Upper gastrointestinal ulcer in children: a clinical analysis of 173 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical manifestations and gastroscopic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal ulcer in children.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the children who underwent gastroscopy and were found to have upper gastrointestinal ulcer for the first time at the Endoscopy Center of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, from January 2011 to May 2021. According to the cause of the disease, they were divided into primary ulcer group (primary group; n=148) and secondary ulcer group (secondary group; n=25). The clinical data were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#A total of 173 children with upper gastrointestinal ulcer were enrolled, with a male/female ratio of 3.9:1. Compared with girls, boys had significantly higher proportions of duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer (P<0.05). Compared with the children aged below 6 years, the children aged 6-14 years had higher proportions of duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer and lower proportions of giant ulcer and multiple ulcers. Of the 148 children in the primary group, 95 (64.2%) had Helicobacter pylori infection. Abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom and was observed in 101 children (68.2%). Duodenal ulcer was common and was observed in 115 children (77.7%), followed by gastric ulcer in 25 children (16.9%) and esophageal ulcer in 7 children (4.7%). Multiple ulcers were observed in 32 children (21.6%). Seventy children (47.3%) experienced complications, among which bleeding was the most common complication and was observed in 63 children (43.6%). Of the 25 children in the secondary group, abdominal pain was the most common clinical symptom and was observed in 9 children (36.0%), with a significantly lower incidence rate than the primary group (P<0.05); foreign body in the digestive tract was the most common cause of ulcer and was observed in 17 children (68%), followed by abdominal Henoch-Schönlein purpura in 5 children (20.0%) and Crohn's disease in 3 children (12.0%). The secondary group had a significantly higher proportion of multiple ulcer or giant ulcer than the primary group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Upper gastrointestinal ulcer is more common in boys than girls, and duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer are more common in boys. Children aged 6-14 years often have duodenal ulcer and primary ulcer, and giant ulcer and multiple ulcers are relatively uncommon. Primary ulcer in children has a variety of clinical manifestations, mainly abdominal pain, and duodenal ulcer is relatively common, with bleeding as the main complication. The clinical symptoms and endoscopic manifestations of secondary ulcer are closely associated with the primary causes, and it is more likely to induce huge ulcers and multiple ulcers.

Manejo del paciente portador de sangrado digestivo alto en el servicio de urgencias / Upper digestive bleeding patient management in the emergency department

Introducción: el sangrado digestivo alto constituye uno de los síndromes más frecuentes en servicios de urgencias. La endoscopia oral y los medicamentos antiácidos y protectores de la mucosa gástrica, hacen menos frecuente el empleo de intervenciones quirúrgicas en el manejo del paciente con sangrado digestivo alto. La necesidad del tratamiento quirúrgico no siempre puede obviarse. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto atendidos en el Hospital Militar Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Universo constituido por 92 pacientes con diagnóstico de sangrado digestivo alto. Variables caracterizadas: edad, sexo, tratamiento médico empleado, técnica quirúrgica utilizada, complicaciones posquirúrgicas y estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: el sangrado digestivo alto fue más frecuente en hombres, con más de 40 años de edad, se les aplicó tratamiento médico, la modalidad más frecuente fue la combinación de antiácidos. Se realizó tratamiento endoscópico al 3,2 por ciento de los pacientes, fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente el 5,4 por ciento. La mitad de los operados padecía úlcera péptica gástrica. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la gastrostomía y gastrorrafia. La estadía hospitalaria fue menor de 5 días. Conclusiones: se evidenció predominio del sangrado digestivo alto en el sexo masculino y en mayores de 40 años. El tratamiento endoscópico y las intervenciones quirúrgicas representaron un bajo porcentaje. La estadía hospitalaria fue más prolongada en pacientes con complicaciones. Los hallazgos en los que más difieren otras investigaciones radican en el incremento del empleo de la endoscopia oral, en combinación con el uso de antisecretores y en las variantes de técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas(AU)

Introduction: upper Digestive Bleeding is one of the most frequent syndromes in emergency services. Oral endoscopy, antacid and protective gastric mucosal medications make the use of surgical interventions less common in the management of upper digestive bleeding patients. However, the need for surgical treatment cannot always be overlooked. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with upper digestive bleeding treated at the Military Hospital Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. A universe of 92 patients with a diagnosis of upper digestive bleeding. Variables characterized: Age, sex, medical treatment, surgical technique used, postoperative complications, and hospital stay. Results: upper digestive bleeding was more frequent in men and in patients over 40 years old. In patients in whom medical treatment was applied, the most frequent modality was the combination of anti-H2 antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 3.2 percent of patients, and 5.4 pèrcent was operated on. Half of the patients underwent gastric peptic ulcer, and the most commonly used surgical technique was gastrostomy. The predominant hospital stay was less than 5 days(AU)

