A new xanthone from hulls of Garcinia mangostana and its cytotoxic activity / 中国中药杂志

Eight compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of 80% ethanol extract of the hulls of Garcinia mangostana by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, as well as prep-HPLC methods. By HR-ESI-MS, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses, the structures of the eight compounds were identified as 16-en mangostenone E(1), α-mangostin(2), 1,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-methy-lbut-2-enyl)-3-methoxyxanthone(3), cratoxyxanthone(4), 2,6-dimethoxy-para-benzoquinone(5), methyl orselinate(6), ficusol(7), and 4-(4-carboxy-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid(8). Compound 1 was a new xanthone, and compound 4 was a xanthone dimer, compound 5 was a naphthoquinone. All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time except compounds 2 and 3. Cytotoxic bioassay suggested that compounds 1, 2 and 4 possessed moderate cytotoxicity, suppressing HeLa cell line with IC_(50) va-lues of 24.3, 35.5 and 17.1 μmol·L~(-1), respectively. Compound 4 also could suppress K562 cells with an IC_(50) value of 39.8 μmol·L~(-1).

Chemistry characterization and antioxidant activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L, Clusiaceae) cultivated in Colombia / Caracterización química y actividad antioxidante del mangostino (Garcinia mangostana L, Clusiaceae) cultivado en Colombia

The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and inhibitory activities of the ethanolic extracts of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) grown in Montenegro, Quindío, Colombia, in three stages of maturation, including the edible (pulp) and inedible parts (pericarp and peduncle). The alcoholic samples were phytochemically characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR); the antioxidant capacities were also evaluated by the diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical method and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), in addition to the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the total content of phenols and flavonoids. The tests detected phytochemical compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones and xanthones, to which the antioxidant activity and the inhibition of AChE presented, can be attributed. In conclusion, the inedible parts of mangosteen contain higher proportions of secondary metabolites, these being the most promising sources for industrial use.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de evaluar las actividades antioxidantes e inhibitoria de acetilcolinesterasa de los extractos etanólicos del mangostino (Garcinia mangostana L.) de Montenegro, Quíndio, Colombia, en tres estados de maduración, incluyendo las partes comestibles (pulpa) y no comestibles (pericarpio y pedúnculo). Las muestras alcohólicas fueron caracterizadas fitoquímicamente por Cromatografía de Capa Delgada (CCD), Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia (HPLC) y Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR); la capacidad antioxidante fue evaluada también por el método de captación del radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH• dejar el radical en superíndice) y la Capacidad de Absorción de Radicales de Oxígeno (ORAC), adicionalmente la actividad inhibitoria de la acetilcolinesterasa (AchE) y el contenido total de fenoles y flavonoides. Se detectaron compuestos fitoquímicos como fenoles, flavonoides, alcaloides, quinonas y xantonas, a quienes se les puede atribuir las actividades antioxidantes y de inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa. En conclusión, las partes no comestibles del mangostino contienen una mayor proporción de metabolitos secundarios, siendo las fuentes más promisorias para uso industrial.

Efficacy of adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangosteen) pericarp for bipolar depression: study protocol for a proof-of-concept trial

Objective: Bipolar depression is characterized by neurobiological features including perturbed oxidative biology, reduction in antioxidant levels, and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress markers. Bipolar depression manifests systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in brain growth factors. The depressive phase of the disorder is the most common and responds the least to conventional treatments. Garcinia mangostana Linn, commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit. The pericarp's properties may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and improve neurogenesis, making mangosteen pericarp a promising add-on therapy for bipolar depression. Methods: Participants will receive 24 weeks of either 1,000 mg mangosteen pericarp or placebo per day, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome is change in severity of mood symptoms, measured using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), over the treatment phase. Secondary outcomes include global psychopathology, quality of life, functioning, substance use, cognition, safety, biological data, and cost-effectiveness. A follow-up interview will be conducted 4 weeks post-treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this study may have implications for improving treatment outcomes for those with bipolar disorder and may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar depression. Clinical trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12616000028404.

Antimicrobial activity of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanol extract against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) against Cutibacterium acnes (6 strains) and Staphylococcus aureus (6 strains). The antimicrobial activity of the mangosteen extract was evaluated based on its minimal bactericidal concentration. Cytotoxicity of the mangosteen extract against human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells was determined using the cell counting method. The data showed that the mangosteen extract was not toxic to HEK 293 cells at a concentration of up to 16 µg/mL and killed 87.0% and 99.9% of C. acnes and S. aureus after 10 minutes and 1 hour of treatment, respectively. These results suggest that ethanol extract of mangosteen can be used as an anti-acne agent.

