran fumadores, el 25,5% consumían bebidas alcohólicas y el 11% tenían hiperglucemia. El riesgo coronario fue del 88% y 68% en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados demostraron un riesgo sustancial para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria en esta población.

Análisis con perspectiva de género sobre percepción y prácticas en enfermedad coronaria en mujeres en el norte de México / A gender perspective analysis of perception and practices in coronary disease in women from northern México

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de riesgo coronario y prácticas de cuidados de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas, desde una perspectiva de género. Material y métodos: Estudio realizado de septiembre de 2013 a diciembre de 2014 en el estado de Sonora, México. Diseño mixto: encuesta a 140 mujeres. Análisis: contraste de proporciones; nueve entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres con enfermedad coronaria; ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a médicos. Aplicación de técnicas de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: Más de 50% desconoce su riesgo y cómo reducirlo. Mujeres informadas vulnerables con dolor de pecho buscan menos atención médica que las no vulnerables p=0.01 y son responsabilizadas por parte del personal médico sobre su enfermedad. Las mujeres consideran que están desinformadas sobre cómo reducir el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria; sin embargo, se culpabilizan por enfermar. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de las mujeres modulan una baja percepción de riesgo coronario y mínimas prácticas de cuidados.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception of coronary risk and health care practices in a group of Mexican women, from a gendered perspective. Materials and methods: Mixed methods: survey of 140 women; nine in-depth interviews to women with coronary disease; eight semi-structured interviews to physicians. Analysis: proportions contrast for quantitative data; and procedures of grounded theory for qualitative information. Results: More than 50% of women don't know their coronary risk and how to reduce it. Despite having information about heart disease, vulnerable women with chest pain sought medical attendance less than non-vulnerable women (p=0.0l); and are blamed by physicians. Women consider they lack sufficient information about how to reduce the risk of coronary disease, and blame themselves when ill. Conclusions: There are vulnerability conditions in women that modulate a low perception of their being at risk, and the scarcity of health care practices.

Caracterización de pacientes en posoperatorio de revascularización miocárdica según eventos clínicos de cuidado de enfermería / Characterization of patients in postoperative period of myocardial revascularization according to clinical nursing care events", "_e": "n

Antecedentes: las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial y nacional; sobresale la enfermedad coronaria. Esto ha contribuido para que el tratamiento quirúrgico de revascularización miocárdica sea considerado como un procedimiento de rutina. Éste es uno de los avances más importantes de la medicina durante el siglo XX. En Bogotá, los registros estadísticos muestran que más del 50% del total de cirugías cardiovasculares corresponde a ella. Objetivo: realizar la caracterización de pacientes que se encuentran en posoperatorio temprano de revascularización miocárdica, quienes presentan cambios fisiológicos en su esfera biológica, secundarios al procedimiento, a nivel neurológico, cardiovascular, respiratorio, gastrointestinal, de eliminación y de la piel. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de seguimiento prospectivo. Se observaron y revisaron las historias clínicas de 151 pacientes en posoperatorio de 48 a 96 horas. La revisión de la historia clínica se realizó por el investigador. Se consignó la información en una hoja de registro de información y se procesó mediante métodos de análisis exploratorio multidimensional: análisis factorial de correspondencias múltiples combinado con el Método Cluster de Clasificación. Resultados: estuvieron relacionados con clases de pacientes de acuerdo con los eventos clínicos presentes en cada uno de los sistemas estudiados donde se evidencia que presentan alteración de los sistemas neurológico, cardiovascular, respiratorio y de la piel. Conclusión: la caracterización de los pacientes en posoperatorio de una revascularización miocárdica permite que el cuidado de enfermería sea enfocado hacia la solución de problemas de los sistemas antes mencionados.