A prediction model for hypoxemia during routine sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy

OBJECTIVES: The current study was designed to assess the clinical predictors of hypoxemia and to develop a multivariable, predictive model for hypoxemia during routine gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS: In total, 308 patients were enrolled in the analysis. Demographic data, concurrent chronic disease information, anesthetic dose and Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scores were collected and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression indicated that age (OR: 1.04; 95%CI 1.01-1.08), body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.12; 95%CI: 1.02-1.21) and habitual snoring (OR: 3.71; 95%CI: 1.62-8.48) were independently associated with hypoxemia. A logistic regression function (LR model) was developed to predict hypoxemia considering the parameters of -7.73+0.04 age (years), +0.11 BMI, and +1.31 habitual snoring (yes or no). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the LR model was 0.76. CONCLUSIONS: The LR model, consisting of age, BMI and habitual snoring, was a useful predictor of hypoxemia during routine sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Tratamiento paliativo endoscópico con stents en pacientes con una oclusión neoplásica de colon izquierdo estadio IV: estudio multicéntrico / Endoscopic palliative treatment with stents in patients with a neoplastic occlusion of left colon stage IV: multicenter study / Tratamento paliativo endoscópico com stents em pacientes com oclusão neoplásica de cólon esquerdo em estágio IV: estudo multicêntrico

Buscamos analizar los resultados obtenidos con el uso de stents en el tratamiento de la oclusión neoplásica de colon izquierdo en pacientes estadio IV. 23 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. De los 19 pacientes donde se logró la colocación del stent (82,6%), 2 pacientes (10,5%) sufrieron una complicación que requirió cirugía y confección de una colostomía. No se registraron otras complicaciones. Los restantes 17 pacientes (89,5%) pudieron culminar su evolución libres de oclusión y sin haber sido necesario confeccionarles una colostomía, con una media de stent funcionante de 82 días. No se registró mortalidad vinculada al procedimiento. Evidenciamos un éxito técnico del 82,6% (colocación exitosa del stent) y un éxito clínico del 89,5% (pacientes que resolvieron la oclusión luego de la colocación del stent). En estos pacientes no se registró mortalidad y se evidenció una morbilidad del 10,5%. Estos valores son similares a los publicados en series internacionales.

We sought to analyze the results obtained with the use of stents in the treatment of neoplastic occlusion of the left colon in stage IV patients. Twenty three patients met the inclusion criteria. Among the 19 patients in whom the stent placement was achieved (82.6%), 2 patients (10.5%) suffered a complication requiring surgery and colostomy. No other complications were recorded. The remaining 17 patients (89.5%) were able to complete their evolution without occlusion and without the need to perform a colostomy, with a mean of 82-day functioning stent. There was no mortality associated with the procedure. We demonstrated a technical success of 82.6% (successful placement of the stent) and a clinical success of 89.5% (patients who resolved occlusion after stent placement). Mortality was not recorded in these patients and a morbidity of 10.5% was observed. These values are similar to those published in international series.

Procuramos analisar os resultados obtidos com o uso de stents no tratamento da oclusão neoplásica do cólon esquerdo em estágio IV. Os requisitos de inclusão foram preenchidos por 23 pacientes. Entre os 19 pacientes (82,6%) nos quais se conseguiu colocar o stent, dois (10,5%) sofreram uma complicação que requeriu cirurgia e confecção de uma colostomia. Nenhuma outra complicação foi registrada. Os restantes 17 pacientes (89,5%) completaram sua evolução livres de oclusão sem que fosse necessário confeccionar-lhes uma colostomia, com uma média de stent funcionante de 82 dias. Não se registrou mortalidade associada ao procedimento. Obtivemos um sucesso técnico de 82,6% (colocação bem sucedida do stent) e sucesso clínico de 89,5% (pacientes nos quais foi resolvida a oclusão após a colocação do stent). Nesses pacientes não foi registrada mortalidade e foi evidenciada uma morbilidade de 10,5%. Estes valores são semelhantes aos publicados em séries internacionais.

