Spectrum of chronic small bowel diarrhea with malabsorption in Indian subcontinent: is the trend really changing?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to document the recent etiological spectrum of chronic diarrhea with malabsorption and also to compare features that differentiate tropical sprue from parasitic infections, the two most common etiologies of malabsorption in the tropics. METHODS: We analyzed 203 consecutive patients with malabsorption. The etiological spectrum and factors that differentiated tropical sprue from parasitic infections were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common etiology was tropical sprue (n=98, 48.3%) followed by parasitic infections (n=25, 12.3%) and tuberculosis (n=22, 10.8%). Other causes were immunodeficiency (n=15, 7.3%; 12 with human immunodeficiency virus and 3 with hypogammaglobulinemia), celiac disease (n=11, 5.4%), Crohn's disease (n=11, 5.4%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (n=11, 5.4%), hyperthyroidism (n=4, 1.9%), diabetic diarrhea (n=4, 1.9%), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=3, 1.4%), metastatic carcinoid (n=1, 0.5%) and Burkitt's lymphoma (n=1, 0.5%). On multivariate analysis, features that best differentiated tropical sprue from parasitic infections were larger stool volume (P=0.009), severe weight loss (P=0.02), knuckle hyperpigmentation (P=0.008), low serum B12 levels (P=0.05), high mean corpuscular volume (P=0.003), reduced height or scalloping of the duodenal folds on endoscopy (P=0.003) and villous atrophy on histology (P=0.04). Presence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms like bloating, nausea and vomiting predicted parasitic infections (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Tropical sprue and parasitic infections still dominate the spectrum of malabsorption in India. Severe symptoms and florid malabsorption indicate tropical sprue while the presence of upper GI symptoms indicates parasitic infections.

Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults & factors differentiating celiac disease & tropical malabsorption.

Background & objectives: Aetiology of malabsorption syndrome (MAS) differs in tropical and temperate countries over time; clinical and laboratory parameters may differentiate between various causes. This study was undertaken to investigate the spectrum of MAS among Indian adults and to find out the features that may help to differentiate between TM and celiac disease. Methods: Causes of MAS, and factors differentiating tropical malabsorption (TM) from celiac disease (CD) were determined in 275 patients. Results: Using standard criteria, causes in 275 patients [age 37.5+13.2 yr, 170, (61.5%) male] were, TM 101 (37%), CD 53 (19%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 28 (10%), AIDS 15 (5.4%), giardiasis 13 (5%), hypogammaglobulinemia 12 (4%), intestinal tuberculosis 7 (2.5%), strongyloidiasis 6 (2%), immunoproliferative small intestinal disease 5 (2%), Crohn's disease 6 (2%), amyloidosis 4 (1.5%), intestinal lymphangiectasia 3 (1%) and unknown 22 (8%). On univariate analysis, patients with CD were younger than TM (30.6+12 vs. 39.3+12.6 yr, P<0.001), had lower body weight (41.3+11.8 vs. 49.9+11.2 kg, P<0.001), longer diarrhoea duration (median 36 inter-quartile range 17.8-120 vs. 24-months, 8-48, P<0.01), lower stool frequency (6/day, 5-8 vs. 8, 5-10, P<0.05), lower haemoglobin (9.4+3.2 vs. 10.4+2.7 g/dl, P<0.05), higher platelet count (2,58,000, range 1,35,500-3,23,500 vs. 1,60,000, 1,26,000-2,58,000/mm3, P<0.05), and more often had hepatomegaly (9/53, 17% vs. 4/101, 4%, P<0.01), and subtotal or partial villous atrophy (36/50, 72% vs. 28/87, 32%, P<0.001). Younger age (<35 yr), longer diarrhoea duration, higher platelet count and villous atrophy were significant on multivariate analysis. Interpretation & conclusions: TM and CD are common causes of MAS among Indian adults. Younger age (<35 yr), longer diarrhoea duration, higher platelet count and villous atrophy were found to be associated with CD.

