Preserved repetition in thalamic afasia. A pathophysiological hypothesis / Preservação da repetição na afasia talâmica. Uma hipótese fisiopatológica

ABSTRACT. The ability to repeat words is almost always preserved in thalamic aphasia. The pathophysiology of both thalamic aphasia and preservation of repetition are not fully understood. In a case of severe aphasia with preserved repetition after a left thalamic hemorrhage, MRI disclosed left thalamic lesion and loss of fractional anisotropy in the left centrum semiovale. FDG-PET showed severe hypometabolism in the left cerebral hemisphere, except for superior and transverse temporal gyri, calcarine fissure and frontopolar regions. Primary sensory function may be less functionally dependent on thalamic connections than heteromodal and paralimbic areas, which have connections with several thalamic nuclei. The extensive cortical hypometabolism due to diaschisis may have been responsible for the severity of the aphasia, whereas the less severe reduction of metabolism in the superior and transverse temporal gyri, and also, albeit less evident, in Broca's area, might explain the preservation of repetition.

RESUMO. A capacidade de repetir palavras é quase sempre preservada na afasia talâmica. A fisiopatologia da afasia talâmica assim como a da preservação da repetição não são totalmente compreendidas. Em um caso de afasia grave com repetição preservada após hemorragia talâmica esquerda, a RM revelou lesão talâmica esquerda e perda de anisotropia fracionada no centro semioval. O FDG-PET revelou hipometabolismo grave no hemisfério cerebral esquerdo, exceto nos giros temporais superiores e transversos, fissura calcarina e regiões frontopares. A função sensorial primária pode ser menos funcionalmente dependente das conexões talâmicas do que as áreas heteromodais e paralímbicas, que têm conexões com vários núcleos talâmicos. O hipometabolismo cortical extenso devido à diasquise pode ter sido responsável pela gravidade da afasia, enquanto a redução menos severa do metabolismo nos giros temporal superior e transverso, e também, embora menos evidente, na área de Broca, poderia explicar a preservação da repetição.

Surgical Outcomes of Thalamic Tumors in Children: The Importance of Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Neuro-Navigation and Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring

BACKGROUND: Recently, modern technology such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), neuro-navigation and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) have been actively adopted for the treatment of thalamic tumors. We evaluated surgical outcomes and efficacy of the aforementioned technologies for the treatment of pediatric thalamic tumors. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from 37 children with thalamic tumors between 2004 and 2017. There were 44 operations (27 tumor resections, 17 biopsies). DTI was employed in 17 cases, neuro-navigation in 23 cases and IOM in 14 cases. All diagnoses were revised according to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated, and relevant prognostic factors were analyzed. The median follow-up duration was 19 months. RESULTS: Fifteen cases were gross total resections (GTR), 6 subtotal resections (STR), and 6 partial resections (PR). Neurological status did not worsen after 22 tumor resections. There were statistically significant differences in terms of the extent of resection between the groups with DTI, neuro-navigation and IOM (n=12, GTR or STR=12) and the group without at least one of the three techniques (n=15, GTR or STR=9, p=0.020). The mean PFS was 87.2±38.0 months, and the mean OS 90.7±36.1 months. The 5-year PFS was 37%, and the 5-year OS 47%. The histological grade (p≤0.001) and adjuvant therapy (done vs. not done, p=0.016) were significantly related to longer PFS. The histological grade (p=0.002) and the extent of removal (GTR/STR vs. PR/biopsy, p=0.047) were significantly related to longer OS. CONCLUSION: Maximal surgical resection was achieved with acceptable morbidity in children with thalamic tumors by employing DTI, neuro-navigation and IOM. Maximal tumor resection was a relevant clinical factor affecting OS; therefore, it should be considered the initial therapeutic option for pediatric thalamic tumors.

Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en un paciente con hemorragia intracerebral talámica / Electrocardiographical changes in a patient with intracerebral thalamic hemorrhage

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 67 años de edad, quien ingresó en el Servicio de Neurología del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso, Santiago de Cuba, con manifestaciones clínicas neurológicas y cifras elevadas de tensión arterial, además de alteraciones electrocardiográficas que semejaban isquemia miocárdica. Ante la ausencia de dolor precordial u otros signos clínicos de isquemia miocárdica fue imposible diagnosticar un síndrome coronario agudo, por lo cual se le realizó una tomografía axial computarizada simple de cráneo, cuyo resultado confirmó que se trataba de una hemorragia intracerebral talámica. Finalmente, los biomarcadores de necrosis miocárdica resultaron negativos.