Percutaneous endoscopic versus surgical gastrostomy in patients with benign and malignant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To compare the complications and mortality related to gastrostomy procedures performed using surgical and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, this review covered seven studies. Five of these were retrospective and two were randomized prospective studies. In total, 406 patients were involved, 232 of whom had undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and 174 of whom had undergone surgical gastrostomy. The analysis was performed using Review Manager. Risk differences were computed using a fixed-effects model and forest and funnel plots. Data on risk differences and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using the Mantel-Haenszel test. There was no difference in major complications in retrospective (95% CI (-0.11 to 0.10)) or randomized (95% CI (-0.07 to 0.05)) studies. Regarding minor complications, no difference was found in retrospective studies (95% CI (-00.17 to 0.09)), whereas a difference was observed in randomized studies (95% CI (-0.25 to -0.02)). Separate analyses of retrospective and randomized studies revealed no differences between the methods in relation to mortality and major complications. Moreover, low levels of minor complications were observed among endoscopic procedures in randomized studies, with no difference observed compared with retrospective studies.

Endoscopia en la atención a pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa / Endoscopy in patient care suffering from non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

INTRODUCCIÓN: el procedimiento más preciso para el diagnóstico etiológico de la hemorragia cuyo origen se atribuye al tracto gastrointestinal es la endoscopia digestiva. OBJETIVO: mostrar la experiencia de un grupo de trabajo en la realización de la endoscopia de urgencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, que incluyó 314 pacientes que presentaron episodio agudo de hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa entre el 1ro. de septiembre de 2011 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013, los cuales fueron atendidos en la Unidad de Endoscopia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se analizaron las variables demográficas así como otras relacionadas con el tiempo de realización de la endoscopia, diagnóstico y tratamiento endoscópico. RESULTADOS: hubo un predominio del sexo masculino (63,7 %); la edad promedio fue de 61,6 ± 17,8 años. La endoscopia urgente se realizó en las primeras 24 h (media: 22.5). La úlcera péptica fue la lesión que más se encontró (44,9 %), predominó la localización duodenal (96 casos, 30,5 %). Según la clasificación de Forrest los grupos más frecuentes resultaron el III y el IIc (30 % de casos cada uno) y el Ib (14 %). Recibieron terapéutica endoscópica 77 casos (24,5 %), con recidiva en 23 (7,3 %). Necesitaron cirugía 11 enfermos (3,5 %). La mortalidad fue de 2,2 %. CONCLUSIONES: la realización temprana de la endoscopia logró el control inicial de la hemorragia en todos los casos tratados, con lo que se redujo la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, la recidiva y la mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: endoscopy is the most accurate procedure for bleeding etiologic diagnosis whose origin is attributed to the gastrointestinal tract. OBJECTIVE: share the experience of a working group in performing urgent endoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013, in 314 patients who had acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. They were treated at the endoscopy unit of the Central Military Hospital. Demographic variables were analyzed as well as others related to endoscopy time of completion, endoscopic diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: there was a predominance of males (63.7 %); the average age was 61.6 ± 17.8 years. Urgent endoscopy was performed within 24 h (mean: 22.5). Peptic ulcer was the most frequently lesion (44.9 %) found. duodenal localization was most frequent (96 cases, 30.5 %). According to Forrest classification, the most common groups were III and IIc (30 % of cases each) and Ib (14 %). 77 cases underwent endoscopic therapy (24.5 %), 23 (7.3 %) had recurrence. The mortality was 2.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: the early realization of endoscopy achieved initial control of bleeding in all cases treated, so the need for surgical treatment, recurrence and mortality is reduced.

Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Resection Therapies for Rectal Carcinoid Tumors: A Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE: Several endoscopic resection therapies have been applied for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal strategy. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or modified EMR (m-EMR) versus endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase and CNKI were searched up to the end of January 2014 in order to identify all studies on the effects of EMR (or m-EMR) and ESD on rectal carcinoid tumors. RESULTS: A total of fourteen studies involving 782 patients were included. The pooled data suggested a significantly higher rate of pathological complete resection among patients treated with ESD or m-EMR than those treated with EMR [odds ratio (OR)=0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.71; OR=0.10, 95% CI: 0.03-0.33, respectively], while there was no significant difference between the m-EMR group and ESD group (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 0.49-2.86); The procedure time of ESD was longer than EMR or m-EMR groups [mean differences (MD)=-11.29, 95% CI: -14.19 - -8.38, MD= -10.90, 95% CI: -18.69 - -3.11, respectively], but it was insignificance between the EMR and m-EMR groups. No significant differences were detected among the treatment groups with regard to complications or recurrence. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that treatment of rectal carcinoid tumors with ESD or m-EMR is superior to EMR, and the efficacy of m-EMR is equivalence to ESD treatment. However, more well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Endoscopic Treatment for Stones in Stemware-Shaped Common Bile Ducts: A Multicenter Data Analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Various anatomical features of the biliary tree affect ability to remove difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones. In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the endoscopic treatment of stones in stemware-shaped CBDs. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with a stone and a stemware-shaped CBD who were treated at different tertiary referral centers from January 2008 to December 2012 were studied retrospectively. When stone removal failed, percutaneous or direct peroral cholangioscopic lithotripsy, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage, or surgery was performed as a second-line procedure. RESULTS: The overall success rate of the first-line procedure was 41.2%. Five of the 34 patients (14.7%) experienced procedure-related complications. No procedure-related mortality occurred. Mechanical lithotripsy was required to completely remove stones in 13 patients (38.2%). Conversion to a second-line procedure was required in 20 patients (58.8%). Mechanical lithotripsy was needed in 75% and 66.7% of those with a stone size of or =1 cm, respectively. Stone recurrence occurred in two patients (9.1%) after 6 months and 27 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic treatment of stones in a stemware-shaped CBD is challenging. The careful assessment of difficult CBD stones is required before endoscopic procedures.

A Comparison of Preoperative Biliary Drainage Methods for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Endoscopic versus Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Controversy remains over the optimal approach to preoperative biliary drainage in patients with resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. We compared the clinical outcomes of endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) with those of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in patients undergoing preoperative biliary drainage for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 106 consecutive patients who underwent biliary drainage before surgical treatment were divided into two groups: the PTBD group (n=62) and the EBD group (n=44). RESULTS: Successful drainage on the first attempt was achieved in 36 of 62 patients (58.1%) with PTBD, and in 25 of 44 patients (56.8%) with EBD. There were no significant differences in predrainage patient demographics and decompression periods between the two groups. Procedure-related complications, especially cholangitis and pancreatitis, were significantly more frequent in the EBD group than the PTBD group (PTBD vs EBD: 22.6% vs 54.5%, p<0.001). Two patients (3.8%) in the PTBD group experienced catheter tract implantation metastasis after curative resection during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: EBD was associated with a higher risk of procedure-related complications than PTBD. These complications were managed properly without severe morbidity; however, in the PTBD group, there were two cases of cancer dissemination along the catheter tract.

Tumor del estroma gastrointestinal de duodeno / Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, son tumores mesenquimales, fusiformes o epitelioides, primarios del tracto digestivo, que comparten similitudes inmunofenotípicas con las células intersticiales de Cajal, localizadas alrededor del plexo mientérico. El pronóstico presenta cierta asociación con la localización anatómica, con tendencia a ser de mayor malignidad los localizados en intestino delgado. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 54 años con un tumor del estroma gastrointestinal de 2da. porción de duodeno, operado con buena evolución después de 6 meses(AU)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are primary mesenchymal, either fusiform or epitheloid, tumors of the digestive tract that have immune phenotypic similarities to Cajal's cells located around the myenteric plexus. Prognosis is associated to certain extent to the anatomic location, being more malignant those located in the small bowel as a general tendency. Here is the case of a 54 years-old man with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor on the second portion of the duodenum; he was operated on and after six months, his progress is satisfactory(AU)

Utilidad de la escala clínica de Rockall en la hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa / Usefulness of Rockall clinical score in upper non variceal gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: la escala clínica de Rockall se utliza para clasificar la hemorragia digestiva alta en individuos atendiendo al riesgo de presentar sangrado activo, que necesiten de la realización urgente de la endoscopia digestiva. Objetivo: evaluar, la eficacia de la escala clínica de Rockall para identificar a los pacientes que requieren terapéutica endoscópica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo. Se calculó el índice clínico de Rockall según escala homónima. Se realizó endoscopia de urgencia y terapéutica hemostática a pacientes con sangrado activo o reciente. La eficacia de este proceder se determinó mediante el análisis por curva de escala clínica de Rockall, índice de Youden y cálculo de sensibilidad y especificidad del mejor punto de corte. Resultados: incluidos 118 pacientes, 22 de los cuales (18,6 por ciento) recibieron terapéutica endoscópica por presentar sangrado activo o reciente. Índice clínico de Rockall con una media de 1,79 puntos. Riesgo alto 83 pacientes (70,3 por ciento) y bajo 35 casos (29,7 por ciento). La capacidad predictiva excelente, con valor del área bajo la curva = 0,960 (IC 95 por ciento: 0,904-1,017); punto de corte igual a 1 ( índice de Youden = 0,971) con una sensibilidad de 97 por ciento y de especificidad de 71 por ciento. Conclusiones: la escala clínica de Rockall puede ser utilizada con seguridad para la toma de decisiones en relación con la realización urgente de la endoscopia en el paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa(AU)

