Detección molecular y genotipificación de Helicobacter pylori en biopsias gástricas de pacientes adultos sintomáticos de la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina / [Molecular detection and genotypification of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies from symptomatic adult patients in Santa Fe, Argentina].

Our goals were: a) to detect Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies of symptomatic adults by PCR, b) to detect the presence of the cagA gene as well as of the allelic variants of the vacA gene, and c) to correlate genotypes with the endoscopic diagnoses. H. pylori was detected in 81

(39/48) of patients by nested PCR for hsp60. The presence of cagA was detected in 15/22 of samples and vacA s1 - m1 was the most frequent allelic combination (15/22). Gastritis, the most frequent diagnosis, was associated with genotype cagA+ in 10/13 of patients. In this group, 9/13 showed the allelic variant vacA s1- m1. The variant vacA s2 - m2 was detected in 3/3 of gastritis cases by H. pylori with the cagA- genotype. These results are the first reported in our region and provide data of epidemiological interest.

Blastomicosis oral, papilomatosis laríngea y tuberculosis esofágica / Oral blastomycosis, laryngeal papillomatosis and esophageal tuberculosis

El compromiso esofágico es una complicación infrecuente de la tuberculosis incluso en países con alta prevalencia de infección. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 57 años no seropositivo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con diagnóstico simultáneo de blastomicosis en cavidad oral y papilomatosis laríngea, ambas confirmadas por anatomía patológica. La biopsia de esófago reveló esofagitis granulomatosa con necrosis; la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen mostró bacilos ácido-alcohol resistente, sugerentes de tuberculosis. El antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar en dos oportunidades y abandono de tratamiento determinó el inicio de tratamiento antituberculoso de segunda línea a través de un tubo de gastrostomía, más itraconazol vía oral. La evolución fue favorable.

Esophageal involvement is an extremely rare complication of tuberculosis even in countries with high prevalence of infection. We report the case of a 57 year-old hiv-seronegative patient with simultaneous diagnoses of oral blastomycosis and laryngeal papillomatosis. Both were confirmed by anatomopathological analysis. The esophageal biopsy revealed granulomatous esophagitis with necrosis and ziehl-neelsen stain showed acid-fast alcohol resistant bacilli suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient’s history included pulmonary tuberculosis twice and previous abandonment of therapy. Thus, it was necessary to use oral itraconazole combined with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs administered through a gastrostomy tube. The clinical development was favorable.

Candidiasis esofágica / Esophageal candidiasis

La Candidiasis esofágica es una entidad frecuente en pacientes con VIH, cáncer, usuarios de corticoides, algorra orofaringea. La Candida es un organismo comensal y puede infectar al ser humano. Existe una serie de factores locales y sistémicos del huésped que favorecen la infección por Candida. El cuadro clínico se presenta frecuentemente con odinofagia, disfagia y dolor retroesternal. El diagnóstico de certeza es histológico. El estudio endoscópico entrega un estudio de alta calidad, altamente sensible y permite diferenciar distintas causas de esofagitis. La candidiasis esofágica debe ser tratada con terapia sistémica. El fármaco más recomendado es el fluconazol.

Esophageal candidiasis is a frequently occurring entity in corticoid users, patients with HIV and oropharyngeal involvement. Candida is a commensal organism, and it can infect humans. There are many local and systemic factors of the host that favor Candida infection. Frequently clinical manifestations are odynophagia, dysphagia and retrosternal pain. Diagnostic certainty reached by histological assays. Endoscopic studies provide high-quality and highly-sensitive results that allow to differentiate esophagitis causes. Esophageal Candidiasis must receive systemic treatment. The most recommended drug is Fluconazol.

