Relógio circadiano em eucariotos fotossintetizantes (Archaeplastida) e adaptação ao estresse / Circadian clock in photosynthetic eukaryotes (Archaeplastida) and stress adaptation

Relógios endógenos controlam grande parte de processos biológicos através de osciladores bioquímicos que coordenam a sinalização de pistas ambientais até vias metabólicas, permitindo a percepção do tempo e adaptação a mudanças rítmicas. Comportamentos cíclicos diários foram primordialmente descritos em plantas e, mais recentemente, têm fornecido informações valiosas sobre os ciclos de retroalimentação da transcrição e tradução de genes que controlam estes osciladores. O florescimento é um exemplo bem conhecido da importância da percepção do comprimento do dia através do relógio, processo intimamente regulado por fotorreceptores e pelos genes centrais e periféricos do relógio biológico. Em organismos multicelulares há uma combinação específica de genes mais expressa em cada tecido, podendo ter funções, fases e períodos diferentes, o que aumenta a complexidade desse mecanismo. Devido a isso, tem-se buscado modelos alternativos mais simples dentro dos eucariotos fotossintetizantes relacionados às plantas terrestres. Modelos simplificados facilitam, por exemplo, a avaliação da combinação de fatores que induzem o estresse e como o relógio biológico se altera, permitindo a antecipação de mudanças ambientais e sincronização da fisiologia com o meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, verificou-se como o relógio circadiano se ajusta ao estresse em 3 diferentes modelos: Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Rhodophyta), Ostreococcus tauri (Chlorophyta) e Saccharum sp (Embryophyta). Para isso, estabeleceu-se em G. tenuistipitata métodos para avaliação de crescimento e da fluorescência da clorofila de modo automático, comprovando da existência de ritmos circadianos. Além disso, após padronização de genes de referência para normalização das RT-qPCRs, o gene TRX ficou superexpresso durante a primeira hora após o déficit hídrico. Já em O. tauri, onde os genes centrais do relógio são conhecidos, mudanças na expressão de LOV-HK e TOC1 estão relacionadas com maior crescimento em baixa e alta temperatura, respectivamente. Uma combinação específica de luz, temperatura e salinidade pode ser um importante indutor de eflorescências que reflete mudanças transcricionais no oscilador central, o que pode ser comparado às florescências de plantas terrestres. Já em Saccharum sp tolerante à seca, ritmos de fotossíntese e de expressão de CCA1 sofrem mudanças de fase em suas oscilações e transcritos de HVA-22 e DRP são significativamente mais expressos sob dessecação. Em suma, o estresse em Saccharum sp reseta o relógio, aumentando o período de oscilação da fotossíntese. Em O. tauri induz maior crescimento, mantendo as características do relógio. Não foi possível avaliar o efeito do estresse no relógio de G. tenuistipitata, mas ferramentas foram desenvolvidas visando este objetivo. Estudos de respostas do relógio podem fornecer informações valiosas para o entendimento da reprodução e crescimento de organismos com elevado potencial de aplicações biotecnológicas

Endogenous clocks control a large range of biological processes through biochemical oscillators that coordinate the signaling of environmental cues to metabolic pathways, allowing the perception of time and adjust to rhythmic changes. Cyclical daily behaviors were first noticed in plants and, more recently, revealed information about the transcriptional-translational feedback loops of genes that control these oscillators. Flowering is a well-known process where the perception of day length by the clock is intimately regulated by photoreceptors and by the central and peripheric genes of the biological clock. Multicellular organisms have a tissue-specific combination of expressed clock genes that may have different phase and period, increasing the complexity of this mechanism. Due to this reason, alternative models have been proposed for land plants-related photosynthetic eukaryotes. New models can simplify, for example, which combination of factors induce stress and how the biological clock is altered, allowing the anticipation of environmental changes and synchronization of physiology and environmental factors. This work aimed to verify how the biological clock adjusts to different kinds of stresses in 3 species: Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Rhodophyta), Ostreococcus tauri (Chlorophyta) and Saccharum sp (Embryophyta). Automated measurement techniques for growth rate and photosynthesis were stablished for the red alga. This alga also showed, after establishment of reference genes for RT-qPCRs normalization, an overexpression of TRX during the first hour under water deficit. In O. tauri, where the central clock genes are known, changes in LOV-HK and TOC1 gene expression are related to a higher growth rate under low and high temperatures, respectively. Besides, a specific combination of light, temperature and salinity can be an important trigger of seasonal blooms that causes important transcriptional changes at the central oscillator, what is similar to land plants. In Saccharum sp tolerant to drought, photosynthesis rhythms and CCA1 expression change their phase under simulated water deficit and drought responsive transcripts like HVA-22 and DRP are significantly up-regulated. In short, stress resets the clock in Saccharum sp, increasing the period of photosynthesis oscillation. In O.tauri, it induces a higher growth, keeping clock features. It was not possible to verify clock responses to stress in G.tenuistipitata, but methods to do so were stablished. The biological clock responses to stress can provide invaluable information for the better understanding about the growth and reproduction of organisms with a high biotechnological potential