Introduction: the clinical Rockall score serves to stratify the individuals with non variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage depending on the risk of presenting active bleeding and therefore, they urgently need digestive endoscopy. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rockwall clinical score in identifying patients who need therapeutic endoscopy. Methods: a prospective study with calculation of the Rockall clinical score according to a homonymous scale. Performance of urgent endoscopy and of therapeutic hemostatic endoscopy in patients with active or recent bleeding. Determination of efficacy through the analysis of ROC curves, Youden´s index and calculation of sensibility and specificity of the best cutoff point. Results: one hundred and eighteen patients were included, 22 of whom (18.6 percent) received therapeutic endoscopy to manage active or recent bleeding. Rocwall clinical score reached a mean of 1.79 points. It was found that 83 (70.3 percent) were high and 35 (29.7 percent) low risk patients. The predictive capacity was excellent, being the ABC= 0.960 (95 percent CI: 0,904-1,017). The cutoff point was 1 (J= 0.971) with 97 percent sensibility and 71 percent specificity. Conclusions: the Rockall clinical score can be safely used to make a decision on the urgent performance of endoscopy in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(AU)

Gastroplasty for Esophageal Perforation after Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation for Achalasia: Two Cases

Esophageal perforation after endoscopic forceful pneumatic dilatation for achalasia is a devastating complication and surgical treatment is necessary. A 65-yr-old man and a 54-yr-old woman referred for esophageal perforation two hours after pneumatic dilatation and during the procedure, respectively. Gastroplasties through thoracotomy were performed in both cases and their recoveries were uneventful. The esophagogram with gastrografin on the post-operative 8th day did not show any passage disturbance or leakage at the anastomosis site. On the follow-up endoscopy 4 to 6 months after operation revealed that reflux esophagitis of LA classification A were noted in the both patients. They did not complain any reflux symptom or dysphagia for 9 to 13 months after operation. Instead of the most widely used procedure; primary repair of perforation site, wrapping with intercostal muscle flap and esophagomyotomy, gastroplasty was performed in two cases of iatrogenic esophageal perforation in achalasia and experienced good results.

Endoscopic mucosal resection in colorectal lesion: a safe and effective procedure even in lesions larger than 2 cm and in carcinomas / Mucosectomia em lesões do cólon e reto: procedimento seguro e eficaz mesmo em pacientes com lesões maiores que 2 cm e em carcinomas

CONTEXT: Endoscopic mucosal resection is a minimally invasive technique used in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms, including early carcinomas of different size and morphology. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate procedure safety, efficacy, outcomes, and recurrence rate in endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions. METHODS: A total of 172 lesions in 156 patients were analyzed between May 2003 and May 2009. All lesions showed pit pattern suggestive of neoplasia (Kudo types III-V) at high-magnification chromocolonoscopy with indigo carmine. The lesions were evaluated for macroscopic classification, size, location, and histopathology. Lesions 20 mm or smaller were resected en bloc and lesions larger than 20 mm were removed using the piecemeal technique. Complications and recurrence were analyzed. Patients were followed up for 18 months. RESULTS: There were 83 (48.2 percent) superficial lesions, 57 (33.1 percent) depressed lesions, 44 (25.6 percent) laterally spreading tumors, and 45 (26.2 percent) protruding lesions. Mean lesion size was 11.5 mm ± 9.6 mm (2 mm-60 mm). Patients' mean age was 61.6 ± 12.5 years (34-93 years). Regarding lesion site, 24 (14.0 percent) lesions were located in the rectum, 68 (39.5 percent) in the left colon, and 80 (46.5 percent) in the right colon (transverse, ascending, and cecum). There were 167 (97.1 percent) neoplasms: 142 (82.5 percent) adenomatous lesions, 24 (14.0 percent) intramucosal carcinomas, and 1 (0.6 percent) invasive carcinoma. En bloc resection was performed in 158 (91.9 percent) cases and piecemeal resection in 14 (8.1 percent). Bleeding occurred in 5 (2.9 percent) cases. Recurrence was observed in 4.1 percent (5/122) of cases and was associated with lesions larger than 20 mm (P<0.01), piecemeal resection (P<0.01), advanced neoplasm (P = 0.01), and carcinoma compared to adenoma (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions is a safe and effective procedure, with low complication and local recurrence rates. Recurrence is associated with lesions larger than 20 mm and carcinomas.