Effect of Garcinia mangostana L. and propolis extracts on the inhibition of inflammation and alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mangosteen extract complex (MEC; Garcinia mangostana L. and propolis extracts) on the inhibition of inflammation and prevention of alveolar bone loss using a ligature-induced periodontitis model. Rat molars were ligatured with silk, and 1 µg/mL of lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis was injected into the buccal and palatal gingivae of the teeth with or without treatment with the MEC. Changes in the expression levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-8 (IL-8), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and COX-2 in gingival tissues were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Alveolar bone loss around the ligated molars was examined using micro-computed tomography. The expression levels of PGE₂, IL-8, iNOS, MMP-8, COX-1, and COX-2 in gingival tissues were significantly reduced in the group treated with a mixture of 16 µg of mangosteen extract powder and 544 µg of propolis extract powder (ligation [Lig] + lipopolysaccharide extracted from P. gingivalis KCOM 2804 [L] + MEC 1:34). Additionally, alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced in the Lig + L + MEC 1:34 group compared with that in other groups. These results indicate that the MEC could be useful in preventing and treating periodontitis.

Protocol and Rationale: A 24-week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Garcinia mangostana Linn., commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit with a thick pericarp rind containing bioactive compounds that may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. The biological underpinnings of schizophrenia are believed to involve altered neurotransmission, inflammation, redox systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurogenesis. Mangosteen pericarp contains xanthones which may target these biological pathways and improve symptoms; this is supported by preclinical evidence. Here we outline the protocol for a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day), compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS: We aim to recruit 150 participants across two sites (Geelong and Brisbane). Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder will be randomized to receive 24 weeks of either adjunctive 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp or matched placebo, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome measure is mean change in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (total score) over the 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, functioning, participants reported overall improvement, substance use, cognition, safety and biological data. A 4-week post treatment interview at week 28 will explore post-discontinuations effects. RESULTS: Ethical and governance approvals were gained and the trial commenced. CONCLUSION: A positive finding in this study has the potential to provide a new adjunctive treatment option for people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It may also lead to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.

Effect of mangosteen peel extract as an antioxidant agent on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to bleached teeth

Abstract Introduction: The number of patients who seek orthodontic treatment that may have a history of tooth bleaching is increasing over the time. Bleaching may influence the decrease of the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Objective: To determine and prove the effect of mangosteen peel (MP) extract to reverse the reduced shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets after bleaching. Methods: A total of 150 maxillary first premolar teeth were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups as follow (n=25): negative-control (N: no bleaching), positive-control (P: bleaching + no treatment), and the treatment groups (bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate (SA), 10% (MP-10), 20% (MP-20) and 40% (MP-40) MP extract gel). After treatment, the brackets were bonded with the resin-modified glass ionomer cement, SBS testing was performed using universal testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was examined using stereoscopic microscope after debonding. The SBS data were analyzed by analysis of variance (Anova) and the Tukey test. For the ARI, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Result: There was significant SBS difference (p< 0.001) between various groups. The group without bleaching showed significantly higher SBS (8.19 ± 2.26 MPa) compared to others, while SBS in the group treated with 40% MP gel was significantly higher (7.93 ± 1.92 MPa) than other groups treated with antioxidants. The failure of orthodontic brackets bonded after bleaching and treatment using MP extract occurred at the enamel-adhesive interface. Conclusion: The application of MP extract as an antioxidant after bleaching was effective in reversing the reduced shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after bleaching.

Resumo Introdução: o número de pacientes que procuram o tratamento ortodôntico e têm histórico de clareamento dentário tem aumentado. O clareamento pode levar à diminuição da resistência adesiva dos braquetes ortodônticos. Objetivos: comprovar a efetividade do extrato de casca de mangostão (CM) em reverter a diminuição da resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes ortodônticos colados após o clareamento. Métodos: 150 primeiros pré-molares superiores foram aleatoriamente divididos em seis grupos experimentais (n= 25): controle negativo (grupo N, sem clareamento), controle positivo (grupo P, clareamento + sem tratamento) e os grupos com tratamento (clareamento + ascorbato de sódio a 10% [grupo AS], gel de extrato de CM a 10% [grupo CM-10], a 20% [grupo CM-20] e a 40% [grupo CM-40]). Após o tratamento, os braquetes foram colados com cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina e, depois, fez-se o teste de resistência ao cisalhamento (SBS) em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Após a descolagem dos braquetes, verificou-se o índice de adesivo remanescente (ARI), com o uso de um microscópio estereoscópico. Os dados da SBS foram submetidos a uma análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de Tukey. Para o ARI, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: houve diferença significativa na SBS (p< 0,001) entre os diferentes grupos. O grupo sem clareamento mostrou resistência ao cisalhamento significativamente maior (8,19 ± 2,26 MPa) do que os outros grupos, enquanto a resistência ao cisalhamento do grupo tratado com o gel de extrato de CM a 40% foi significativamente maior (7,93 ± 1,92 MPa) do que nos outros grupos tratados com antioxidantes. A falha na colagem dos braquetes ortodônticos após o clareamento e tratamento com o extrato de CM ocorreu na interface adesivo/esmalte. Conclusão: a aplicação do extrato de CM como agente antioxidante foi efetiva em reverter a diminuição, que ocorre após o clareamento dentário, na resistência ao cisalhamento da colagem de braquetes ortodônticos.

Ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp as preservative in antacid suspension

Objective@#The study was conducted to determine the preservative activity of ethanolic extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp and its compatibility in an antacid suspension.@*Methods@#The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and was used as preservative in a formulated antacid suspension. Compatibility with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients were analyzed using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Preservative activity of the formulation against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) antimicrobial effectiveness test, with methylparaben as positive control and suspension without preservative as negative control.@*Results@#The extract exhibited pharmaceutical compatibility with API and excipients. The formulation revealed comparable reduction in microbial count of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa with positive control at Day 14 (p=0.916, 0.624, 0.335). At Day 28, comparable activity with positive control was only observed against E. coli and S. aureus (p=0.999, 0.854). However, it displayed significant increase in activity against P. aeruginosa (p=0.010) at Day 28. These activities may be attributed to glycosides and reducing substances present in the extract.@*Conclusion@#The ethanolic extract from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp acted as a preservative in the formulation of an antacid suspension. It conformed to the USP criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness test on bacteria.

Antimicrobial Effect of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia mangostana L. against Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Human Oral Cavity

Enterococcus faecalis is a major causative agent of endodontic treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate bactericidal effects of ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen extract) on five strains of E. faecalis that were isolated from human oral cavities. The bactericidal effects of mangosteen extract were assessed by measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value. The cytotoxicity of mangosteen extract on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts, hTERT-hNOF, was determined based on cell counting method. The data revealed the MBC value of mangosteen extract against the E. faecalis strains was 4 µg/ml. Additionally, the cell viability of mangosteen extract on hTERT-hNOF was 83.7–89.1% at the 1 to 16 µg/ml. These findings indicated that mangosteen extract could be used as a root canal cleaner during management of endodontic treatment failure caused by E. faecalis.

Pharmacology of mangostins and their derivatives: A comprehensive review / 中国天然药物

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a well-known tropical tree indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its fruit's pericarp abounds with a class of isoprenylated xanthones which are referred as mangostins. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that mangostins and their derivatives possess diverse pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic activities as well as neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities of mangostins and their derivatives to reveal their promising utilities in the treatment of certain important diseases, mainly focusing on the discussions of the underlying molecular targets/pathways, modes of action, and relevant structure-activity relationships (SARs). Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile and recent toxicological studies of mangostins are also described for further druggability exploration in the future.

α, γ-Mangostins Induce Autophagy and Show Synergistic Effect with Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers in the world. However, no effective treatment is currently available for pancreatic cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-pancreatic cancer effect of α-mangostin (αM) and γ-mangostin (γM) extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.. Both αM and γM reduced the viability of pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds induced apoptosis by increasing c-PARP and c-Caspase 3 levels. They also induced autophagy by increasing levels of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II) in both cell lines while decreasing sequestosome 1 (p62) in MIA PaCa-2. Both αM and γM induced autophagy through increasing phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and p38-mitogen activated protein kinase (p-p38) while decreasing phosphorylation level of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (p-mTOR). Of various microRNAs (miRNA), miR-18a was found to be a putative regulatory miRNA for autophagy induced by αM or γM. In combination with gemcitabine, a compound frequently used in pancreatic cancer treatment, αM and γM showed synergistic anti-cancer effects in MIA PaCa-2. Collectively, these results suggest that αM and γM can induce apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells and that their anti-cancer effect is likely to be associated with miR-18a. In conclusion, αM and γM might be used as a potential new therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells

Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antitumoral activity of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) grown in Southeast Brazil

PURPOSE: To characterize the anatomy of the fruit and leaf and the presence of phytocompounds. To evaluate the antitumor and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) cultivated in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Anatomical characterization and histochemical reactions were performed for structural identification and the presence of phytocompounds. Preparation of ethanolic extract of the fruit, leaf and resin of mangosteen. Culture B16-F10 melanoma cells for treatment with mangosteen ethanolic extract to determine cell viability by MTT and genotoxic effect by comet assay. Evaluation by antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion test and by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). RESULTS: Our results showed many secretory canals in resin fruit and leaf; identifying lipids, starch, lignin and phenolic compounds. The leaf extract induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in B16-F10 cells, since the fragmentation of DNA in the comet assay. The ethanolic extract of mangosteen obtained in the resin, leaf and fruit showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a MIC at 0.1 mg/mL. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we have demonstrated both antimicrobial and antitumor activity of ethanol extract of mangosteen emphasizing its therapeutic potential in infectious diseases and in cancer, such as melanoma. .