Background: cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality at global and national level; stands out coronary disease. This has contributed to make the surgical treatment of coronary artery bypass grafting being considered a routine procedure. This is one of the most important advances in medicine during the twentieth century. In Bogota, statistical records show that more than 50% of all cardiovascular surgeries corresponds to it. Objective: to characterize patients who are in early postoperative myocardial revascularization, who present physiological changes secondary to procedure, in the biological area at neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal level, elimination system and skin. Methodology: a descriptive study was performed and followed prospectively. The medical records of 151 patients in postoperative 48 to 96 hours were seen and reviewed. The review of the medical history was performed by the researcher. The information was collected on a recording sheet and then recorded and processed by methods of multidimensional exploratory analysis: Multiple correspondence analysis combined with Cluster Classification Method. Results: they were related to the kind of patient according to clinical events present in each of the studied systems where there is evidence of alteration of the neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and skin. Conclusion: the characterization of patients in postoperative of myocardial revascularization allows nursing care to be focused on solving problems of the aforementioned systems.

Identification of coronary heart disease in asymptomatic individuals with diabetes mellitus: to screen or not to screen / Identificación de enfermedad cardiaca coronaria en individuos asintomáticos con diabetes mellitus: Tamizar o no tamizar

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is highly prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and remains the single most common cause of death among this population. Regrettably, a significant percentage of diabetics fail to perceive the classic symptoms associated with myocardial ischemia. Among asymptomatic diabetics, the prevalence of abnormal cardiac testing appears to be high, raging between 10% and 62%, and mortality is significantly higher in those with abnormal scans. Hence, the potential use of screening for CHD detection among asymptomatic DM individuals is appealing and has been recommended in certain circumstances. However, it was not until recently, that this question was addressed in clinical trials. Two studies randomized a total of 2,023 asymptomatic diabetics to screening or not using cardiac imaging with a mean follow up of 4.4 ±1.4 yrs. In combination, both trials showed lower than expected annual event rates, and failed to reduce major cardiovascular events in the screened group compared to the standard of care alone. The results of these trials do not currently support the use of screening tools for CHD detection in asymptomatic DM individuals. However, these studies have important limitations, and potential explanations for their negative results that are discussed in this manuscript.

La enfermedad de la arterias coronarias (EAC) es muy prevalente en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM), y continúa siendo la principal causa de muerte en estos pacientes. Desafortunadamente, muchos diabéticos pueden carecer de síntomas de alerta en la presencia de isquemia miocárdica, por lo cual el diagnóstico de EAC puede ocurrir de manera tardía. Estudios observacionales han sugerido que la prevalencia de isquemia miocárdica puede ser alta en diabéticos asintomáticos (10 al 62% según la serie) y la mortalidad es mayor en esos pacientes. Por esto, el uso de pruebas para detección de EAC en el paciente diabético asintomático parece atractivo y es recomendado en ciertas circunstancias. Sin embargo, no fue si no hasta hace poco que dos estudios investigaron el verdadero rol de estas pruebas de manera randomizada. En conjunto, 2,023 pacientes diabéticos asintomáticos fueron aleatorizados a recibir o no una prueba para detección de EAC y fueron seguidos en promedio por 4.4 ±1.4 años. Al final de seguimiento, ambos estudios mostraron menos eventos cardiovasculares de los esperados, y el uso de pruebas para detección de EAC no redujo la tasa de eventos cardiovasculares comparado al no uso de estas pruebas. Los resultados de estos ensayos clínicos no soportan actualmente el uso de estas pruebas en el paciente diabético asintomático. Sin embargo, estos estudios tienen limitaciones importantes, y posibles hipótesis para explicar los resultados que son discutidas en el artículo.