CONTEXTO: A mucosectomia endoscópica é uma técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de neoplasias de cólon e reto, inclusive carcinomas precoces, de diferentes tamanhos e aspectos morfológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança, a eficácia, os resultados e a recurrência das lesões após mucosectomia. MÉTODOS: Entre maio de 2003 e maio de 2009 um total de 172 lesões em 156 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. Todas as lesões tinham padrão de criptas sugestivo de neoplasias (III-V), segundo a classificação de Kudo, com o diagnóstico feito por colonoscópios com magnificação de imagens e índigo-carmin. As lesões foram avaliadas quanto à macroscopia, tamanho, localização e histopatologia. Lesões com até 20 mm foram removidas em bloco e as maiores que 20 mm pela técnica de piecemeal. Complicações e recurrência foram analisadas. O seguimento foi de 18 meses. RESULTADOS: Este estudo identificou 83 (48,2 por cento) lesões superficiais, sendo 57 (33,1 por cento) deprimidas, além de 44 (25,6 por cento) lesões de espraiamento lateral e 45 (26,2 por cento) protrusas. O tamanho médio foi de 11,5 ± 9,6 mm (2-60 mm) e a idade média de 61,6 ± 12,5 anos (34-93 anos). No reto estavam 24 (14 por cento) lesões, 68 (39,5 por cento) no cólon esquerdo e 80 (46,5 por cento) no cólon direito (transverso, ascendente e ceco). Foram 167 (97,1 por cento) neoplasias, sendo 142 (82,5 por cento) lesões adenomatosas, 24 (14,0 por cento) carcinomas intramucosos e 1 (0,6 por cento) carcinoma invasivo. Foram tratadas em bloco 158 (91,9 por cento) lesões e 14 (8,1 por cento), por piecemeal. Houve cinco casos (2,9 por cento) de sangramento. A recurrência foi de 4,1 por cento (5/122) e associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm (P<0,01), à técnica piecemeal (P<0,01), à neoplasia avançada (P = 0,01) e ao carcinoma quando comparado ao adenoma (P = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: A mucosectomia endoscópica de lesões colorretais é procedimento seguro, eficaz, com baixo índice de complicações e recidiva local. A recidiva de lesão é associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm e aos carcinomas.

Desinfección y esterilización en prodecimientos endoscópicos / Cleaning and disinfection in gastrointestinal endoscopy

El riesgo de transmisión de infección en procedimientos endoscópicos es muy bajo y la mayoría han sido reportados durante los años 80. Se han descrito transmisión principalmente bacteriana, aunque también algunos casos, infección por virus hepatitis B y C. La mayoría de los casos son asociados a prácticas inadecuadas de reprocesamiento por lo que actualmente existen guías internacionales de limpieza y desinfección de endoscopios, los cuales incluyen técnicas de limpieza, enjuague, desinfección, secado y almacenamiento. La limpieza es el paso crítico en el reprocesamiento de los endoscopios y debe realizarse siempre antes de la desinfección. Todos los procesos de desinfección pueden fracasar si la limpieza ha sido inadecuada. La adherencia a las directrices de desinfección es un factor clave que determina la seguridad del endoscopio. Si bien pueden variar las circunstancias, el entrenamiento y los recursos locales, siempre deben mantenerse altos estándares de desinfección. En general, se pueden remover todos los microorganismos, salvo excepciones como los priones en la variante de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jacob. Aunque no hay casos reportados de transmisión, en estos casos es necesario tomar conductas especiales en cuanto al uso de los endoscopios. Es importante monitorear la eficacia del procedimiento de desinfección a intervalos regulares. Además, todo el personal de la salud en una unidad de endoscopía debe recibir entrenamiento en las medidas de control estándar incluyendo aquellas diseñadas para proteger tanto a los pacientes como a los trabajadores de la salud.