The resistance to fluconazole in patients with esophageal candidiasis / Resistência ao fluconazol em pacientes com candidíase esofágica

CONTEXT: Esophageal candidiasis is often observed in patients with risk factors for its development and fluconazole is the therapeutic choice for the treatment of this disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine its frequency, by performing upper digestive endoscopy; to determine Candida species involved in its pathogenesis and verify their distribution according with the predisposing factors and to determine susceptibility to fluconazole in the samples. METHODS: From March 2006 to April 2007, all patients submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit in the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Recife, PE, Brazil, were eligible for the study. Samples were collected from patients who presented lesions consistent with esophageal candidiasis in order to identify Candida species and verify their susceptibility to fluconazole. The predisposing factors for the occurrence of esophageal candidiasis were described. RESULTS: Of 2,672 patients referred to upper endoscopy at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit, 40 (1.5 percent) had endoscopic findings compatible with esophageal candidiasis. The average age was 49.1 years. Twenty one patients (52.5 percent) were less than 50 years old, of which 82.6 percent were infected with HIV. Most of them (52.5 percent) were males and 65.0 percent were inpatients. Diseases were identified in 90 percent of the patients and 21 (52.5 percent) were HIV positive. Concerning endoscopic findings, severe forms of esophagitis were found in 50 percent of the patients with CD4 count <200. Non-albicans Candida species were isolated in 22.7 percent of HIV positive and in 45 percent HIV negative patients. A total of 6 (14.28 percent) samples were resistant to fluconazole, while 2 (4.76 percent) samples had dose depending susceptibility to this drug. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal candidiasis prevalence was low, although within the results described by other authors. Male and inpatients were the most affected. The species isolated...

CONTEXTO: A candidíase esofágica é comumente observada em pacientes com fatores de risco para seu desenvolvimento. OBJETIVOS:Determinar a freqüência da candidíase esofágica, por meio da endoscopia digestiva alta; identificar as espécies de Candida envolvidas na patogênese da candidíase esofágica e sua distribuição de acordo com o fator predisponente; determinar a susceptibilidade ao fluconazol nas amostras coletadas. MÉTODOS: De março de 2006 a abril de 2007, os pacientes submetidos a esofagogastroduodenoscopia no Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, foram considerados elegíveis para o estudo. Aqueles que apresentaram lesões compatíveis com candidíase esofágica tiveram amostras coletadas para a identificação das espécies de Candida, de sua sensibilidade ao fluconazol e descritos os fatores de risco para a doença. RESULTADOS: Dos 2.672 pacientes encaminhados para endoscopia, 40 (1,5 por cento) apresentaram achados compatíveis com candidíase esofágica. A média de idade foi de 49,1 anos. Vinte e um pacientes (52,5 por cento) tinham menos que 50 anos, dos quais 82,6 por cento eram infectados pelo HIV. A maioria (52,5 por cento) era homens e 65,0 por cento encontravam-se internados. Fatores predisponentes foram identificados em 90 por cento da amostra, sendo que 21 (52,5 por cento) eram HIV positivos. As formas mais graves de esofagite foram encontradas em 50 por cento dos pacientes com CD4 <200. Espécies de Candida não-albicans foram detectadas em 22,7 por cento dos pacientes HIV positivos e em 45 por cento dos pacientes não infectados. A resistência ao fluconazol foi observada em seis amostras (14,28 por cento) e a sensibilidade dose-dependente em duas (4,76 por cento). CONCLUSÃO:A prevalência de candidíase esofágica foi baixa, embora dentro de variação esperada. Pacientes homens e que estavam internados foram os mais acometidos. Houve variação nas espécies encontradas, de acordo com as características dos grupos estudados. Tanto...

Esofagitis tuberculosa en un paciente HIV positivo / Esophageal tuberculosis. Repon of one case with aids

Tuberculosis rates in Chile are higher than expected during the last years. This is directly related to the increase of immunodeficiency associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is the sixth in frequency of extra pulmonary localizations. We report an HIV(+) 55 year-old male, that presented with fever and epigastric pain. In an upper GI endoscopy small elevated lesions were described in the esophagus. Pathological study was suggestive of tuberculous infection. The definitive diagnosis of esophageal tuberculosis was obtained by a PCR test of the biopsy sample. Antituberculous therapy was started and one year later there was a regression but not disappearance of esophageal lesions and granulomas in the pathological study.