Factor reumatoide con marcadores de riesgo aterogénico en pacientes con artritis reumatoide / Rheumatoid factor with atherogenic risk markers in rheumatoid arthritis patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: el factor reumatoide ha sido el autoanticuerpo más asociado a la artritis reumatoide. A pesar de los avances logrados en el conocimiento de su patogenia, el análisis de la relación entre este anticuerpo y marcadores de riesgo coronario no ha sido agotado en esta enfermedad. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la asociación del factor reumatoide con los marcadores de riesgo coronario lipoproteína (a), índices apolipoproteína B/apolipoproteína A1, LDL/HDL colesterol, Apolipoproteína B/LDL colesterol e índice aterogénico; así como el valor predictivo de dicho anticuerpo sobre estos marcadores. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico y transversal en una muestra de pacientes portadores de artritis reumatoide y controles, aparente sanos, de la provincia de Matanzas, en el período junio/2011 a marzo/2014. El programa estadístico SPSS fue empleado para el análisis de los resultados. RESULTADOS: el factor reumatoide mostró asociación con los índices aterogénico, LDL/HDL colesterol y Apolipoproteína B/LDL colesterol; utilidad para estimar los dos primeros, y valor predictivo sobre el índice aterogénico independiente de los marcadores de actividad de la enfermedad: proteína c reactiva, C3 complemento, C4 complemento, y DAS28 en pacientes con la variedad seropositiva para éste autoanticuerpo [r de Pearson = 0,632; 0,345; (-) 0,359; R2= 0,406; 0,119 (p < 0,05), al respecto]. CONCLUSIONES: la presente investigación demostró relación, valor predictivo, y posible estratificación del riesgo coronario indirecto, a partir del título sérico de factor reumatoide IgM en pacientes con artritis reumatoide seropositiva; y motiva a profundizar el estudio de igual problema científico con autoanticuerpos asociados a enfermedades autoinmunes relacionadas con elevada morbimortalidad cardiovascular.

INTRODUCTION: rheumatoid factor is the autoantibody most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the considerable progress achieved in the study of its pathogenesis, further analysis is required of the relationship between this antibody and coronary risk markers. OBJECTIVES: evaluate the association between rheumatoid factor and the coronary risk markers lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B / apolipoprotein A1, LDL / HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B / LDL cholesterol, and atherogenic index, as well as the predictive value of this antibody with respect to such markers. METHODS: an observational cross-sectional analytical study was conducted of a sample of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and apparently healthy controls from the province of Matanzas from June 2011 to March 2014. Results were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS. RESULTS: rheumatoid factor showed an association with atherogenic indices, LDL / HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B / LDL cholesterol, as well as usefulness to estimate the first two and predictive value for the atherogenic index irrespective of markers of disease activity: C-reactive protein, C3 complement, C4 complement and DAS28 in patients seropositive for this autoantibody [Pearson r = 0.632; 0.345; (-) 0.359; R2= 0.406; 0.119 (p < 0.05), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: the study showed the relationship, predictive value and possible indirect stratification of coronary risk based on the serum levels of rheumatoid factor IgM in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Further examination should be conducted of this scientific problem in reference to autoantibodies associated with autoimmune diseases of high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Surco diagonal del lóbulo de la oreja: prevalencia y asociación con enfermedad cardiovascular en población hospitalizada / Diagonal earlobe crease: prevalence and association between semiology and cardio- vascular disease in hospitalized population

El Surco Diagonal del Lóbulo de la Oreja (DELC) corresponde al primer signo extra cardíaco de Enfermedad Coronaria (EC) y se asocia con ateroesclerosis generalizada, existiendo controversia en torno a su validez. Objetivos: Determinarla prevalencia del signo en la población de muy alto riesgo cardiovascular hospitalizada en un centro del área sur de Santiago y conocer su comportamiento en relación a EC y Accidente Cerebrovascular (ACV). Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron 304 pacientes masculinos >60 años, con antecedente de EC y hospitalizados entre mayo y diciembre de 2012 en el Hospital El Pino. Se dividieron en dos grupos evaluándose retrospectivamente la presencia/ausencia de DELC mediante fotografía. Grupo 1: sometidos a Coronariografía, con obstrucción significativa (>50 por ciento estenosis) ≥1 arteria coronaria. Grupo 2: sometidos a Tomografía Computarizada de cerebro con hipodensidad parénquima cerebral, borramiento surcos, edema cerebral, y/o hemorragia intraparenquimatosa. Se definieron como controles pacientes con resultado de intervenciones sin las lesiones definidas. Relación casos y controles 1:1. Se determinó la prevalencia del signo. Los resultados se ajustaron según factores de riesgo cardiovascular, mediante regresión logística condicional. Resultados: Prevalencia DELC casos (56,96 por ciento), fue mayor que controles (43,04 por ciento) (p<0,01). Odds ratio de DELC: EC= 2,79 [1,14–6,83] (p<0,03), y ACV = 2,55 [1,19–5,48] (p<0,02). Conclusión: Este estudio identificó una diferencia significativa entre la prevalencia de DELC en ambos grupos, coincidiendo los resultados de nuestra población con la literatura disponible. Se detectó asociación positiva, significativa e independiente de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, entre DELC con EC y ACV...