The risk of endoscopy-related transmission of a disease is very low and the majority has been reported during the 80´s. Bacterial transmission has been described mostly; also some cases of infection from hepatitis B and C. The majority of outbreaks was related to inadequate reprocessing practices, so international guidelines of cleaning and disinfection have been developed, including cleaning, rinsing, disinfection and drying techniques; as well as endoscope storage. Cleaning is the critical step in endoscope reprocessing and should be done always before the disinfection step. All disinfection processes could fail if cleaning is inadequate. Compliance with endoscope disinfection guidelines is the key factor that determines endoscopy safety. While local circumstances, training and resources may vary, high standards of disinfection must always be observed. In general, all kinds of microorganisms can be removed, but there are exceptions, like prions in the variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although there have not been reported cases of transmission, it is necessary to take some precautions of the use of the endoscopes. It is important to monitor the efficacy of the disinfection procedure at regular intervals. Also, all healthcare personnel in an endoscopy unit should receive training in standard infection control measures, including those designed to protect both patients and healthcare workers.

Enteroscopia de doble balón vs. enteroscopia de un solo balón en hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro / Double-balloon enteroscopy vs. single balloon enteroscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

La enteroscopia de doble balón (EDB) ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de pacientes con hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro (HDO). Más recientemente, la enteroscopia de balón único (ESB) es un nuevo método, que tiene las ventajas de la EDB yparece más fácil de manejar. Comparar la enteroscopia por balones en el diagnóstico de la HDO. Estudio retrospectivo comparativo. De noviembre 2007 a noviembre de 2008, se incluyeron pacientes con HDO a los cuales se les realizó enteroscopia de doble balón o balón único. Fueron utilizados: Enteroscopio doble balón Fujinon EN 450 5p-20 y EN 450 T5, 200 cm de longitud, diámetro externo de 8,5 y 9,3 mm y sobretubo de 12,2 y 13,2 mm y enteroscopio un solo balón Olympus 180-Q, diámetro externo de 9,2 mm y 13,2 mm sobretubo. Se evaluó: tiempo de montaje del sistema, del procedimiento, fluoroscopia, segmentos evaluados, hallazgos, procedimientos terapéuticos y complicaciones. Para proporciones se usó test chi cuadrado, para la data continua y variable dicotómica se usó Test T de Student para muestras independientes. Nivel de significación del 5% para el contraste. Se utilizó SPSS 14,0 para Windows para el análisis de datos. 43 pacientes EDB, 40 ESB. Edad y sexo fueron similares en ambos grupos. El tiempo de montaje fue significativamente menor con la ESB 1 min vs EDB 10 min (p <0,05). No hubo diferencias en el tiempo de fluoroscopia y los segmentos evaluados en ambos grupos (p> 0,05). El tiempo del procedimiento fue menor con la ESB 39 + / -11,8 en comparación EDB 50 + / -16,5 (p 0,001). Hubo una mayor proporción de hallazgos con ESB 84,6% con respecto a EDB 60,5% (p <0,05), siéndo el hallazgo más frecuente las angiodisplasias. Se realizó tratamiento endoscópico en el 75% de los pacientes en el grupode ESB y en el 18,6% grupo EDB (p <0,05). El diagnóstico y la terapéuticatuvieron mayor...

The double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) has proven to be a useful tool in diagnosis and treatment of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGB). More recently, single balloon enteroscopy (SBE) is a new developed method, which has the advantages of DBE and it seems easierto handle. To compare balloon enteroscopy methods in the assessment of OGB. ItÊs a comparative retrospective study. From November 2007 to November 2008 subjects with OGB were enrolledand performed procedures of DBE or SBE. Two Fujinon systems were usedEN 450 5p-20 and EN 450 T5, 200 cm in length, outer diameter of 8.5 and 9.3 mm and overtube of 12.2 and 13.2 mm and one single balloon enteroscope Olympus 180-Q, outer diameter of 9.2 mm and 13.2 mm overtube. We recorded the time during: assembling the system, the procedure, fluoroscopy, segments evaluated, findings, therapeutic procedures and complications. For proportion used chi-square test, for continous data and dicotomic variable used student T test for independent sample. Significance level for contrast 5%. Used SPSS 14,0 for Windows for analysisdata. 43 patients EDB, 40 SBE. Age and sex were similar in bothgroups. The assembly time was significantly lower with the SBE 1 min vs DBE 10 min (p <0.05). There was no difference in the time of fluoroscopy and segments evaluated in both groups (p> 0.05). The procedure time was less with the SBE 39 + / -11.8 in comparasion to DBE 50 + / -16.5 (p 0.001). There was a greater proportion of findings with the SBE 84.6% (60.5% DBE) (p <0.05), being angiodysplasia most frecuent finding. We performed endoscopic therapy in 75% of patients in the group of SBE and in 18.6% of the DBE (p <0.05). The diagnostic and therapeutic impact was greater with SBE 70% vs 51.2% with DBE(p <0.05). The rate of complications was low in both groups with 2.3% (DBE) and 2.5% (SBE) (p> 0.05). The DBE and...

