relationship between urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin like growth factor levels on diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Urinary Vascular endothelial growth factors [u VEGFs] as well as plasma insulin like growth factors [pIGFs] has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. This study was performed to determine whether alternations of urinary VEGFs and plasma IGFs are related to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. We examined association of UVEGFs,pIGFs concentrations with fasting glucose level, glycemic control index [HbAlc%], urinary measured renal parameters i.e. creatinine, creatinine clearance and albumjnuria as well as lipogram parameters in 75 type 2 diabetic patients and 25 healthy controls. Study subjects were divided into four groups using urinary albumin to creahinine ratio [A/Cr]. We confirmed that [i] both urinary VEGFs and plasma IGFs showed remarkable increase in all diabetic groups with worsen A/Cr ratio, as compared with controls. [ii] Urinary VEGFs and plasma IGFs were increased in diabetic patients as long as glycemic control was not achieved [iii] Vascular endothelial growth factor in urine as well as plasma insulin like growth factors elevations were also revealed statistically direct positive correlation with glycemic control index, albuminuria as well as T.G.s elevation and HDL decreasing in lipogram parameters. Urinary VEGFs excretions as well as plasma IGFs increased during the earlier stage of diabetic nephropathy and were significantly correlated with urinary albumin excretion. This suggested that VEGFs may be used as a sensitive marker of diabetic nephropathy and for predicting disease progression

Effect of recombinant somatotropin with or without PMSG on postpartum multiparous buffalo in Egypt

This study was carried out on ten Egyptian female multi parous buffaloes suffering from prolonged postpartum period with no estrous signs and low serum progesterone level. Animals were randomly divided into two groups. Females in both groups were injected subcutaneously with 500 mg recombinant bovine somatotropin "rbST",one group received a single intramuscular dose of PMSG [2000 i.u.] 7 days later. Blood samples were collected one week before treatment and for four consecutive weeks after treatment. The levels of progesterone, insulin-like growth factor- 1[IGF-1] and total cholesterol were analysed. Injection of rbST with or without PMSG elevated serum level of IGF-1 for the first two weeks post-injection then declined during the 3rd and 4th weeks compared to pretreatment levels. Both serum progesterone and total cholesterol levels increased throughout the 4 weeks post-injection as compared with their corresponding control values before treatments. In addition, rbST increased milk yield significantly as well as motivated the females to resume cyclic activity of the ovaries [4 / 5 in animals treated with rbST plus PMSG and 3/5 in those treated with rbST alone]. The conception percent improved

Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on growth and immunological status of children with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis

Children with chronic renal failure, including those on hemodialysis are most commonly presented with growth failure and immunological disorders. Deficiency of L-Carnitine, the endogenous intermediate involved in fatty acid metabolism, is commonly encountered in patients with end stage renal disease [ESRD]. This study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on growth and immunological status of children with ESRD. The study was conducted on twenty children with ESRD on regular hemodialysis for 1-6 years. Twelve age and sex matched healthy children were chosen to represent the control group. The growth status was monitored by the routine anthropometric measurements as well as measuring serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]. The immunological status was monitored by measuring serum levels of adenosine deaminase [ADA] enzyme activity as well as serum levels of immunoglobulins G and M [IgG and IgM]. L-Carnitine supplementation was given to all patients in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day orally for 6-months. Basal and post 6-months L-Carnitine supplementation levels of IGF-1, ADA, IgG and IgM were compared to values of healthy controls. L-Carnitine supplementation improves IGF-1 level. Where basal values were significantly lower than those of control while post supplementation values showed insignificant difference when compared to control group. Although ADA activity significantly increased in ESRD patients after L-Carnitine supplementation in comparison to their corresponding basal values, both values were significantly lower when compared to control group. L-Carnitine supplementation had no significant effect on serum levels of IgG and IgM which showed insignificant difference when compared to control group. L-Carnitine supplementation plays an important role in improving both growth and immunological disorders in children with chronic renal failure and it should be considered an intergeral therapy for children on regular hemodialysis

[Evaluation of Serum Growth Hormone [GH] and Insulin like Growth Factor-1 [IGF-1] in Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy before and after Adenotonsillectomy]