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Mangostenone F in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing NF-kappaB and MAPK Activation

Mangostenone F (MF) is a natural xanthone isolated from Garcinia mangostana. However, little is known about the biological activities of MF. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of MF in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. MF dose-dependently inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, MF decreased the NF-kappaB luciferase activity and NF-kappaB DNA binding capacity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, MF suppressed the NF-kappaB activation by inhibiting the degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. In addition, MF attenuated the AP-1 luciferase activity and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of MF is associated with the suppression of NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NF-kappaB activation and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Efficacy of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen rind extract) to reduce acne severity.

Background: In vitro studies showed that extract of mangosteen rind (EMR) (Garcinia mangostana L.) containing xanthones has antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and also anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of EMR in reducing acne vulgaris (AV). Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was done on 94 subjects (18-30 years) with mild and moderate AV. The treatment group was given 400 mg EMR 3 times daily orally, for 3 weeks and control group was given placebo capsules. As a standard therapy, all subjects were given a topical cream of 0.025% retinoic acid applied on acne lesions during night time. Efficacy was assessed by counting the acne lesion number as well as proportion of subjects with more than 20% decrease in lesion. The decrease of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured. Results: After 3 weeks of treatment, acne lesion counts was significantly reduced in both groups [from 934 to 584 lesion (37%) in treatment group, p < 0.001 and from 832 to 608 lesion (27%) in control group, p < 0.001]. Comparison between the two groups revealed a non significant difference (p > 0.55). The proportion of subjects whose acne lesion reduced ≥ 20% was 73% (33 of 45 subjects) in treatment group vs 66% (27 of 41 subjects) in control (p > 0.2). The level MDA was reduced from 1.16 to 1.02 nmol/mL in treatment group and from 1.32 become 1.02 nmol/mL in control (p > 0.48). Conclusion: Extract of mangosteen rind given orally for 3 weeks clinically reduced acne severity better than placebo, although statistically was not significant. Antioxidant effect of EMR seem to be unspecific in reducing acne severity.

Histopathological Changes in Tissues of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos Incubated in Crude Extracts of Camellia Seed and Mangosteen Pericarp

The present study was performed to observe histopathological changes in tissues of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (Gastropoda, Bithyniidae) incubated in crude extract solutions of camellia (Camellia oleifera) seed and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp, and furthermore to estimate the molluscicidal effects of 2 plant substances. Substantial numbers of bithyniid snails were incubated in various concentrations of 2 plant solution for 24 hr. As the positive control, snails incubated in various concentrations of niclosamide, a chemical molluscicide, were used. The histopathological findings were observed in sectioned snail specimens of each experimental and control groups. The results showed that both camellia and mangosteen extracts had molluscicidal effects at 24 hr with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) at concentrations of 0.003 and 0.002 g/ml, respectively, while niclosamide had LC50 at concentrations 0.599 ppm. B. siamensis goniomphalos snail tissues (foot, gill, and digestive system) showed disruption of columnar muscle fibers of the foot, reduction of the length and number of gill cilia, numerous mucous vacuoles, and irregularly shaped of epithelial cells. Irregular apical and calciferous cells, dilatation of the digestive gland tubule, and large hemolymphatic spaces, and irregular apical surfaces, detachment of cilia, and enlargement of lysosomal vacuoles of epidermis were also shown in all groups. By the present study, it is confirmed that 2 plants, camellia and mangosteen, are keeping some substance having molluscicidal effects, and histopathological findings obtained in this study will provide some clues in further studies on their action mechanisms to use them as natural molluscicides.