Immediate and late effects of chronic stress in the testes of prepubertal and adult rats / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic stress on the testes of prepubertal and adult rats and to evaluate whether any alterations could be reversed when stress induction is ended. Seventy-six male rats were assigned to eight groups depending on the type of treatment (control or stressed), the age at which stress was initiated (prepubertal or adult), and the time of evaluation (immediate or late). Stress stimuli were applied for 6 weeks. Stressed prepubertal and adult rats evaluated immediately after the last stress stimulus were included in SP-I and SA-I groups, respectively. The late prepubertal (SP-L) and adult (SA-L) groups of stressed rats were evaluated 6 weeks after the last stress stimulus. Age-matched rats were used as controls (CP-I, CA-I, CP-L, and CA-L groups). Application of stress stimuli to rats in the SP-I group resulted in body weight and seminiferous tubule diameter reduction. The rats in the SA-I group also showed several functional (testosterone level and sperm parameter) and morphological (testicular weight and seminiferous tubule diameter) reductions. The rats in the SP-L group showed increased body weight and intertubular compartment volumetric and absolute densities and reduced tubular compartment volumetric density. The rats in the SA-L group presented only reduced sperm viability. Stress stimuli promoted changes in the rats in all the study groups. The testes of the adult rats were the most affected by chronic stress. However, the stressed adult rats recovered well from the testicular alterations.

Mecanismos neuronales en el modelo cognitivo de depresión de Beck / Neural Mechanisms in Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression

El modelo cognitivo de la depresión que fuera formulado por Beck hace más de 40 años se fundamentaba en procesamientos sesgados de la atención, memoria y el pensamiento, con rumiación y desvíos hacia los llamados “pensamientos negativos repetitivos”, como jugando roles primarios en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la depresión. En 2011, el propio Beck y sus colaboradores hacen un resumen de los hallazgos referentes a los mecanismos neurales que subyacen a los aspectos cognitivos de la depresión. Sin embargo, sólo se consideran aquellos aspectos referentes al procesamiento cognitivo sin hacer lo mismo con el procesamiento emocional que es el endofenotipo nuclear del trastorno depresivo y se refleja en la lectura de las emociones por el cerebro emocional y la corteza de la ínsula según el esquema de Damasio actualizado por Craig (14), que deberá tenerse en cuenta como la base fundamental de las terapias cognitivo/conductuales y las cognitivo/emocionales junto al necesario tratamiento farmacológico, adecuadamente complementados en tiempo y forma

The cognitive model of depression, which was formulated by Beck more than 40 years ago, was grounded on biased processings of attention, memory and thought, with rumination and deviations towards the so-called "negative repetitive thoughts", as playing primry roles in the development and maintenance of depression. In 2011, Beck himself, as well as his collaborators, summarized the findings concerning the neural mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of depression. However, only those aspects relating to the cognitive processing are considered and not the emotional processing that is the nuclear endophenotype of depressive disorder and is reflected in the reading of emotions by the brain and the insular cortex, according to Damasio's scheme updated by Craig (14), which should be considered the fundamental basis of cognitive/behavioral therapies and cognitive/emotional therapies together with the necessary pharmacological treatment, adequately complimented in due time and forma

Efectos de las experiencias adversas temprana y tardía en las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la glándula suprarrenal de ratas Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés durante su vida adulta / Effects of early and late adverse experiences in morphometric and stereological characteristics of the adrenal gland of Sprague Dawley rats subjected to stress during adulthood