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction and sleep apnea syndrome in children, may be an important factor for failure to thrive by decreasing the secretion of serum growth hormone [GH] and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]. This is an experimental interventional study. Fasting serum GH, IGF-1 levels, growth and body mass indexes were measured in 30 children with 3-13 years old at the operation's day and 110 days post-operation. There was no statistical correlation between serum IGF-1 levels before and after adenotonsillectomy in total group patients, but there was a significant statistical correlation between IGF-1 levels with grade III and IV of tonsillar hypertrophy. Grade III and IV of adenotonsillar hypertrophy is an important factor for serum GH and IGF-1 decreasing and failure to thrive [FTT]

Reference intervals for important serum sex steroid hormones, prostate specific antigen, insulin like growth factor 1 and IGF binding protein 3 concentration in a normal Kuwaiti adult male population

The purpose of this study was to determine the age-specific reference ranges for some important male sex steroid hormones, prostate-specific antigen [PSA], insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], and IGF binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3], for the Kuwaiti population. Blood samples were taken from 398 consenting, fasting, healthy Kuwaiti males aged 15-80 years between 8.00 a.m. and 12.00 noon. The serum concentrations of total testosterone [TT], dehydro-epiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS], androstenedione [ADT], sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], prolactin, PSA, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were determined. A distribution curve was plotted and age-specific reference levels were determined for each analyte. The reference interval for parameters with a normal distribution [Gaussian] was mean +/- 2 SD, while for the non-normal distribution [non-Gaussian], it was 2.5-97.5 percentile. The reference intervals for the analytes obtained from this study were compared with those suggested by the kit manufacturers and currently used by the Ministry of Health, Kuwait Laboratories [MOHKL]. Serum IGFBP-3 and ADT had normal distribution while other analytes had non-normal distribution. The reference intervals from this study, manufacturers kit and MOHKL were as follows: TT 3-31, 9-60, 8-35 nmol/l; DHEAS 0.9-11, 1.0-7.3, 2.2- 15.2 micro mol/l; ADT 0.5-4.3, 0.8-2.8, 2.0-9.2 nmol/l; LH 1-11, 0.8-7.6, 0.4-5.7 mIU/l; FSH 0.5-11, 0.7-11.1, 1.1-13.5 mIU/l; prolactin 42-397, 53-360, 80-230 nmol/l; IGF-1 41-542, 78-956, 71-261 ng/ml; IGFBP-3 88- 2,090, 900-4,000, 900-4,000 ng/ml, and PSA 0-3.1, 0-4, 0-4 ng/ml, respectively. These data indicate that for Kuwaitis lower reference ranges must be used for serum TT, DHEAS, ADT, IGFBP-3 and PSA. There is no need to change the currently used reference interval for FSH whereas higher values must be used for LH, prolactin, and IGF-1

Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and its binding protein 3 [IGFBP3] in relation to estrogen in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer receiving tamoxifen with and without vitamin A

This study included 30 postmenopausal women with breast cancer stages II and III. They were divided into two groups according to the line of adjuvant treatment [tamoxifen, oral tables of 10 mg twice daily or tamoxifen with vitamin A, oral tables 200 mg daily of vitamin A] as well as 15 normal healthy postmenopausal women matched in age with the patients group. The study aimed to investigate the effect of an antioxidant [vitamin A] besides tamoxifen as an adjuvant treatment in postmenopausal females with breast cancer as a reflection of change on the serum levels of IGF-I, its binding protein 3 [IGFBP3] and estrogen which were determined by immunoradiometric assay [IRMA] and radioimmunoassay [RIA]. After six months of adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen or tamoxifen with vitamin A, a statistically significant decrease in serum IGF-I and estrogen and a statistically significant increase in serum IGFBP3 level were observed

Insulin like growth factor-1 serum level in knee osteoarthritis patients: correlation with age and severity of the disease