alpha-Mangostin Reduced ER Stress-mediated Tumor Growth through Autophagy Activation

alpha-Mangostin is a xanthon derivative contained in the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), and the administration of alpha-Mangostin inhibited the growth of transplanted colon cancer, Her/CT26 cells which expressed Her-2/neu as tumor antigen. Although alpha-Mangostin was reported to have inhibitory activity against sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase like thapsigargin, it showed different activity for autophagy regulation. In the current study, we found that alpha-Mangostin induced autophagy activation in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, as GFP-LC3 transgenic mice were orally administered with 20 mg/kg of alpha-Mangostin daily for three days. However, the activation of autophagy by alpha-Mangostin did not significantly increase OVA-specific T cell proliferation. As we assessed ER stress by using XBP-1 reporter system and phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, thapsigargin-induced ER stress was significantly reduced by alpha-Mangostin. However, coadministration of thapsigargin with alpha-Mangostin completely blocked the antitumor activity of alpha-Mangostin, suggesting ER stress with autophagy blockade accelerated tumor growth in mouse colon cancer model. Thus the antitumor activity of alpha-Mangostin can be ascribable to the autophagy activation rather than ER stress induction.

Inhibitory effects of crude alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative, on two different categories of colon preneoplastic lesions induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether crude alpha-mangostin (a major xanthone derivative in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana)) has short-term chemopreventive effects on putative preneoplastic lesions involved in rat colon carcinogenesis. The crude preparation was obtained by simple recrystallization of an ethylacetate extract of mangosteen pericarps. A total of 33 five-week-old male F344 rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Rats in groups 1-3 were given a subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)(40 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks. Starting one week before the first injection of DMH, rats in groups 2 and 3 were fed a diet containing 0.02% and 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin, respectively, for 5 weeks. Rats in group 4 also received the diet containing 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin, while rats in group 5 served as untreated controls. The experiment was terminated 5 weeks after the start. Dietary administration of crude alpha-mangostin at both doses significantly inhibited the induction and/or development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (P<0.05 for 0.02% crude alpha-mangostin, P<0.01 for 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin), when compared to the DMH-treated group (group 1). Moreover, treatment of rats with 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin significantly decreased dysplastic foci (DF) (P<0.05) and beta-catenin accumulated crypts (BCAC) (P<0.05), to below the group 1 values. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indices of colon epithelium and focal lesions in groups 2 and 3 were also significantly lower than in group 1 and this effect occurred in a dose dependent manner of the crude alpha-mangostin. This finding that crude alpha-mangostin has potent chemopreventive effects in our short-term colon carcinogenesis bioassay system suggests that longer exposure might result in suppression of tumor development.

Sigmoid colon perforation by ingested Sandorica seed.

This retrospective descriptive study of Sigmoid colon perforation by ingested Sandorica seed in patients who were admitted to Prachomklao Hospital from 1996 to 2000. Nine cases were included in this study. Most cases were elderly with a mean age of 65 years (range 52-78 years). The main symptoms were abdominal pain with generalized peritonitis and severe tenderness at the suprapubic area, ileus and persistent vomiting. In all cases, the diagnosis was made at operation, with removal of the Sandorica seed, closure of the perforation at the rectosigmoid colon with simple suture and proximal transverse loop colostomy. Post-operative complications included two cases of wound infection.

Efecto de la nutrición sobre el desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo del agente de la malformación floral y vegetativa del mango / Effect of nutrition on the vegetative and reproductive grown of the agent of floral and vegetative malformation of mango tree

Los aspectos fisiológicos del agente causal (fusarium subglutinans) de la malformación floral y vegetativa del mango (mangifera indica l.) referentes a la optimización de pruebas de patogenecidad, estudios epidemiológicos y de control, permite obtener datos consistentes en ambientes controlados. Debido a que entre los aspectos fisiológicos, el factor nutricional se señala como uno de los más influyentes en el crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo de los hongos, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, evaluar la influencia de seis diferentes medios de cultivo sólidos y líquidos (pda, avena, v-8, armstrong, czapeck y extracto de mango), en el crecimiento micelial, esporulación y peso seco de dos aislamientos de f. subglutinas (iso-gv de la gema vegetativa e iso-gf de la gema floral). Los medios que favorecieron mayores pesos secos para las 2 cepas, fueron avena y v-8. En el medio de avena sólido, a pesar de haberse inducido un mayor crecimiento vegetativo para iso-gv y buen crecimiento para iso-gf, presentó baja esporulación en ambas cepas. El medio armstrong, sólido y líquido, favoreció la mayor esporulación. El efecto de diferentes combinaciones de fuentes de carbono (amida, fructosa, maltosa, sacarosa y nitrógeno (asparagina, peptona, nitrato de potasio, nitrato de sodio) sobre el comportamiento de fitopatógeno, demostró de manera general, que ambas cepas crecieron bien vegetativamente en todas las combinaciones amida-nitrato de sodio. En cuanto a la esporulación, fructosa - asparagina fue la que más estimuló la producción de conidios para gv, mientras que para gf, fue maltosa - nitrato de sodio