The Diagonal Earlobe Crease is the first extracardiac sign of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), associated with generalized atherosclerosis. There is controversy about its validity. Objective: Determine sign’s prevalence in hospitalized population with very-high cardiovascular risk, of a medical center in the southern area of Santiago-Chile, and recognize its association with CHD and Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD). Method: Case and control study. 304 male patients, >60 years-old, with personal CHD medical history and hospitalized between May and December of 2012 at El Pino Hospital were included. They were divided in 2 groups, evaluating the presence/absence of DELCby photography. Group 1: submitted to coronarography with significant obstruction (>50 percent stenosis) in >1 coronary artery. Group 2: submitted to simple brain computed tomography with hypodensity of cerebral parenchyma, effacement of sulci, brain edema and/or intraparenchymatous hemorrhage. Controls we redefined as patients wich result of interventions lack the described injuries. Case-Control ratio of 1:1. The sign’s prevalence was determined. The results where adjusted according to cardiovascular risk factors, by conditional logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of DELC in cases (56.96 percent), was higher than controls(43.04 percent) (p<0.01). DELC Odds Ratio: CHD = 2.79 [1.14-6.83](p<0.03), and CVD = 2,55 [1.19–5.48] (p<0.02). Conclusion: This study identified a significative difference between prevalence in both groups, similar with the tendency described in literature. This study, also detected a significant positive association, independent of cardiovascular risk factors, between DELC with CHD and CVD...

Study of Lipid Derangement in Pyschiatric Disorder.

Background: Several studies have investigated the relationships of lipid levels with psychiatric patients and their results revealed an association between lipid derangement and psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study is to evaluate the lipid profile alteration in psychiatric disorder and compare with normal control. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at People’s College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal. Sixty newly diagnosed psychiatric patients were included in this study and compare with 40 normal subjects. In both the groups we have measured lipid profile which includes serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), and cardiovascular risk factors (R-1and R2). Results: The levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C and risk factors in psychiatric patients was significantly increased as compared to control group (p<0.05). While serum HDL-C level was significantly decreased in test group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In our study it is clearly evident that psychiatric disorders are associated with significantly higher levels of lipids (constituents of lipid profile) and risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Consumo de álcool e risco para doença coronariana na região metropolitana de São Paulo: uma análise do Projeto GENACIS / Alcohol consumption pattern and Coronary Heart Disease risk in Metropolitan São Paulo: analyses of GENACIS Project

OBJETIVOS: Examinar a associação entre consumo de álcool e risco para doença coronariana em amostra populacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, conduzido de janeiro/2006 a junho/2007, na região metropolitana de São Paulo, como parte do estudo internacional (Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: an International Study). Os sujeitos (1.501, sendo 609 homens e 892 mulheres) eram residentes da região metropolitana de São Paulo, tinham 30 anos ou mais de idade e foram selecionados aleatoriamente, a partir de amostragem complexa por conglomerados. Todos os indivíduos consentiram em participar da pesquisa. A variável dependente foi risco cardíaco avaliado através do WHO Rose Angina Questionnaire. A análise multivariada consistiu em regressão logística, tendo sido realizado ajuste para uso de tabaco e índice de massa corpórea. RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta foi 75%. Ser mulher, ter mais idade, ser negro, fumante e ter um índice de massa corpórea elevado, foram associados a maior risco para doença coronariana. Indivíduos que nunca beberam na vida (OR = 2,22) e ex-bebedores (OR = 2,42) tiveram maior risco de doença cardíaca do que aqueles que informaram beber até 19 g de álcool por dia, sem episódios de beber excessivo. Entre os que tiveram episódios de embriaguês observou-se uma tendência a maior risco (OR = 3,95, p = 0,09). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos achados sugerem um menor risco para doença coronariana entre os bebedores moderados. Destaca-se que os estudos que avaliam o impacto do álcool sobre doença cardíaca precisam identificar o padrão de uso de álcool dos sujeitos, visto que este aspecto pode modificar o risco. Políticas públicas são necessárias para reduzir ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between patterns of drinking and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a populational sample. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study carried out from January 2006 to June 2007, in Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, in conjunction with the international collaborative GENACIS project (Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: an International Study), with PAHO support. The subjects (1,501; 609 men, 892 women) of this study were residents of randomly chosen households aged 30 years and above who consented to provide information. The dependent variable was cardiac risk as assessed by the WHO Rose Angina Questionnaire. Logistic Regression analysis was used and the data were adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI) and smoking. RESULTS: The response rate was 75%. Being female, older, African-American, a current smoker, and having a greater BMI were associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease. Lifetime abstainers (OR = 2.22) and former drinkers (OR = 2.42) had greater CHD risk than those who consumed up to 19g pure alcohol per day, with no binge. Among those who had binged weekly or more there was a tendency toward higher risk (OR = 3.95, p = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a lower risk for CHD among moderate drinkers. It is important, in studies which were investigating cardiac risk, assess heavy alcohol use, since it can change that risk. Also, effective public policies are needed to reduce harmful drinking and related morbidity in Brazil. .