Somatedin which got renamed insulin like growth factor-1 [IGF-1] is primarily involved in the normal growth and development of humans and in cartilage metabolism. IGF-1 tends to decrease with advancing age. As long as OA is most prevalent in the elderly, thus a rationale for studying the relationship between IGF-1 and OA could arise. This was the aim of our study, in which, the knee joint was chosen. Seventy-eight osteoarthritis Knee patients were chosen for this study, besides forty control subjects. The patients were symptomatic and had different radiological OA changes. They were 43 males and 35 females; the mean age was [52. +/- 7.6]. All the subjects were thoroughly examined. Radiographs of the knees including A-P, lateral and sky- line views were taken and grading according to Kellgren and Lawrence grading system of OA patients was performed. IGF-1 serum level was estimated with radioimmunoassay. There was no significant difference between males and females serum IGF-1 levels. The mean serum level of IGF-1 was lower in elderly patients and controls, with no significant difference. Also no significant difference was detected between OA mean serum level of IGF-1 and controls. Although there was lowering of the mean serum IGF-1 level in advanced age and in severe radiological OA, no significant difference was detected. More studies are needed to evaluate the role of IGF-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarthritis

Umbilical cord blood leptin, insulin -like growth factor-1, insulin -like growth factor binding protein-3 and newborn birth weight in pre-eclampsia

The aim of this study was to determine whether newborn birth weight is correlated to IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and leptin in cases with moderate preeclampsia. This study was done cross-sectionallly and included 25 pregnant women with moderate preeclampsia [PE group] and 25 normotensive pregnant women [NT group] of similar gestational age. Umbilical cord blood levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and Leptin were assessed in each group. As compared with the NT group the PE group had significantly [p<0.001] lower newborn birth weight [3.33 [ +/- 0.9] vs 2.8 [ +/- 0.7] kg]], IGF-1 [66.5 [ +/- 26.7] vs 29.5 [ +/- 14.8] ng / ml] and IGFBP-3 [1250 [ +/- 39.94] vs 911 [ +/- 63.7] ng / ml]. Leptin was shown to be significantly [p<0.001] higher in the PE group compared with NT group. Significant correlation [r=0. 79, p<0.0001] was found between serum cord IGF and newborn birth weight, using stepwise multiple regression analysis, newborn birth weight was predicted by umbilical IGF-1 [r=0.53, p<0.0001]. A significant correlation between cord blood leptin and newborn birth weight was found only in the PE group r= 0.5 [p<0.01].No differences was found among female and male newborns regarding umbilical cord leptin concentration. The present study indicates that moderate preeclampsia is associated with low birth weight. IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and high leptin levels. There was a correlation between birth weight and IGF-1 which can predict newborn birth weight. Correlation between umbilical cord leptin and birth weight was found in cases with preeclampsia with no differences between leptin levels among female and male newborns

Evaluation of serrum insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I] in type 1 diabetic adolescents

This research aimed to study the IGF-I levels in type 1 diabetic patients aged from 9 to 17 years and the relation of these levels to the control of diabetes and to other factors related to the disease. The study group consisted of 60 type 1 diabetic patients and the control group consisted of 25 healthy subjects matched for age, sex and socioeconomic classes. Both groups were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examinations and full laboratory investigations including the estimation of serum IGF-I level, microalbuminuria level as well as the estimation of HbA1c concentration

Evaluation of growth hormone [GH] and insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] in children with protein energy malnutrition

Protein energy malnutrition is a range of pathological conditions arising from coincident lack, in varying proportions, of protein and calories, occurring most frequently in infants and young children and commonly associated with infections. Protein-energy malnutrition [PEM] may range in severity from mild, through moderate to severe degree. Two distinct syndromes occur, at either end of the spectrum, marasmus and kwashiorkor, and in between, varying degrees of signs of each are found mixed together in what is sometimes termed "marasmic kwashiorkor". To clarify the influence of nutrition on the Growth hormone - Insulin-like growth factor-1 axis [GH-IGF1 axis] in protein-energy malnutrition, fifty children suffering from different degrees of protein-energy malnutrition and twenty normal children were recruited from outpatient clinic and inpatient pediatric wards of EI- Minia university Hospital, Egypt. Blood samples were collected from all patients for determination of CBC, total protein, serum albumin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Patients were classified on the basis of Welcome classification of PEM into three groups. Marasmic group included 28 children [16 of them were boys] ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years, kwashiorkor group included 14 children [6 of them were boys], ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years and marasmic-kwashiorkor group included 8 children [3 of them were boys] ranging in age from 4 months to 1.5 years. The results of the study showed that the mean GH serum levels were significantly higher in the three malnourished groups than in controls [p = 0.0001]. In contrast, IGF-1 serum concentration was lower and seemed to be related to high GH and to a reduction of GH receptors. Serum total protein and serum albumin were significantly lower in kwashiorkor than in marasmus and marasmic-kwo groups [p < 0.05], but in all groups they were lower than in controls. We concluded that the combination of low level of IGF-1 together with either normal or elevated level of basal growth hormone is very suggestive of protein - energy malnutrition and can help to distinguish growth failure due to growth hormone deficiency from that of PEM