La ruptura temprana del vínculo materno y el aislamiento social son variables que están involucradas con los comportamientos social y emocional y también con el aumento de la ansiedad, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. Sin embargo, no se dispone de investigaciones que expliquen los cambios morfológicos de la glándula suprarrenal (GSR). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer experimentalmente, a través del modelo de alteración del vínculo social temprano madre-cría y alteración del vínculo social tardío por aislamiento, el efecto sobre las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la GSR, en ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la vida adulta. Utilizamos 35 ratas hembras recién nacidas, distribuidas en grupos de 7, en condiciones de lactancia y alimentación estandarizadas. Los grupos experimentales fueron expuestos a experiencias adversas temprana (E1), tardía (E2), temprana-tardía (E3) y posteriormente, sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la adultez. Se aisló la GSR izquierda de cada animal determinando características morfométricas y parámetros estereológicos. El peso absoluto fue mayor en los grupos control C2 y grupo experimental (E1). El número de células por mm3, el porcentaje de tejido glandular y la densidad de superficie en la zona fascicular de la GSR fue menor en el grupo E3. Las características estereológicas de la GRS en ratas, no sólo pueden ser afectadas por la exposición al estrés en la adultez, sino que también las experiencias adversas temprana y/o tardía juegan un rol importante en los cambios de los parámetros morfológicos cuantitativos observados en esta glándula.

The early break in maternal bonding and social isolation are variables involved with social and emotional behaviors and also with increased anxiety, especially in stressful situations. However, there is no research to explain the morphological changes of the adrenal gland (GSR). Therefore, our objective was to experimentally study through alteration model of social ties and early mother-cub bond alteration belated social isolation, the effect on the morphometric and stereological characteristics of the GSR in rats of the Sprague Dawley subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. We used 35 newborn female rats, divided into groups of 7 under lactating and standardized feeding conditions. The experimental groups were exposed to adverse experiences early (E1), late (E2), and early/late (E3) and subsequently, subject to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. Left GSR was isolated from each animal determining morphometric characteristics and stereological parameters. The absolute weight was higher in control group C2 and the experimental group E1. In the group E3 number of cells per mm3, the percentage of glandular tissue and density of the surface in the fascicular area of the GSR was lower. Stereological characteristics of the GRS in rats, not only can be affected by exposure to stress in adulthood, but also early and / or late adverse experiences play an important role in the changes of quantitative morphological parameters observed in this gland.

Estrés y resiliencia como factores relacionados a la hipertensión arterial sistémica / Stress and resilience as factors related to hypertension

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) constituye uno de los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), cada vez en aumento a nivel mundial. Su etiología incluye múltiples factores que deben ser conocidos y abordados para disminuir el impacto que esta patología genera en la sociedad. Estos factores van desde los no modificables como la carga genética, hasta aquellos relacionados con los estilos de vida; es allí donde el estrés, la reactividad aumentada al mismo y la escasa adaptación a las situaciones estresantes (conductas no resilientes) deben ser conocidas y abordadas para tratar de forma completa este padecimiento.

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors in developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it continues to increase on a global level. Its ethiology includes multiple factors that should be known and addressed in order to lessen the impact that this pathology has on society. These factors go from non-modifiable like genetics to those related with lifestyle; stress, increased reactivity and poor adaptation to stressful situations (not resilient behaviors) are related to the last one and have to be known and addressed comprehensively to treat this condition.

Estrés en dos cohortes de estudiantes de medicina de la Escuela Luis Razetti-Universidad Central de Venezuela / Stress in two cohorts of medical students from the Escuela Luis Razetti-Universidad Central de Venezuela

