Gender reassignment surgery - a 13 year review of surgical outcomes

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to thoroughly report on surgical outcomes from 332 patients who underwent male to female gender reassignment surgery (GRS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records from 332 patients who underwent GRS from 1995 to 2008 were reviewed. All patients were submitted to penile inversion vaginoplasty with glans-derived sensate clitoroplasty. Mean age was 36.7 years (range 19-68 years). Surgical complications were stratified in 6 main groups: genital region, urinary tract, gastrointestinal events, wound healing disorders and unspecific events. RESULTS: Progressive obstructive voiding disorder due to meatal stenosis was the main complication observed in 40% of the patients, feasibly corrected during the second setting. Stricture recurrence was found in 15%. Stricture of vaginal introitus was observed in 15% of the cases followed by 12% and 8% of vaginal stenosis and lost of vaginal depth, respectively. Rectal injury was seen in 3% and minor wound healing disorders in 33% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: Regarding male to female GRS, a review of the current literature demonstrated scarce description of complications and their treatment options. These findings motivated a review of our surgical outcomes. Results showed a great number of adverse events, although functionality preserved. Comparision of our outcomes with recent publications additionally showed that treatment options provide satisfying results. Moreover, outcomes reaffirm penile inversion vaginoplasty in combination with glans-derived sensate clitoroplasty as a safe technique. Nevertheless, discussing and improving surgical techniques in order to reduce complications and their influence on patient's quality of life is still strongly necessary and theme of our future reports.

Testículos supernumerarios: anomalía infrecuente del sistema genital, reporte de caso / Polyorchidism infrequent anomaly of the genital system: report of a case

Introducción: El testículo supernumerario es una anomalía congénita urológica poco frecuente, que es definido como la presencia de más de dos testículos, ya sea de localización intra o extraescrotal. Los testículos supernumerarios son una rara anomalía a considerar durante el estudio de masas escrotales. La ecografía doppler y la resonancia magnética proveen elementos útiles para diagnosticar la presencia de esta entidad. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia de testículos supernumerarios, anomalía infrecuente del sistema genital. Se realizó de forma retrospectiva la revisión de los casos operados por el servicio de Urología, según el registro de documentación clínica de nuestro centro entre los años 1970 y 2010, con un promedio anual de 250 casos intervenidos por año, siendo un solo paciente portador de esta anomalía. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, encontrando solamente tres casos en Cuba y menos de 100 pacientes en el mundo. Se reportó el tercer caso de testículo supernumerario en Cuba.

Introduction: The polyorchidism is a few frequent urologic congenital anomaly defined as the presence of more than two testicles, located inside or outside the scrotum. The polyorchidism is a rare anomaly to be considered when studying scrotal masses. The Doppler echography and the computerized magnetic resonance imaging give useful elements to diagnose the presence of this entity. Objective: Knowing the incidence of the polyorchidism, infrequent anomaly of the genital system. Patients and methods. We retrospectively reviewed the cases operated in the Urology service, according to the Clinic Documentation records of our center in the period from 1970 to 2010, with a year average of 250 cases operated, and only one patient carrying this anomaly. We made a literature review, finding only three cases in our country and less than 100 patients in the world. We report the 3rd case of polyorchidism in Cuba.

Plástica do púbis e da genitália externa: duas décadas de experiência / Plastic of the pubis and external genitalia: two decades of experience

Este artigo registra a experiência de duas décadas de cirurgias realizadas na região do púbis e da genitália externa em pacientes de ambos os sexos. A literatura apresenta limitadas contribuições sobre as alterações morfológicas que têm levado seus portadores a se submeterem a cirurgias para retornarem à normalidade anatômica, ao equilíbrio emocional e a recuperarem a autoestima. Método: Foram operados 513 pacientes com diferentes tipos de patologias nos genitais externos e no púbis, num período de vinte anos, sendo 469 (91,42%) do sexo feminino e 44(8,58%) do sexo masculino. A idade variou de 17 a 70 anos. No sexo feminino, as deformidades mais frequentes foram as distrofias do púbis, grandes e pequenos lábios, prepúcio sobre o clitóris, além das distorções secundárias decorrentes de cirurgias realizadas previamente nestas regiões. No sexo masculino, as afecções mais frequentes envolveram a região pubiana, hipotrofias penianas, sinéquias e ausência de testículos. Deformidades congênitas, além das descritas, não foram incluídas no presente artigo. Resultados: Durante o período de 1989 a 2010, os procedimentos aplicados nas disformias pubianas e nas genitálias beneficiaram pacientes física e psicologicamente, pela qualidade dos resultados e pelo baixo índice de complicações (2,31%). Conclusões: Apesar da limitada divulgação científica nas revistas da especialidade e nos eventos científicos, a importância destas patologias não tem limite nos seus portadores. Uma das razões da presente publicação baseia-se na experiência adquirida e a necessária divulgação aos especialistas que realizam estas cirurgias, face às consequências que determinam quando não executadas dentro da necessária realidade.