Pattern of bacteraemia following endoscopic elective oesophageal injection sclerotherapy and band ligation in cirrhotic patients

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is an invasive technique and it may be associated with a risk of bacteraemia, especially if endoscopy is associated with an intervention such as injection sclerotherapy or band ligation. The aim of the work is to investigate the incidence of bacteraemia following elective elastic band ligation and elective injection sclerotherapy in cirrhotic patients. Our study included 80 cirrhotic patients with grade III-IV oesophageal varices divided into three groups: 30 patients treated with elective injection sclerotherapy, 30 patients treated with elective band ligation and 20 patients underwent diagnostic upper endoscopy and served as control. All patients were subjected to full clinical evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography and lab investigations, including blood culture before and after the endoscopic procedure. No positive blood cultures were detected before the technique. Seven patients [8.75%] had positive blood culture after endoscopy; six of them [20%] were in the injection sclerotherapy group, one patient [3.33%] in the band ligation group and none in the upper endoscopy group. Positive blood culture was more frequent in child C patients [four patients] compared to child B [two patients] and child A patients [one patient] with statistically significant difference. Three types of micro-organisms were isolated: Acinetobacter, alpha haemolytic streptococci and coagulase negative staphylococci. The rate of bacteraemia is higher in the injection sclerotherapy group compared with the band ligation group, especially in child C patients

Rebamipide May Be Comparable to H2 Receptor Antagonist in Healing Iatrogenic Gastric Ulcers Created by Endoscopic Mucosal Resection: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) results in the formation of iatrogenic gastric ulcers and the optimal treatments for such ulcers are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rebamipide in the management of EMR-induced ulcers by comparing it with an H2 receptor antagonist. After EMR, patients were randomly assigned into either rebamipide or famotidine groups. All patients received a one-week lansoprazole 30 mg q.d. therapy followed by three-week famotidine (20 mg b.i.d.) or rebamipide (100 mg t.i.d.) therapy. Four weeks after the treatments, ulcer sizes, stages, bleeding rates, and ulcer-related symptoms were compared using endoscopy and a questionnaire. A total of 63 patients were enrolled in this study. Finally, 51 patients were analyzed, 26 in rebamipide and 25 in famotidine group. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. Four weeks after EMR, the two groups were comparable in terms of ulcer reduction ratio (P=0.297), and ulcer stage (P=1.000). Moreover, no difference was observed with regard to ulcer-related symptoms, drug compliance, adverse drug event rates, and bleeding rates. Our data suggest that rebamipide is not inferior to famotidine in healing iatrogenic gastric ulcers, and could be a therapeutic option in the treatment of such ulcers.

The role of computerized tomography in the evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding following negative or failed endoscopy: a review of current status.

Gastrointestinal bleeding remains an important cause for emergency hospital admission with a significant related morbidity and mortality. Bleeding may relate to the upper or lower gastrointestinal tracts and clinical history and examination may guide investigations to the more likely source of bleeding. The now widespread availability of endoscopic equipment has made a huge impact on the rapid identification of the bleeding source. However, there remains a large group of patients with negative or failed endoscopy, in whom additional techniques are required to identify the source of bleeding. In the past, catheter angiography and radionuclide red cell labeling techniques were the preferred 'next step' modalities used to aid in identifying a bleeding source within the gastrointestinal tract. However, these techniques are time-consuming and of limited sensitivity and specificity. In addition, catheter angiography is a relatively invasive procedure. In recent years, computerized tomography (CT) has undergone major technological advances in its speed, resolution, multiplanar techniques and angiographic abilities. It has allowed excellent visualization of the both the small and large bowel allowing precise anatomical visualization of many causes of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bleeding. In addition, recent advances in multiphasic imaging now allow direct visualization of bleeding into the bowel. In many centers CT has therefore become the 'next step' technique in identifying a bleeding source within the GIT following negative or failed endoscopy in the acute setting. In this review article, we review the current literature and discuss the current status of CT as a modality in investigating the patient with GIT bleeding.