Etiological spectrum of sporadic malabsorption syndrome in northern Indian adults at a tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of malabsorption syndrome (MAS) may differ in different geographical regions. Limited data are available on the etiological spectrum of MAS among Indian adults. METHODS: Ninety-nine consecutive adult patients with MAS (urine d-xylose <1 g/5 g/5 h with or without increased fecal fat (> or =7 g/24 h) were evaluated for cause of MAS using standard criteria. Past medical records were examined to know the nature of treatment received. RESULTS: The etiology of MAS was: tropical sprue 39, celiac disease 9, Crohn's disease 9, giardiasis 8, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in absence of another cause of MAS 8, panhypogammaglobulinemia 2 (one with strongyloidiasis), intestinal lymphangiectasia 1, intestinal tuberculosis 4, idiopathic 15, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2, and amyloidosis 2. Twenty-eight patients had received anti-tubercular treatment earlier. CONCLUSIONS: Tropical sprue, celiac disease and Crohn's disease are common causes of MAS in Indian adults. Inappropriate anti-tubercular treatment is common in them and needs to be discouraged.

Tropical sprue: revisited

To review the experience of patients presenting with clinical manifestations of tropical sprue and assess their diagnosis and management, response to treatment and follow up. This single center retrospective descriptive study was done at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from January 1994 to January 2003. All patients who presented with diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss and anemia and who proved to have partial villous atrophy on intestinal biopsy and had responded to treatment with antibiotic and folic acid,were included in this review. A total of 42 patients were encountered during these years. There were 31 [74.0%] males and 11 [26%] females. The age ranged from 17-66 years. All patients presented with diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia and had megaloblastic anemia. In all patients, a distal duodenal biopsy showed partial villous atrophy. All were treated with tetracycline 1 g per day and folic acid 5 mg per day and responded to treatment within 4 weeks. Total treatment lasted 3 months and resulted in complete resolution of symptoms and gain of weight. The follow up lasted for a mean of 5 years and no relapses were noted. Tropical sprue presents with diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and megaloblastic anemia. The partial villous atrophy has been a constant finding. The response to treatment to tetracycline and folic acid has been uniformly successful

Treatment of tropical sprue: the work of Dr. Bailey K. Ashford examined in retrospect

Tropical sprue is a malabsorption syndrome that responds to treatment with folic acid and a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Eighty years ago, prior to the identification of the vitamins and the discovery of penicillin, clinical trials often consisted of best guess treatments based upon current knowledge and available technology. Dietary interventions were emerging as effective treatments for alleviation of diseases such as pellagra and beri beri. Representative of his generation of clinicians, Bailey K. Ashford, MD, one of the pivotal figures in academic medicine in Puerto Rico, carried out dietary studies in his patients with tropical sprue. This historical retrospective presents an examination of the diets used by Ashford in terms of nutrient content and comparison to current recommended dietary allowances. Results show the diets to be inadequate for sustained nutrient value and especially low in folic acid. In summary, Ashford recognized the basic causes of tropical sprue but was unable to effectively treat the syndrome due to lack of adequate resources.

Esprue tropical / Tropical sprue

El esprue es un desorden crónico, que se caracteriza por anormalidades estructurales y funcionales del intestino delgado, que progresivamente origina diarrea crónica y deficiencias nutricionales, las cuales mejoran o curan con ácido fólico o tetraciclina. El mejor conocimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad indica que el evento inicial es la infección intestinal por las enterobacterias contaminantes del fecalismo ambiental. En algunos sujetos se produce la colonización persistente del intestino delgado, que parece responder a fenómenos de adherencia bacteriana, alteración de la barrera ácida (gástrica), etc. El exceso de bacterias secuestra o modifica las cobalaminas, dañando también las microvellosidades y disminuyendo la absorción de folatos. Esto trae como concecuencia anemia megaloblástica y atrofia de las vellosidades que se traducen en mala absorción, diarrea crónica y déficit nutricional. En la actualidad, el reconocimiento de la patogénesis de la enfermedad nos indica que no es exclusiva del trópico, lo que implicaría inclusive la posibilidad del cambio de nombre.

Esprue tropical / Tropical sprue

El esprue tropical es un desorden crónico, que se caracteriza por anormalidades estructurales y funcionales del intestino delgado, que progresivamente origina diarrea crónica y deficiencias nutricionales, las cuales mejorar o curan con ácido fólico o tetraciclina. El mejor conocimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad, indica que el evento inicial es la infección intestinal por las enterobacterias contaminantes del fecalismo ambiental, en algunos sujetos se produce la colonización persistente del intestino delgado, que parece responder a fenómenos de adherencia bacteriana, alteración de la barrera ácida (gástrica), etc. El exceso de bacterias secuestra o modifica las cobalaminas, también daña las microvellosidades, disminuyendo la absorción de folatos. Esto trae como consecuencia anemia megaloblástica y atrofia de las vellosidades que se traducen en malabsorción, diarrea crónica y déficit nutricional. En la actualidad, el reconocimiento de la patogénesis de la enfermedad, nos indica que no es exclusiva del trópico, lo que implicaría inclusive la posibilidad del cambio de nombre.