This article is the result of two decades of surgical experience in the pubic region for patients of both genders with the external genitalia dimorphic aspects. The literature presents limited contributions regarding the morphologic alterations of these regions, responsible for the patients be submitted to these surgeries to return to their normal anatomic aspects, to the emotional equilibrium and to the self-esteem. Methods: Patients of both genders, in a total of 513, with different types of pathologies of the external genitalia and the pubic regions were submitted to specific surgeries, where 469 (91.42%) were female and 44 (8.58%) were male. The age range was from 17 to 70 year old. In the female patients were included: dystrophies of the pubis, labia majora and minora, skin excess of the clitoris, and the treatment of other types of unacceptable results after previous surgical procedures. The male deformities included in this study were: penis hypotrophy, skin penis synechia, local angioma and the absence of congenital testicular glands. Congenital or acquired deformities out of the described were not included. Results: From 1989 to 2010, the procedures used in the genitalia and in the pubis dimorphisms brought psychological and physic benefic to the patients combined with low complication rate (2.31%). Conclusions: Despite of the limited scientific publications in the journals of the specialty and in the scientific meetings, the importance of these messages has no limits to their holders. One of reasons of this publicationis based in acquired experience and the necessary diffusion for those that perform these surgeries but still with negative results when not performed within the necessary level.

Gunshot wound injuries to the male external genitalia

To identify the patterns of civilian gunshot wound [GSW] injuries to the male external genitalia, and to present our experience in the management of such injuries. This descriptive study was carried out in the Urology and Nephrology Center, Al-Thawra Modern General and Teaching Hospital, Sanaa, Yemen from June 2005 to April 2008, and included 20 men that presented with GSW injuries to the external genitalia. After clinical and radiological evaluation with retrograde urethrography when indicated, early surgical repair was undertaken for all patients with evident, or suspected deep genito-urinary wounds. The mean age of the patients was 33.2 years. In 15 [75%] patients, injuries were inflicted by high-velocity weapons, and in 5 by low-velocity pistols, and 18 [90%] patients had other associated injuries. The penis was involved alone in 10 [50%], scrotum in 4 [20%], and the penis and scrotum in combination in 6 [30%] patients. In 5 patients, the lesions were superficial. Corporeal injuries were detected in 13 patients, and urethral injuries were detected in 6 patients. In post-repair, mild curvature during erection was experienced by 5 patients, severe angulation by one, and sexual dysfunction by 2 patients. We encountered 9 testicular ruptures, and our testicular salvage rate was 45.5%. Although the dominant inflicting weapons were high-velocity automatic rifles, the severity of injuries and their related outcomes were almost comparable to other low-velocity series. This is possibly due to the primary involvement of nearby bulky muscles in 90% of cases, which may absorb the blasts' effect of the projectiles on the genitalia

Conduta no trauma da genitália masculina / Procedure on male genitalia trauma

O trauma da genitália masculina tornou-se mais freqüente em ambientes de trabalho, como em indústrias, nas quais os operários sofrem acidentes com má- quinas de alta velocidade e, no ambiente urbano, devido ao grande número de acidentes automobilísticos. Estes tipos de lesões requerem hospitalização imediata, cirurgias e um suporte psicológico intenso. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar nossa conduta nos casos de trauma de pênis e bolsa escrotal. No período de 1986 a 2003, foram atendidos 10 pacientes com lesões de genitália, no Hospital Universitário Cajuru, submetidos a cirurgias e acompanhamento pós-operatório. A conduta cirúrgica adotada variou desde o enxerto de pele ao reimplante microcirúrgico. Os pacientes foram acompanhados no pós-operatório e apresentaram uma aparência estética satisfatória e micção e função erétil normal.

The trauma of the male genitalia are frequent events in the work enviroment of industries where the high velocity machinery are responsible for this injuri- es, and in the cities with a great number of car crashes. These injuries are both physically and mentally traumatic and require hospitalization, surgeries and psychological support. The purpose of this study is to review our approach taken in injuries of the genitalia and to present our experiences. During the period of 1986 and 2003, at Hospital Universitário Cajuru, we have taken cared of ten patients with injuries in the genitalia. The surgical condut addopted varied from skin graft until reimplant. Later on during the postoperative, all the patients had an acceptable appearance and normal mictural and erectile function.