Candidiasis esofágica en pacientes inmunocompetentes: estudio clínico e inmunológico / Clinical and immunological study of 10 immunocompetent patients with esophageal candidiasis

Background: Esophageal candidiasis is associated with conditions that cause an immune depression. It is a defining disease for AIDS, is observed in poorly controlled diabetics, in patients with renal or hepatic failure, in patients with cancer and in subjects using medications causing immunosuppression or broad spectrum antimicrobials. Aim: To report the features of 10 immunocompetent patients with esophageal candidiasis. Patients and methods: Six males and four females aged between 48 and 82 years, without conditions associated with immunosuppression, in whom an esophageal candidiasis was found on an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to eight antigens, Iymphocyte subpopulations, yeast phagocytosis and neutrophil chemotaxis were measured. Results: Six patients had a low CD4 Iymphocyte count and seven had a low CD8 count. Seven patients were anergic on skin hypersensitivity challenge. Yeast phagocytosis was abnormal in one patient and neutrophil chemotaxis was abnormal in two. Humoral immunity was normal in all subjects. All patients were treated with oral fluconazole in doses of 150 mg/day for 14 days, with complete resolution of candidiasis in all. Conclusions: Patients with esophageal candidiasis, have frequent alterations of cellular immunity, that must be diagnosed and treated.

Candidíase esofagiana / Candida esophagitis

The infections esophagitis most frequently occur in patients with immunodefficiency, after chemotherapy, transplantation or Aids. The main etiology agents areCandida albicans, citomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus. For the treatment of candidiasis the most usedagents are the imidazolic derivates. In the present article the authors review important aspects of the disease, with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment

Candidiasis esofágica en pacientes con sida. Estudio clínico y microbiológico

Se estudiaron 18 pacientes con sida, que presentaban síntomas gastrointestinales altos o lesiones en la cavidad oral sugestivos de candidiasis. Se obtuvieron datos clínicos, muestras de la cavidad oral, biopsias y cepillado esofágico, así como suero de todos los pacientes. El síntoma que principalmente se observó en la candidiasis esofágica fue la disfagia; la candidiasis oral se comportó de forma asintomática. Candida albicans fue la especie que más se aisló con predominio del serotipo A. Se analizaron por la técnica de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida los perfiles proteicos de las 12 cepas pertenecientes a esta especie, se observó identidad de sus patrones de peso molecular, lo que sugiere que sea la misma cepa la que se halla en la cavidad oral y en el esófago. Se evaluó la respuesta de anticuerpos anti-C. albicans, no resultó útil la inmunodifusión doble para el diagnóstico de candidiasis esofágica.

18 AIDS patients who presented high gastrointestinal symptoms or lesions in the oral cavity suggestive of candidiasis were studied. Clinical data, specimen of the oral cavity, biopsies and esophageal brushing, as well as serum from all patients were obtained. Dysphagia was the main symptom observed in the esophageal candidiasis. Candida albicans was the most isolated species with a predominance of serotype A. The protein profiles of 12 strains belonging to this species were analyzed by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it was found that their molecular weight patterns were identical, which indicates that the same strain is in the oral cavity and in the esophagus. The response of the anti-C. albicans antibodies was evaluated. The double immunodiffussion was not useful for the diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis.

Candidiasis esofágica en un paciente inmunocompetente / Esophageal candidiasis in a immunocompetent patient

La candidiasis esofágica es una infección micótica del esófago que en la actualidad se asocia con inmunodeficiencias. Sin embargo, existen otros factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparición de dicha afección aún en pacientes inmunocompetentes. La incidencia de candidiasis esofágica en este último grupo, se calcula como inferior al 5 por ciento. Presentamos un paciente de sexo masculino, de 36 años de edad, portador de una esofagitis por reflujo, que consultó por odinofagia. El examen físico, los análisis de laboratorio, la radiología torácica y la ecografía abdominal, fueron normales. Las serologías para HIV, CMV y hepatitis, resultaron negativas. La fibrogastroscopía permitió el diagnóstico de candidiasis esofágica, siendo medicado con fluconazol, omeprazol y sucralfato, con rápida desaparición de la sintomatología. Una fibrogastroscopía de control a los 4 meses, no detectó signos de candidiasis. Se concluye afirmando la necesidad de realizar fibrogastroscopía a todo paciente con odinodisfagia, dado que este síntoma es el más sugerente de candidiasis esofágica