El estrés es un proceso de interacción entre eventos del entorno biopsicosocial. Los síntomas relacionados con este, en estudiantes de medicina, puede variar a lo largo de su carrera. Se comparó la prevalencia de estrés en estudiantes de 1º a 5º año, con el objetivo de establacer si existen diferencias significativas entre ellos. La presente fue una investigación de corte transversal observacional, no experimental. El universo fue de 481 individuos (cohortes 2009-2010). En mayo 2010 se tomó una muestra probabilística, aleatoria simple, estratificada, de 116 estudiantes de 1º año y 88 de 5º año de la Escuela Luis Razetti (total 204,42% del universo). El instrumento de evaluación fue una encuesta que constaba de datos generales, Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (EDAS-21) y Estratificación Social de Graffar-Méndez-Castellano. Se utilizó el programa SPSS v.10.0 para el análisis de datos, nivel de confianza 95%. Respecto a la puntuación total del EDAS-21, delos estudiantes evaluados, 64,8% presentaron estrés normal y 6,7% estrés muy severo. La prevalencia de estrés de leve a muy severo en estudiantes de 1º fue significativamente mayor que de la de los de 5º año (42,7% vs. 27,8%; P<0,05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de estrés entre los estudiantes de 1º y 5º año, siendo mayor en los de 1º; lo cual puede deberse, dentro de otros factores, a la adaptación ante situaciones que generan estrés en los mismos a lo largp de su carrera

stress is considered as an interactive process between biopsychosocial events, symptoms related to it, in medical students, may vary along their careers. Stress prevalence was compared between 1º and 5º year students, to establish if significant differences exist or not. This was a cross-sectional, observational, non-experimental research. The universe was 481 individuals (cohort 2009-2010). In may 2010 a probabilistic, simple random, stratified sample of 116 students of 1º year and 88 of 5º at the School Luis Razetti was taken (total 204,42% of the universe). The evaluation instrument was a survey form consisting on general information, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Graffar-Méndez-Castellano Social Stratification. The Software SPSS v.10.0, with a 95% confidence level, was used for data analyses. Regarding the total DASS-21 score, from the evaluated students, 64.8% presented normal stress levels and 6.7% very severe stress levels. The Low to very severe stress levels prevalence in 1st year students was significantly higher than that presented in 5th year students (42.7% vs. 27,8%; P<0.05). Significant differences on stress frequency were evidenced between 1º and 5º year students, being higher in 1º year students; wich can be due, among other factors, to the adaptacion, ocurred along the years, to situacions that generate stress on their careers

Abfracciones: lesiones cervicales no cariosas en cuña, su relación con el estrés / Abfractions: non-carious cervical in wedge, its relationship with stress

La abfracción es una lesión por pérdida del tejido duro en la unión amelo cementaría del diente en vestibular o lingual, acompañada generalmente de sensibilidad. El estrés emocional, la acción de fuerzas excéntricas generadas por interferencias oclusales, el bruxismo, pueden ser considerados factores predisponentes; por ello se planteó un estudio observacional descriptivo con componente analítico, el objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de abfracciones, para luego asociarlas con el estrés emocional en 110 pacientes de 15 a 59 años en edad en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción y una clínica privada en el año 2008. Para determinar el nivel de estrés emocional se utilizó un cuestionario, Maslach Burnout Inventory, valorado en una escala de alto/moderado, leve y bajo, se utilizó la inspección clínica y el sondeo para diagnosticar la abfracción. Se encontró una prevalencia de abfracción de 44%, de los cuales el 49% correspondió al sexo masculino. El diente más afectado fue el primer premolar inferior izquierdo (9,9%). El 100% de los pacientes presentaban estrés y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la abfracción y el bruxismo 0,004 p<0,005(F), también con el estado civil de los pacientes 0,001 p<0,005(F) entre los que prevalecían los casados 59%. Un alto porcentaje de pacientes presentaban abfracciones y estrés, pero no hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa p=0,3(F).

Abfraction is a lesion due to hard tissue loss at the cementoenamel junction either on buccal or lingual surface of a tooth, generally accompanied by sensitivity. Emotional estrés, eccentric forces generated by occlusal interferences, bruxism can be considered as predisposing factors, therefore an observational descriptive study with an analytic component was set out in order to determine the prevalence of abfractions and to relate them to emotional estrés in 110 patients ages 15 - 59 at the Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción as well as at a private clinic in 2008. In order to determine emotional estrés, a questionnaire by Maslach Burnout Inventory was used, ranging from high, moderate, mild and low. Clinical checkup and probing were the means to diagnose abfraction. A prevalence of 44% was found, 49% of which were males. The most affected tooth was lower left first premolar (9.9%). 100% presented estrés and there was statistically significant relationship between abfraction and bruxism 0,004 p<0,005(F), also regarding marital status, there was more prevalence among married patients (59%). A high percentage of patients presented both abfraction and estrés, but there was no statistically significant association p=0,3(F).