Insulin-like growth factor [IGF] -1, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein -1 [IGFBP-1] and IGFBP-3 in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

The existing literature on serum insulin like growth factors [IGFs] and their binding proteins [IGFBPs] levels in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] is conflicting. In the present study, 44 children and adolescents with IDDM [22 newly diagnosed and 22 old known cases] aged from 5 to 14 years, 18 girls and 26 boys, together with 18 apparently healthy control children of matchable age and sex were subjected to estimation of serum levels of IGF-I, IGF II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3 and fasting serum glucose. Glycemic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA[1C]]. Diabetic children showed significantly lower serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 [p<0.01, p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively] and significantly higher levels of IGFBP-1 [p<0.05] than controls. This was true for the diabetic cases in general, for newly diagnosed cases and for those with poor metabolic control. Old diabetic cases and patients with average glycemic control differed from the control children only regarding IGF-II [p<0.001 for both] and regarding IGFBP-3 [p<0.001] and p<0.05 respectively]. While prepubertal cases showed significantly lower IGF-I than controls [p<0.05], pubertal cases lacked this difference. IGF-I levels were negatively correlated with each of HbA[1C] [r=-0.52, p<0.001] and IGFBP-1 [r=-0.45, p<0.002], and were positively correlated with each of IGFBP 3 [r=0.31, p<0.05] and body mass index [BMI] [r=0.43, p<0.004]. IGFBP-1 levels were positively correlated with fasting serum glucose [r=0.46, p<0.002]. In conclusion, alterations in the IGF/IGFBP system are observed in children with IDDM in the present study. Improvement of glycemic control may help to decrease this alteration. The impact of these alterations on the health of diabetic children is still unsettled

Evaluation of androgens production in acne vulgaris with and without polycystic ovaries: possible role of insulin-like growth factor-1

In this study, hormonal measurements of serum levels of testosterone [T], dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA-S], sex hormone binding globulin [SHBG], luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and insulin like growth factor- I [IGF-I] were performed in 44 women with Acne vulgaris and ten healthy controls. A pelvic ultrasound examination for polycystic ovaries [PCO] was done in all subjects. The grade of hirsutism and menstrual irregularities if present was recorded. A significant increase in serum levels of T, DHEA-S and a significant decrease in serum levels of SHBG were found in acne patients compared with the controls. Patients with mild acne showed no significant changes for all biochemical parameters compared with the controls. Patients with moderate and severe acne showed serum levels of T, DHEA-S and LH were significantly increased, whereas SHBG was significantly decreased. Serum IGF-I level was significantly elevated only in severe acne form comparing with the controls. A significant positive correlation between T and DHEA-S levels was found in severe acne. In 13 patients with PCO, serum IGF-I and T levels and LH/FSH ratio were elevated significantly compared with patients without. Also, a significant positive correlation between IGF-I and DHEA-S level was found in acne patients with PCO

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I, II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in bladder carcinoma

Insulin-like growth factors I, II [IGF-I, II] and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 were estimated in the sera of 22 subjects suffering from bladder carcinoma and 25 subjects selected as a control group by using IRMA kits. Also, histological examination of the surgical specimen of the cancer bladder patients was done. The results showed that all patients had squamous cell carcinoma and were subdivided into grade II [n = 16] and grade III [n = 6]. IGF-I, IGF- II and IGFBp-3 were significantly higher in sera of bladder carcinoma patients compared with the control group. Serum levels of IGF-II were correlated positively with the grading of the bladder cancer, where IGF-II serum levels in grade III carcinoma were significantly higher than that in grade II carcinoma. On the other hand, neither IGF-I nor IGFBp-3 correlated with the grades of tumor

Clinical and biochemical evaluation of growth hormone/insulin like growth factor I axis in chronic renal failure