Histoplasmose do esôfago: relato de caso / Esophageal histoplasmosis: a case report

Relato do caso de um paciente com queixa de disfagia rapidamente progressiva, cujos exames radiológico e endoscópico demostraram a presença de lesao estenosante do terço distal do esôfago. A biopsia da mesma revelou a presença de fungos, cuja cultura mostrou tratar-se de Histoplasma capsulatum. A dilataçao endoscópica da lesao, indicada por falha do tratamento clínico específico, provocou ruptura esofágica. Foi realizada esofagectomia subtotal com remissao dos sintomas.

Esophageal candidiasis following omeprazole therapy: a report of two cases.

Esophageal candidiasis was diagnosed at endoscopy in two patients receiving omeprazole therapy. There was no clinical evidence of immunosuppression or any obstructive lesion in the esophagus. There was prompt response of oral ketoconazole. These cases suggest that marked acid reduction may predispose to esophageal candidial infection.

Lesiones esofágicas causadas por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) / Esophageal injuries due to human papillomaviruses (HP)

Describimos 22 enfermos con lesiones histopatológicas en las biopsias esofágicas compatibles con infección por VPH. Los síntomas por los cuales consultaron los pacientes, no tuvieron nada de característico: pirosis con o sin odinofagia, otras veces era epigastralgia de carácter irregular e intermitente, disfalgia en dos casos con carcinoma y un caso asintomático. No hubo ninguna predilección para ningún sexo y la edad promedio del gupo fue de cuarenta años. La endoscopia digestiva superior mostró los siguientes hallazgos: a) Ulceras en el tercio medio, la mayoría menores de 10 mm, redondeadas u ovaladas, de profundidad moderada, separadas por mucosa sana aparentemente, con bordes bien delimitados e hiperémicos, fondo blanquecino y liso; b) En cinco enfermos hubo lesiones blanquecinas elevadas, también situadas en el tercio medio del órgano, múltiples, separadas por mucosa sin lesiones, no cubiertas con membranas fáciles de separar. Un paciente presentó dos papilomas; c) En dos casos hubo carcinoma epidermoide a 25 y 28 cm de la arcada dental, vegetante y estenosante. Las biopsias tomadas en la periferia del tumor, demostraron lesiones compatibles con VPH. La posible relación de las lesiones descritas aparentemente ceden sin tratamiento o con medicamento no específico, aunque algunos casos de nuestra serie han respondido en forma empírica a drogas antivirales

Organismos tipo campylobacter en el esofago de Barrett / Organisms type campylobacter in Barrett esofhagus

Esta claro que el CP está presente en mayor o menor grado en diversa patología gastroduodenal, fundamentalmente en gastritis crónica superficial activa, úlcera gástrica y úlcera duodenal con metaplasia gástrica. Tambien se lo encuentra en gastritis crónica atrófica y en menor porcentaje si ésta tiene metaplasia intestinal, así como en algunos estómagos normales. No se lo halla en duodeno histológicamente normal ni en esófago. Como nos llamó la atención que no se hubiera realizado ninguna publicación en EB, nos dispusimos a realizar retrospectivamente, la búsqueda del CP en la metaplasia columnar del esófago distal. Su incidencia resultó elevada, 88.88% aún en aquellos casos con metaplasia intestinal, y con úlcera de Barret. Utilizamos coloración de Gram y Warthin-Starry con Alcian-Blue, y clasificándolos dentro de los Grados establecidos por Marshall y Warren. Elaboramos asimismo la discusión sobre algunos hechos fisiopatológicos, como la presencia de infiltrado PMN en todos los casos, y su importancia en el mantenimiento de la metaplasia, de las úlceras de Barrett y su posible papel en el desarrolo del adenocarcinoma