Repercusiones del Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional en los ámbitos: personal, familiar, social, laboral y la relación con factores no motivacionales en Licenciadas de Enfermería del Hospital del Niño/a, Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba primer trimestre 2011 / Implications of burnout syndrome in the areas: personal, familial, social, labor and related motivational factors Licensed Children's Hospital Nursing /a, Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba first quarter 2011

El Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional es el agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal, presentándose en personas que trabajan con el público, especialmente en Enfermería por la interacción con usuarios. El sufrimiento de esta patología lleva consecuencias para el profesional, familia, institución y la misma sociedad. El objetivo del estudio es determinar las repercusiones del Síndrome en los ámbitos: personal, familiar, social, laboral y la relación con factores no motivacionales en Licenciadas de Enfermería del Hospital del Niño/a “Manuel Ascencio Villarroel”, por las características de su trabajo.La investigación tiene un enfoque Mixto porque se analizó y evaluó las repercusiones del Síndrome. El Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional se manifiesta en las Licenciadas de Enfermería con repercusiones: ámbito personal (manifestaciones físicas); ámbito familiar (problemas de pareja e hijos/as), en algunos casos con desintegración familiar; ámbito social (predisposición al aislamiento de la sociedad); ámbito profesional e institucional, existe sobrecarga laboral que afecta la calidad y calidez de atención al usuario y también los factores motivacionales deficientes de autoridades institucionales. Por las repercusiones encontradas del Síndrome de Desgaste Profesional, en las Licenciadas de Enfermería urge que las autoridades institucionales tomen medidas que el caso amerita para prevenir, afrontar y curar esta enfermedad

Sentimentos vivenciados por mulheres infectadas pelo hpv ao saberem do diagnóstico da doença / Feelings of women infected by hpv after receiving the diagnosis / Sentimientos vividos por mujeres infectadas por el vph al saber del diagnóstico de la enfermedad

O Papilomavírus humano (HPV) é um vírus sexualmente transmissível com potencialidade carcinogênica para acérvice uterina, o que torna a infecção de mulheres pelo HPV um problema de Saúde Pública. Neste estudoutilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa segundo o referencial da Fenomenologia existencial de Martin Heidegger,com o objetivo de apreender os sentimentos vivenciados por mulheres infectadas pelo HPV ao saberem dodiagnóstico da doença. Os sujeitos foram 14 mulheres que tinham recebido o diagnóstico de HPV. A questãonorteadora foi: Como é para você estar com HPV? Conte-me a sua experiência desde que soube do diagnósticoaté hoje. Os sentimentos desvelados pelas mulheres infectadas foram: sofrimento, desespero, frustração, culpa,preocupação, vergonha e medo. O desvelamento destes sentimentos possibilitou uma melhor compreensão doprocesso vivenciado por estas mulheres ao receberem o diagnóstico da doença e o significado que permeia avivência de estar com o HPV. Mostrou-se a necessidade de que os profissionais da área da saúde avancem noque se refere ao cuidado com as mulheres infectadas pelo HPV, superando o trabalho restrito à racionalidade das ciências biomédicas. É preciso ser-com-o-outro e redescobrir a profundidade do ser em sua vida cotidiana, para assim intervir com qualidade nas ações de saúde.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus, transmitted through sexual contact, with potential to becomecarcinogenic for the uterine cervix, making the infected women a problem for the public health. This research hada qualitative focus, with reference to the Existential phenomenology by Martin Heidegger, with the intention ofunderstanding the feelings of women infected by HPV, after getting the positive test results. Were subjected tothis research 14 women HPV positive. We based our research on these questions: What does HPV positive meanfor you? Tell me the experience that you had since you knew you were infected until today. The feelings mentioned by the women were: suffering, desperation, frustration, guilt, preoccupation, embarrassment and fear. Knowing these feelings made possible to better understand the process that these infected women went throughafter the diagnosis, and the meaning of what is to live with HPV. The results showed that health professionalsshould make some improvements as for the care to women infected by HPV, going beyond the services restrictedto the rationality of biomedical sciences. It showed to be necessary be-with-the-other and rediscover the depth ofthe human beings role in their daily life, in order to intervene with quality in health care.