The case report of a 67 year-old patient is presented who was admitted in the Neurology Service of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital, Santiago de Cuba, with neurological clinical manifestations and high values of blood pressure, besides electrocardiographical changes similar to myocardial ischemia. As there was absence of precordial pain or other clinical signs of myocardial ischemia, it was impossible to diagnose an acute coronary syndrome, reason why a simple skull on-line axial tomography was carried out which result confirmed that it was an intracerebralthalamic hemorrhage. Finally, the biomarkers of myocardial necrosis were negative.

Thalamic metabolic abnormalities in patients with Huntington's disease measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurologic disorder that is not completely understood; its fundamental physiological mechanisms and chemical effects remain somewhat unclear. Among these uncertainties, we can highlight information about the concentrations of brain metabolites, which have been widely discussed. Concentration differences in affected, compared to healthy, individuals could lead to the development of useful tools for evaluating the progression of disease, or to the advance of investigations of different/alternative treatments. The aim of this study was to compare the thalamic concentration of metabolites in HD patients and healthy individuals using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used a 2.0-Tesla magnetic field, repetition time of 1500 ms, and echo time of 135 ms. Spectra from 40 adult HD patients and 26 control subjects were compared. Quantitative analysis was performed using the LCModel method. There were statistically significant differences between HD patients and controls in the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA+NAAG; t-test, P<0.001), and glycerophosphocholine+phosphocholine (GPC+PCh; t-test, P=0.001) relative to creatine+phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr). The NAA+NAAG/Cr+PCr ratio was decreased by 9% and GPC+PCh/Cr+PCr increased by 17% in patients compared with controls. There were no correlations between the concentration ratios and clinical features. Although these results could be caused by T1 and T2 changes, rather than variations in metabolite concentrations given the short repetition time and long echo time values used, our findings point to thalamic dysfunction, corroborating prior evidence.

Vivax malaria: a rare cause of thalamic bleed

Most common cause of thalamic bleed is hypertension; other causes are arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm, bleeding diathesis, drugs, amyloid angiopathy, tumor etc. We present a case of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria with unusual site of bleeding i.e. left thalamus of brain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of thalamic bleed caused by vivax malaria in absence of severe thrombocytopenia/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Hemicoreoatetosis por hemorragia talámica (Síndrome de Dejérine-Roussy) / Hemichoreoatethosis due to thalamic hemorrhage (Dejérine-Roussy syndrome)

Se trata de una paciente con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial que presentó súbitamente un déficit motor y sensitivo en el hemicuerpo izquierdo por lo que fue hospitalizada y se le halló una hemorragia en el tálamo derecho. Presentó movimientos coreoatetósicos en dicho hemicuerpo, trastornos del comportamiento y de la conducta así como ánimo depresivo. Un año más tarde, solo se consiguió alivio parcial de la coreoatetosis.

A woman patient with past history of arterial hypertension developed right hemihypoestesia and hemiplegia. She was hospitalized and a thalamic hemorrhage was found. Then, she presented hemicoreoathetosis, behavior alterations and depressive mood. One year later, a partial amelioration of choreoathetosis was obtained.