Design and baseline characteristics of a coronary heart disease prospective cohort: two-year experience from the strategy of registry of acute coronary syndrome study (ERICO study)

OBJECTIVES: To describe the ERICO study (Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome), a prospective cohort to investigate the epidemiology of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The ERICO study, which is being performed at a secondary general hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, is enrolling consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients who are 35 years old or older. The sociodemographic information, medical assessments, treatment data and blood samples are collected at admission. After 30 days, the medical history is updated, and additional blood and urinary samples are collected. In addition, a retinography, carotid intima-media thickness, heart rate variability and pulse-wave velocity are performed. Questionnaires about food frequency, physical activity, sleep apnea and depression are also applied. At six months and annually after an acute event, information is collected by telephone. RESULTS: From February 2009 to September 2011, 738 patients with a diagnosis of an acute coronary syndrome were enrolled. Of these, 208 (28.2%) had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 288 (39.0%) had non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 242 (32.8%) had unstable angina (UA). The mean age was 62.7 years, 58.5% were men and 77.4% had 8 years or less of education. The most common cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (76%) and sedentarism (73.4%). Only 29.2% had a prior history of coronary heart disease. Compared with the ST-elevation myocardial infarction subgroup, the unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients had higher frequencies of hypertension, diabetes, prior coronary heart disease (p<0.001) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.03). Smoking was more frequent in the ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other hospital registries, our findings revealed a higher burden of CV risk factors and less frequent prior CHD history.

Asociación entre evento coronario y factores de riesgo psicosociales: agotamiento vital, ansiedad e ira en una población de Argentina. Estudio de correlación entre factores de riesgo / [Association between acute coronary events and psychosocial risk factors: vital exhaustion, anxiety and anger in an Argentinian population. A correlation study between risks factors].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between vital exhaustion, anxiety and anger with acute coronary event; second, determine whether they are associated with each other, and third, if the joint interaction of two or more factors increases the risk for coronary event. METHOD: We conducted a case-control study with 165 patients, both sexes, between 35 and 75 years, 90 patients with acute ischemic coronary event and 75 controls hospitalized with an acute event of non-ischemic cardiac causes. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between the control group and the ischemic coronary group for vital exhaustion was found (OR = 3.0 (1.6-5.5) p < 0.001 (chi2)). Psychosocial risk factors are associated each with p < 0.001: anxiety and vital exhaustion (Spearman Rho = 0.58), anger and vital exhaustion (Spearman Rho = 0.41) and anxiety and anger (Spearman Rho = 0.38). The simultaneous presence of vital exhaustion and anxiety increases the probability of an acute ischemic coronary event (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we found a significative association between vital exhaustion and acute ischemic coronary event, psychosocial risk factors are associated with each other and simultaneous presence of vital exhaustion and anxiety increases the probability of an acute ischemic coronary event.