El Virus del Papiloma humano (VPH) es un virus sexualmente transmisible con potencialidad cancerígena para elcérvix uterino, que hace de la infección femenina para el VPH un problema de la salud pública. En este estudiose utilizó el abordaje cualitativo según el referencial de la Fenomenología existencial de Martin Heidegger, con elobjetivo de aprehender los sentimientos vividos por mujeres infectadas por el VPH al saber del diagnóstico de laenfermedad. Los sujetos fueron catorce mujeres que habían recibido el diagnóstico de VPH. La preguntaorientadora fue: ¿Cómo es para usted estar con VPH? Cuénteme su experiencia desde que supo del diagnóstico hasta hoy. Los sentimientos revelados por las mujeres infectadas fueron: sufrimiento, desesperación, frustración, culpa, preocupación, vergüenza y miedo. El descubrimiento de estos sentimientos posibilitó una mejor comprensión del proceso vivido por estas mujeres después de recibir el diagnóstico de la enfermedad y elsignificado que sobreviene la vivencia de estar con el VPH. Se mostró la necesidad de que los profesionales delárea de la salud avancen en lo que se refiere al cuidado con las mujeres infectadas por el VPH, sobrepasando eltrabajo restricto a la racionalidad de las ciencias biomédicas. Es necesario ser-con-el-otro y redescubrir laprofundidad del ser en su vida cotidiana, para así intervenir con calidad en las acciones de salud.

Trabalho, adoecimento e histórias de vida em trabalhadoras da indústria calçadista / Work, sickness and life histories of workers in the shoe industry

Os portadores de Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos (LER/DORT), além das queixas de dores osteomusculares, manifestam sofrimento psíquico relacionado ao adoecimento. Nesta investigação, buscou-se, por meio do método das Histórias de Vida, compreender como se constituíram as relações sociais de trabalho e os processos de adoecimento de trabalhadoras portadoras de LER/DORT, oriundas da indústria calçadista do Rio Grande do Sul, atendidas no Ambulatório de Doenças do Trabalho do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais abertas, que foram transcritas e analisadas. As recorrências e as singularidades presentes nos depoimentos originaram cinco categorias temáticas: trabalho infantil; baixa escolaridade e início da trajetória de trabalho na indústria calçadista; relação de prazer e sofrimento com o trabalho; marcas do trabalho no corpo; e afastamento do trabalho e sofrimento. As histórias destas trabalhadoras apontaram para as vivências de culpa, fracasso e exclusão, por não mais poderem desempenhar o que lhes é socialmente esperado: o trabalho.

The bearers of Lesions for Repetitive Efforts (LER/DORT), besides the complaints of musculoskeletal pains, they manifest psychic suffering related to the illness. In this investigation, it was looked for, through the methodology of the Histories of Life, to understand as the social relationships were constituted, of work and the processes of ilness of workers bearers of LER/DORT, originating from of the shoes industry of Rio Grande do Sul, assisted at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. They took place open individual interviews that were transcribed and analyzed. The appeals and the present singularities in the depositions originated five thematic categories: child work; low education and beginning in the shoes industry; pleasure relationship and suffering with the work; marks of the work in the body and removal of the work and suffering. These workers' histories appeared for the fault existences, failure and exclusion for no more work.

Stress modulating antioxidant effect of Nardostachys jatamansi.

The rhizomes of Nardostachysjatamansi, the plant commonly known as Jatamansi have been described in Ayurveda for their soothing and sedative action on the central nervous system. In the present study, the anti-stress effect of hydroethanolic extract (70%) of N. jatamansi (NJE) was evaluated in reference to its antioxidant property. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: naive, stressed, and T-200 and T-500 stressed with oral pre-treatment of NJE 200 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Restraint of rats in metallic chambers for 4 h at 4 degreesC was followed by sacrifice and assessment of stress-induced alterations in biochemical parameters, incidence and severity of ulcers. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and NO levels in stomach and LPO, NO levels and catalase activity in brain, plasma corticosterone level and adrenal ascorbic acid were measured. In vitro antioxidant activity of NJE was studied by measuring the free radical scavenging activity. NJE showed potent antioxidant activity and significantly reversed the stress-induced elevation of LPO and NO levels and decrease in catalase activity in the brain. It inhibited the incidence of gastric ulcerations and reversed the alterations in biochemical parameters/markers of stress-induced gastric ulceration. NJE also significantly altered stress-induced increase in adrenal and spleen weights and decrease in level of ascorbic acid in adrenal gland. Elevation of plasma corticosterone level was negated dose- dependently. The findings suggest that the NJE possesses significant anti-stress activity, which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Effect of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. on stress and cognition in mice.