Acupuntura como tratamento coadjuvante na síndrome talâmica: relato de caso / Acupuncture as adjuvant therapy in thalamic syndrome: case report / La acupuntura como tratamiento coadyuvante en el síndrome talámico: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças cerebrovasculares são responsáveis por grande parte das mortes no mundo. Entre os sobreviventes, a maioria das sequelas limitantes encontradas nos pacientes é motora, mas quando vias ou centros sensitivos são afetados os pacientes podem evoluir com alterações de sensibilidade na região corpórea representada pela área encefálica atingida. Quando a região acometida relaciona-se com o tálamo pode ocorrer síndrome talâmica. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi demonstrar o uso da eletroacupuntura como coadjuvante no tratamento de dor central, diagnosticada como síndrome talâmica de difícil controle com tratamento farmacológico. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 46 anos, com história de acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico que acometeu região temporoparietal esquerda em abril de 2003, evoluiu com hemiparesia e hemitaxia à direita. Após um ano, iniciou-se quadro doloroso insidioso, contínuo, difuso em hemicorpo direito, acompanhado de alodínea e hiperalgesia, diagnosticado como síndrome talâmica. Em janeiro de 2006, deu entrada no serviço de terapia da dor e medicina paliativa da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e iniciou tratamento farmacológico com resposta ruim, sendo programada para abordagem neurofuncional. Em julho de 2009, propôs-se à paciente tratamento com eletroacupuntura na tentativa de melhor controle de quadro álgico. Foram realizadas sessões de eletroacupuntura em pontos em couro cabeludo e membros. Após a décima primeira sessão, a paciente encontrava-se com quadro álgico controlado, sem uso de opioides e amitriptilina tópica, sensação de bem-estar elevada, maior coordenação motora, diminuição global da dor, sendo completa em mão e face. CONCLUSÕES: A eficácia da eletroacupuntura no controle do quadro álgico e no aumento do bem-estar encontra-se em concordância com estudos modernos, os quais demonstraram ativação de vias antinociceptivas encefálicas pela eletroacupuntura. Estudos clínicos prospectivos controlados são necessários para reafirmar e consolidar a eletroacupuntura como um importante instrumento no controle da dor central.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebrovascular diseases are responsible for a large proportion of deaths in the world. Among survivors, the majority of limiting sequelae observed is motor in origin; but when sensorial pathways or centers are affected patients can evolve with sensorial changes in the body region represented by the area of the brain affected. When the affected area is related to the thalamus the patient might develop thalamic syndrome. The objective of this report was to demonstrate the use of electroacupuncture as adjuvant in the treatment of central pain, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome difficult to control with pharmacologic therapy. CASE REPORT: This is a 46 year-old female with history of ischemic stroke in the left temporoparietal region in April 2003 that evolved to right hemiparesis and hemitaxia. One year later, the patient developed continuous, insidious pain on the right side of the body with allodynia and hyperalgia, diagnosed as thalamic syndrome. In January 2006, she was admitted to the department of pain therapy and palliative care of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo where pharmacologic treatment was instituted with poor response; she was scheduled for neurofunctional surgery. In July 2009, electroacupuncture, in an attempt to obtain better pain control, was proposed to the patient. Electroacupuncture was done on points in the scalp. After the 11th session, her pain was controlled, with no use of opioids or topical amitriptyline, her well-being had increased, her motor coordination improved, she presented global pain reduction, complete in hand and face. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of electroacupuncture in pain control and well-being are in agreement with modern studies which demonstrated activation of antinociceptive pathways in the brain. Controlled prospective studies are required to reaffirm and consolidate electroacupuncture as an important technique in controlling central pain.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son las responsables de una gran parte de las muertes en todo el mundo. Entre los sobrevivientes, la mayoría de las secuelas limitantes encontradas en los pacientes es motora, pero cuando se afectan vías o centros sensitivos, los pacientes pueden evolucionar con alteraciones de sensibilidad en la región corporal representada por el área encefálica afectada. Cuando la región acometida se relaciona con el tálamo, puede ocurrir el síndrome talámico. El objetivo de este relato de caso fue demostrar el uso de la electroacupuntura como coadyuvante en el tratamiento del dolor central, diagnosticado como síndrome talámico de difícil control con un tratamiento farmacológico. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 46 años, con historial de accidente vascular encefálico isquémico, que le acometió la región temporoparietal izquierda en abril de 2003, evolucionando con hemiparesia y hemitaxia a la derecha. Después de un año, se inició el cuadro doloroso insidioso, continuo, difuso en el hemicuerpo derecho, seguido de alodínea e hiperalgesia, diagnosticado como síndrome talámico. En enero de 2006, se presentó en el servicio de terapia del dolor y medicina paliativa de la Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo y empezó el tratamiento farmacológico con una mala respuesta, siendo programada para el abordaje en la neurofuncional. En julio de 2009, se le propuso el tratamiento con electroacupuntura en un intento de mejorar el control del cuadro álgico. Se realizaron sesiones de electroacupuntura en puntos en el cuero cabelludo y en los miembros. Después de la décima primera sesión, la paciente estaba con un cuadro álgico controlado, sin uso de opioides y amitriptilina tópica, una sensación de bienestar elevada, una mayor coordinación motora, y la disminución global del dolor verificada ya en la mano y la cara. CONCLUSIONES: La eficacia de la electroacupuntura en el control del cuadro álgico y en el aumento del bienestar, está a tono con los estudios modernos, que demuestran una activación de las vías antinociceptivas encefálicas por la electroacupuntura. Estudios clínicos prospectivos controlados son necesarios para reafirmar y consolidar la electroacupuntura como un importante instrumento en el control del dolor central.