Tropical sprue is a chronic disorder characterized by structural and functional small intestine abnormalities, that originate chronic diarrhea and nutritional deficiencies which improves or cure with folic acid or tetracycline. The better knowledge of its natural history indicates that the initial event is intestinal infection caused by contaminant enterobacterias of fecal environment, in some subjects produce persistent colonization of the small intestine, that seems to respond to bacterial adhesion, acid barrier (gastric) disturbance, etc. The excess of bacteria kidnap or modifies the cobalamin, also hurts the microvillous, decreasing the absorption of folate. This results in megaloblastic anemia and villous atrophy which traduce in malabsorption, chronic diarrhea and nutritional deficit. The understanding of the phatogenesis of this disease indicates us that it is not exclusive of the tropics, implicating that it could be renamed.

Anemia megalobástica Asociada a Diarrea crónica.Estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico en Lima / Megaloblástic anemia associated to chronic diarrhea. Prospective and multicentric study in Lima

A partir de 1986 hemos observado un incremento de Anemia Megaloblástica (AM) asociada a diarrea crónica, en 60 por ciento no se encontró ninguna relación causal. En los últimos 3 años hemos utilizado un protocolo multicéntrico prospectivo en Lima (Perú), se incluyeron adultos con AM confirmada por aspirado de médula ósea, excluyendo: ancianos, gestantes, alcohólicos, portadores de neoplasias, etc. Los pacientes fueron 45 con promedio de edad de 37.5 años. Se encontraron dosajes disminuídos de B12 + ácido fólico: 64 por ciento, B12: 20 por ciento, y ácido fólico:16 por ciento. Las biopsias gástricas demostraron atrofia: 33 por ciento (fondo), 7,6 por ciento (cuerpo) y 12 por ciento(antro). El pH gástrico menor o igual a 4.5 en 50 por ciento. El cultivo microbiológico del jugo duodenal fué positivo en 35.2 por ciento 96/17), la mayoría coliformes gram negativos. Presentaron diversas alteraciones estructurales 5/8 (62.5 por ciento) biopsias duodenales, 5/6 (83 por ciento) biopsias yeyunales y 4/4 (100 por ciento) biopsias ileales. Los estudios parasitológicos excluyeron diphillobothrium pacificum. Estos hallazgos nos llevan a sugerir que un significativo número de pacientes con AM y diarrea crónica (con o sin síndrome espruiforme) en Lima, son consecuencia del sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal, lo que los configuraría como casos de Esprue Tropical

Chronic diarrhea in children of tropics.

Syndrome of prolonged diarrhea is quite frequent in tropical children. Careful clinical appraisal can help in separating these children into distinct clinical entities which have different underlying etiological factors. In most cases diagnosis is possible on clinical grounds supplemented by simple investigations. A step by step approach as outlined is extremely helpful in planning a rational management.

Mielopatias y mieloneuropatias tropicales / Tropical myelopathies and myeloneuropathies

La neuropatía atáxica tropical, que se caracteriza por ataxia sensorial grave, y la paraparesia espástica tropical, que se presenta com paraplejía predominantemente espástica y pérdida sensitiva mínima, constituyen las dos formas principales de mielopatías y mieloneuropatías tropicales. Sus causas son múltiples y se asocian a la desnutrición, la malabsorción tropical posinfecciosa, la intoxicación crónica por cianuro debida al consumo excesivo de yuca y el latirismo. Se presentam en zonas geográficas aisladas de varios países en desarrollo y las tasas de prevalencia son superiores a las de esclerosis múltiple en regiones de clima frío. Se han descrito focos de etiología desconocida en el sur de la India, Africa del sur, Seychelles, varias islas del Caribe, Jamaica y la costa colombiana del Pacífico. Una infección treponémica, el pian tardío, podría ser el factor etiológico en estos dos últimos sitios. Sin embargo en el Caribe, Colombia y Seychelles se encontraron anticuerpos positivos contra el virus linfotrópico tipo I de las células T humanas en más del 60% de pacientes con paraparesia espástica tropical. Estos halazgos ofrecen una oportunidad singular para la investigación de las mielopatías y mieloneuropatías tropicales