Effect of stress and its modulation by methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris was studied using acute restraint stress model in mice. The extract was also evaluated for nootropic and antioxidant potential to support anti-stress activity testing. Acute restraint stress resulted in significant increase of plasma corticosterone, glucose, protein, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in stress group of animals. Methanolic extract pretreatment at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 7 days displayed promising anti-stress effect by normalizing these stress-induced biochemical perturbations in plasma of mice. Effect on cognitive functions was evaluated using passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model. Pretreatment with extract at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg augmented acquisition and retention of memory of learned task as evidenced by increased step-down and shortened-transfer latency in passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model, respectively. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, ip) and piracetam (200 mg/kg, po) were used as standard drugs for anti-stress and nootropic activity testing. Further, the extract at 200 microg/ml showed maximum scavenging of stable radical 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl at 90.11% and nitric oxide radical at 62.77%. The present study, thus, provided scientific support for anti-stress (adaptogenic), antioxidant and nootropic activities of methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris.

Queixas de insônia e menopausa entre funcionárias de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro: estudo pró–saúde / Insomnia complaints and menopause among female employees at a university in Rio de Janeiro: the pró-saúde study

Estudos demonstram que mulheres na perimenopausa e pós-menopausa apresentam maior latência para o sono, dificuldade de manutenção e estão menos satisfeitas com a qualidade do sono quando comparadas àquelas que não estão na menopausa. Apesar da vasta literatura sobre a insônia na menopausa, diversos aspectos ainda são controversos ou não foram suficientemente estudados. Objetivos: Artigo I: Estimar a prevalência de insônia e avaliar sua associação com o status menopausal em uma população de mulheres. Artigo II: Entre mulheres na menopausa, investigar a associação entre fatores psicossociais, morbidade física e mental, características da menopausa e queixas de insônia. Métodos: Artigo I: Foi realizado um estudo seccional entre funcionárias de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro participantes de um estudo longitudinal (Estudo Pró-Saúde)(n=2.189), onde foi utilizado um questionário autopreenchível para avaliação de insônia, status menopausal e demais variáveis de estudo. Foram consideradas como “em menopausa”as mulheres não-grávidas que responderam que não ficavam mais menstruadas (peri e pósmenopausa). A insônia foi analisada como dificuldade em iniciar o sono, dificuldade em manter o sono e queixa geral de insônia (combinação das anteriores). Os Odds Ratios (OR) brutos e ajustados foram calculados através de regressão logística multivariada.

Influence of different types of stress on selected cardiovascular parameters in rats.

Wistar strain male albino rats were exposed to different types of stressors like isolation, immobilization, overcrowding and forced swimming, for a duration of one day, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days and the effect on heart weight, adrenal weight, heart rate, P-R interval and serum transaminase levels were studied. There was a significant increase in the heart weight and adrenal weight in most of the stress subgroups. Tachycardia was seen in all the types of stress upto 7 days, except in the case of overcrowding stress. Serum transaminase level increased significantly in all the types of stress. Among the different types of stress, immobilization and forced swimming had greater effect on the heart weight and heart rate. Increase in the heart rate and heart weight was observed only in the initial period of exposure to a stressor and when the animals were exposed to a prolonged stressor like 15 days and 30 days, there was no further increase in the heart weight and heart rate which may be due to the adaptation of the animal to a chronic stressor.

Stress y memoria: una aproximación a la psicopatología / Memory and stress: an approach a the psychopathology

From the deficit of the utilization of instrumental memory during and academic examination, even to the imposibility of remembering the traumatic events act as a perturbing factor on the cognitive function. The reappearance of "forgotten" events in patients who have suffered catastrophic situations, independent of the time of occurence, suggest the existence of a limiting mechanism at the structural level.