Dynamic observation on therapeutic features of thalamic pain by mind calming, blood activating and pain relief acupuncture and carbamazepine / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe therapeutic features of thalamic pain by mind Calming, blood activating and pain relief acupuncture and Carbamazepine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Crossover trial design was adopted. Eleven patients with confirmed diagnosis of thalamic pain were randomly assigned to two groups according to the minimal unbalance index method, i.e., Group I (Six patients received acupuncture first and then Western medicine.) and Group II (Five patients received Western medicine first and then acupuncture). The therapeutic course for each group was ten days. There was a ten-day elution phase between the two therapeutic methods. The total therapeutic course was thirty days. Eleven patients were enrolled in the two groups for statistical analysis. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) and the pain assessment scale of Anderson Cancer Center in the USA (MD Pain Evaluation value) respectively. The VAS and MD values of the two groups were recorded every day to get the dynamic curve.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The VAS and MD values obviously decreased in the two groups after treatment (P<0.05). The pain curves of the two groups showed a declining trend during the treatment. A gradual and stable descending process was shown in the acupuncture group. But a greater decrease first appeared in the Western medicine group, then a comparatively greater decrease occurred after one platform stage, showing ladder-shaped curve.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cumulative potency may be the main analgesic effects of acupuncture. Western medicine may possibly play a role by rapid initiate effect.</p>

Essentials of the treatment based on syndrome differentiation belonging to the meridian theory by professor Wang Ju-yi / 中国针灸

This paper states the essentials of the treatment based on syndrome differentiation practiced by professor WANG Ju-yi's and his experience in clinic. The understanding of basic theory is a key for clinical practices using meridian theory. Based on the understanding of mutual transformations among six meridians, six qi, six zang, and six fu, the theory of meridians and collaterals can be applied to daily acupuncture clinical practices. Doctors should follow the processes of observing meridian, inspection of meridian, selection meridian, selection acupoints in the clinical practices. This paper lists the clinical examples of treating patients with thalamic lesion by using the method of diagnosis and examination practiced by professor WANG Ju-yi's.

Could sudden cardiac death in epilepsy be related to the occurrence of thalamic dysfunction or anatomic change? / A morte súbita cardíaca em epilepsia poderia estar relacionada com a ocorrência de alterações anatômicas ou funcionais do tálamo?

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death in people with chronic epilepsy. Its physiopathology is still unknown; however, the most commonly suggested potential mechanisms involve cardiac or respiratory abnormalities. As the anatomical substrate of epileptic activity in the central nervous system (CNS) shows a direct relationship with cardiovascular alterations, this may suggests that patients with epilepsy associated with focal CNS lesions may be at particular risk of SUDEP. Currently, experimental and clinical data support an important role for thalamic nuclei in the behavioural manifestations, initiation and propagation of seizures. In view of the above findings, we purpose that SUDEP, at least in some cases, could be related to the occurrence of thalamic dysfunction or anatomic change.

A morte súbita e inesperada nas epilepsias (SUDEP) é a mais importante causa de morte em pacientes com epilepsia. A fisiopatologia da SUDEP ainda é desconhecida, no entanto, os prováveis mecanismos estão relacionados com alterações cardiovasculares ou respiratórias. Como o substrato anatômico da atividade epiléptica no sistema nervoso central (SNC) apresenta direta relação com alterações cardiovasculares, esse fato sugere que pacientes com epilepsia e lesões focais no SNC podem apresentar maior risco para SUDEP. Atualmente, dados experimentais e clínicos demonstram um importante papel dos núcleos talâmicos nas manifestações comportamentais, bem como no início e propagação das crises epilépticas. Sendo assim, nós acreditamos que a SUDEP, pelo menos em alguns casos, poderia estar relacionada com a ocorrência de alterações anatômicas ou disfunções talâmicas.