This study was conducted to determine the plasma levels of GH, IGF- I tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], NO, hyaluronan and fibronectin in plasma of 40 patients with chronic renal failure [CRF] of various clinical causes at presentation and after dialysis. Their levels were correlated with degree of renal impairment and the type of underlying pathology. The study also included 15 healthy controls with comparable age. The study revealed insignificant change in GH levels, significant decrease of IGF-I and fibronectin associated with significant increase in TNF-alpha, NO and hyaluronan in patients with CRF compared with healthy controls

Study of the relationship between left ventricular mass in mildly hypertensive patients and circulating levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1

Twenty-five patients suffering from mild hypertension and 10 healthy volunteers were studied. 2-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography was used to measure the left ventricular end diastolic dimension, interventricular septum thickness, and posterior wall thickness. Left ventricular mass [LVM] and LVM index [LVMI] [corrected for body surface area] were calculated. Hypertensive patients were divided into those with normal [group I] or increased [group II] LVMI. Serum fasting insulin and IGF-1 were measured using radioimmunoassay. The mean fasting serum insulin [61 +/- 28.8 uU/ml] and IGF-1 [189 +/- 116.7 ng/ml] were significantly elevated in group II patients in comparison with those in group I [15.6 +/- 8.3 uU/ml and 76.1 +/- 27.6 ng/ml, p <0.001] and healthy subjects [5.8 +/- 4.3 uU/ml and 41.4 +/- 23.2 ng/ml, p < 0.001]. Both parameters were also higher in group I patients when compared with normal individuals. In the hypertensive patients, a significant direct correlation was observed between the LVMI and both serum insulin and serum IGF-1. Both insulin and IGF-1 have an important role in the pathogenesis of LVH associated with hypertension

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth in children undergoing hemodialysis or after successful renal transplantation

Los niños con insuficiencia renal crónica frecuentemente presentan retardo de crecimiento. Para analizar la relación entre IGF-I y crecimiento en esta situación clínica, se estudiaron 7 pacientes hemodializados y 7 pacientes transplantados con función renal normal. El IGF-I total del suero se midió por RIA luego de cromatografía ácida en columnas de OFDS silica. Los pacientes hemdializados crecían a muy baja velocidad (X1.5c,/a), y aunque los transplantados lo hacían a una velocidad significativamente mayor (X3.3 cm/a, p<0.025), 4/7 presentaban velocidades por debajo de lo normal. Todos los pacientes de ambos grupos tuvieron niveles de IGF-I dentro de los límites normales, pero la media de los transplantados fue significativamente mayor que la de los hemodializados (39.2 ñ 13.6 nM/I vs 13.4 ñ 3.0 nM/I --predialisis-- p<0.005). La medida de la desviación logarítmica de los valores de IGF-I de los pacientes hemodializados no difirió significativamente de lo normal, mientras que la media de los transplantados fue signifdicativamente mayor que lo normal (1.027 ñ 0.500, p<0.005). Estos últimos presentaban por lo tanto, como grupo, un aumento pequeño pero real de los valores de IGF-I.. Sin embargo, no se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre IGF-I y velocidad de crecimiento. Esto, junto a la ausencia de los valores de IGF-I por debajo de lo normal, indicaría que los niveles séricos de IGF-I no desempeñan un papel importante en el retardo de crecimiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica

Effect of clonidine on growth and plasma somatomedin C levels of young rats

To study effects of clonidine on growth and plasma somatomedin C (SmC) lelvels, 42 male Wistar rats aged 28 days and weighing 75 to 105 g were given clonidine (1,5 microng/ml in drinking water), or filtered water alone and were weighed weekly. After 0,4 and 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia, their length was measured and blood was collected by cardiac puncture for measurement of SmC concentration. Growth and the weigh/lengh ratio were lower, and plasma SmC levels (mean ñ SEM) were greater in the treated groups after 4 (616 ñ 44.7 vs 433.2 ñ 39.38 ng/ml, P < 0.01) and 8(595.2 28.3 vs 412.66 ñ 39.01 ng/ml, P < 0.01) weeks of treatment, suggesting that clonidine treatment increased growth hormone secretion. In other experiments, treated showed increased food intake only during the first week of treatment and decreased epididymal fat weight afther 3 weeks (1.412 ñ 0.0536 vs 1.6 ñ 0.1335 mg/100 g body weight, P < 0.01). The results suggest that clonidine acts at the level of the central nervous system involving transitory modulation of food intake, as well as on the regulation of energy metabolism