Penile reconstruction using a sensate radial forearm osteocutaneous flap

One-stage reconstruction of the penis on using a radial forearm innervated osteocutaneous flap was performed on a 20 year-old man who lost his external genitalia due to a rocket explosive injury. The operative details, six month-follow up, as well as the literature review are discussed

Gangrena de Fournier: experiencia con 38 pacientes / Fourmier gangrene: experience with 38 patients

La enfermedad de Fournier (EF) es una infección fulminante extensa que suele abarcar genitales, perineo y pared abdominal. La finalidad de este artículo es exponer la experiencia de los autores con el tratamiento medicoquirúrgico de esta entidad durante un periodo de 20 meses. Ingresaron 38 pacientes portadores de EF en la unidad en que trabajan los autores. Se administró a todos un triple esquema de tratamiento con agentes antimicrobianos. Se sometieron a drenaje y desbridación de la región lesionada, y de manera subsecuente a curaciones exhaustivas y aplicación de miel no procesada. En algunas lesiones se efectuaron injertos una vez limpias, y otras se suturaron de manera tardía. Los límites de edad variaron entre 33 y 86 años (media de 54 años) con estancia hospitalaria de 1 a 45 días (media 17 días). De estos pacientes, 25 (65 por ciento padecían diabetes mellitus, 11 (15 por ciento) habían experimentado orquiepididimitis reciente, y solamente dos (5 por ciento) tenían como origen traumatismo escrotal y uretral. A todos se les efectuaron drenajes y desbridación quirúrgica, y se les aplicó miel no procesada una vez desbridadas y limpias sus lesiones. A 25 de los pacientes (65.7 por ciento se les realizó cistostomía, y en 8 (21 por ciento) se efectuó una orquiectomía del lado afectado. A cinco pacientes (13 por ciento) se les aplicaron injertos libres de dermis de muslo. Los restantes se suturaron de manera tardía. Un paciente (2.6 por ciento falleció por sepsis generalizada y descontrol metabólico. El manejo de esta entidad continúa siendo agresivo ya que estos pacientes necesitan desbridación, cistostomía y/o colostomía, curaciones exaustivas, antimicrobianos en triple esquema y aplicaciones de miel no procesada y en algunos casos aplicación de injertos cutáneos libres

Ferimentos cutâneos em regiöes genitais do homem / Cutaneous injury in genital area of man

Discute-se a complexidade dos ferimentos avulsivos, infecciosos e por queimaduras da área genital e as dificuldades que se somam para sua reconstruçäo. As alteraçöes näo se limitam apenas a problemas locais como o estado da pele, aspectos do ferimento, contaminaçäo com fezes e urina, mas também alteraçöes sistêmicas como alteraçöes do estado hemodinâmico e condiçöes respiratórias. Os pacientes apresentam importante choque emocional devido ao fato de acharem que os ferimentos podem lhes deixar inférteis ou impotentes. O atendimento desses pacientes exige do profissional conhecimento de Urologia, Cirurgia Plástica e suporte psicológico. Atualmente a tendência é o atendimento em equipes multidisciplinares. Na literatura mundial encontra-se poucos artigos abordando tal assunto. Esse tipo de trauma encontra-se mais freqüentemente em paises subdesenvolvidos, onde por questäo de educaçäo, econômia e, especialmente, por desuso dos equipamentos de segurança, proprocionam-se as condiçöes para que tais acidentes ocorram

Imágenes poco frecuentes en endoscopia urológica: presentación de cuatro casos / Infrequent images in endoscopic urology: report of four cases

Se presentan imágenes endourológicas de cuatro pacientes que, por el tratamiento que requirieron a causa de la patología básica o por su baja frecuencia, se seleccionaron por considerar importantes tanto su difusión como el incremento de los conocimientos precisos sobre estas imágenes endoscópicas. Se exponen, por añadidura, las dificultades que se encuentran para obtener estos registros iconográficos.

La sinequiotomía, un estudio a distancia / The synechiotomy, a study at distance

Para lograr la higiene adecuada y evitar la circuncisión, se ha realizado el procedimiento denominado sinequitomía en miles de niños norteamericanos desde hace unos 40 años. El procedimiento descrito aquí se ha realizado igualmente en miles de niños mexicanos por el autor. La sinequitomía es un procedimiento inocuo, seguro, fácil, rápido y no costoso. Impide la antigua patología falanoprepucial y sobre todo la fimosis, la valanopostitis, la parafimosis y otros problemas. No se han observado complicaciones tardías. Sólo se han producido ocasionalmente algunas adherencias balanoprepuciales. En este estudio a largo plazo prácticamente no se produjeron estas adherencias y sólo hubo que dar unos "retoques" en algo menos del 2% de los casos