Stereotaxic gamma knife surgery in treatment of critically located pilocytic astrocytoma: Preliminary result

Low-grade gliomas are uncommon primary brain tumours, located more often in the posterior fossa, optic pathway, and brain stem and less commonly in the cerebral hemispheres. Two patients with diagnosed recurrent cystic pilocytic astrocytoma critically located within the brain [thalamic and brain stem] were treated with gamma knife surgery. Gamma knife surgery did improve the patient's clinical condition very much which remained stable later on. Progressive reduction on the magnetic resonance imaging studies of the solid part of the tumour and almost disappearance of the cystic component was achieved within the follow-up period of 36 months in the first case with the thalamic located lesion, and 22 months in the second case with the brain stem located lesion. Gamma knife surgery represents an alternate tool in the treatment of recurrent and/or small postoperative residual pilocytic astrocytoma especially located

Global aphasia due to left thalamic hemorrhage.

Global aphasia is an acquired language disorder characterized by severe impairments in all modalities of language. The specific sites of injury commonly include Wernike's and Broca's areas and result from large strokes--particularly those involving the internal carotid or middle cerebral arteries. Rarely, deep subcortical lesions may cause global aphasia. We present three cases with global aphasia due to a more rare cause: left thalamic hemorrhage. Their common feature was the large size of the hemorrhage and its extension to the third ventricule. HMPAO-SPECT in one of the cases revealed ipsilateral subcortical, frontotemporal cortical and right frontal cortical hypoperfusion. Left thalamic hemorrhage should be considered in the differential diagnosis of global aphasia.

Hematoma talámico bilateral simultáneo: Reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Simultaneous bilateral thalamic hematoma. Case report and review of literature

The simultaneous occurrence of brain hemorrhages in different territories is rare and has a poor outcome. The predisposing risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms are not clearly understood. We describe two patients with simultaneous bilateral thalamic hemorrhages. We analysed the clinical features, radiological images and neurological prognosis.

Las hemorragias encefálicas que comprometan diferentes territorios en forma simultánea son infrecuentes y de mal pronóstico. Sus factores de riesgo son múltiples. Reportamos dos pacientes con hematoma talámico bilateral simultáneo, analizamos su presentación clínica, hallazgos imagenológicos y pronóstico neurológico.

Hypersexuality following bilateral thalamic infarction: case report

Hiperssexualidade é uma condição rara mas bem reconhecida após lesão do sistema nervoso central. A literatura medica registra casos secundários a disfunção do hipotálamo, do lobo temporal e do lobo frontal. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 63 anos de idade que desenvolveu alterações neuropsicológicas com hiperssexualidade como característica mais proeminente, desinibição, moderada perda de memória, hipersonia e irritabilidade após infarto talâmico paramediano bilateral. O SPECT evidenciou hipoperfusão frontal. Nós acreditamos que esses achados sejam expressão da disfunção de circuitos córtico-subcorticais frontais, particularmente do circuito órbito-frontal, secundária ao infarto dorsomedial do tálamo, que provavelmente desempenha papel relevante na determinação do comportamento sexual humano. Este caso favorece uma possível função moduladora do tálamo sobre os circuitos córtico-subcorticais frontais.

A case of thalamic abscess treated by endoscopic surgery.

We report about a 7-year-old female child with cyanotic heart disease whose thalamic abscess was successfully treated by endoscope-assisted abscess drainage. Endoscopic aspiration of thalamic abscess appears to be a safe and effective method of treatment for deep-seated abscesses, as direct visualization of the abscess cavity is possible and the completeness of evacuation can be assessed.

Rhabdoid tumor of the thalamus.

Rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system are uncommon tumors. About 188 cases have been reported in the literature so far. In this report, we describe a case of a rhabdoid tumor of the thalamus in a 35-year-old male patient. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical features are discussed and the relevant literature reviewed.

Prognostic factors influencing the outcome of thalamic glioma.

Retrospective analysis of 27 patients of thalamic glioma including adults and children treated over a period of 7 years from 1991-1997 was done. The study group included 19 males and 8 females; 9 patients were less than 15 years and 18 patients more than 15 years of age at the time of diagnosis. The commonest symptoms were headache and vomiting. 12 patients underwent VP shunt as an initial procedure and 7 underwent total or partial surgical resection. Confirmed histopathological examination was possible in 16 patients; while 12 had low grade astrocytoma, 4 cases had high grade histology. All patients were treated with radiotherapy to a total dose of 50-60 Gy in 25-30 fractions. Median follow up was 9.63 months. The disease free survival in these patients was 28% at 2 years. Prognostic factors which included age, sex, duration of symptoms, surgical procedures, histology and radiotherapy dose were evaluated for significance. A subtotal resection conferred a better prognosis.