Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in Chongqing, China. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders.

Desenvolvimento sexual e maturação puberal / Sexual and puberal development

Os fenômenos do desenvolvimento sexual e puberal são eventos progressivos e coordenados. Dependem de fatores cromossômicos - gênicos, gonadais e hormonais. Tais eventos nos indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino, sendo sincrônicos, permitirão um conveniente desenvolvimento sexual e puberal. Analisar tais fenômenos é o propósito deste estudo.(AU)

The sexual and puberal modifications are coordinate and progressive during differents life phases. Many factors are involved like genic-chromosomic, gonadal and hormonal. Those events that occurred in males and females are synchronous and to create a perfect development. Our proposal is review those situations.(AU)

Development of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) (Araneae, Sicariidae) genital tract / Desenvolvimento do trato genital de Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) (Aranea: Sicariidae)

We examined the post-embryonic development of the male and female genital apparatus of the brown spider, Loxosceles intermedia. The development of the genital apparatus for both sexes begins with the appearance of inner structures. In the male genital apparatus, formation of the testes occurs first, followed by differentiation of the duct, ampulla and vas deferens, and finally the formation of the genital opening and differentiation of the copulatory organ (secondary sexual characteristic). Similarly, the development of the female genital apparatus begins with the formation of the ovaries, followed by the appearance of oocytes in vitellogenesis, then the development of oviducts and uterus internus and, finally, the spermatheca. These data may be very important in further comparative studies on the development of the reproductive system of spiders.

Examinamos o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário do aparelho genital masculino e feminino da aranha-marrom Loxosceles intermedia. O desenvolvimento do aparelho genital de ambos os sexos começa com o aparecimento de estruturas internas. No aparelho genital masculino a formação dos testículos ocorre primeiro, seguida pela diferenciação do ducto, ampola e vas deferens e, finalmente, a formação da abertura genital e diferenciação do órgão copulador (característica sexual secundária). Da mesma forma, o desenvolvimento do aparelho genital feminino começa com a formação dos ovários, seguida pelo aparecimento de oócitos em vitelogênese, o desenvolvimento dos ovidutos e uterus internus e, finalmente, a espermateca. Esses dados podem ser muito importantes em estudos comparativos sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutivo de aranhas.

Characteristics of the Male Reproductive System and Spermatozoa of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera)

This study describes morphological changes in the male reproductive system of Miroculis amazonicus (Savage & Peters) from mature nymphs to subimago stages. The sperm ultrastructure of Massartela brieni (Lestage), Farrodes carioca (Domínguez et al) and Miroculis mourei (Savage & Peters), as well as aspects of cell fragments observed in these species' subimagos deferent ducts were described. Sperm from the three species studied are aflagellated and immotile, while those from F. carioca and Ma. brieni are approximately spherical with a homogenous nucleus and acrosome. Sperm of F. carioca present two or three mitochondria located between the nucleus and the acrosome. In Ma. brieni, only one lateral mitochondria was found. Sperm from Mi. mourei are shaped as a number 'eight', with electron lucent spots inside the nucleus and two mitochondria above the acrosome. Large cell fragments containing degenerative vesicles and some sperm were observed in the deferent duct lumen of the three species. Testes of Mi. amazonicus are extremely reduced in the subimago stage, which suggests that these cell fragments originated from testes degeneration.

Tendencia del desarrollo puberal en escolares de la Región Metropolitana de Chile: Menor edad de presentación, mayor duración y dimorfismo sexual en la estatura / Trends in puberal development of school age children living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Background: There is a worldwide tendency towards an earlier appearance of puberal development among children, associated with an increase in weight and height. Aim: To study the trends in puberal development in Chilean school age children, between the years 1986 and 2001 and correlate it with weight and height changes. Subjects and Methods: In two representative samples of school age children, collected between years 1985 and 1987 (m-1986) and another between years 2000 and 2002 (m-2001), girls between 7 and 15years (958 and 935, respectively) and boys between 9 and 15 years (842 and 870 respectively), were selected. Breast development (B) in females and genital development (G) in males were classified according to Tanner stages. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status (according to Centers for Disease Control/ National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS) standards) were assessed. Results: The prevalence of obesity increased four fold between 1986 and 2001. The 2001 generation had a significantly higher degree of puberal development than their counterparts studied in 1986. Compared to m-1986, m-2001 subjects had a lower mean age at puberal development stage two and three, but no differences at puberal stages 4 and 5. BMI of m-2001 subjects was significantly higher than that of m-1986 subjects at all puberal stages. The m-2001 males showed highest stature than m-1986 in all puberal stage, however, in females there is no difference in height between m-2001 and m-1986. Conclusions: The highest BMI observed in the cohort of 2001, could be facilitating an earlier puberal development and ethnic factors could explain the sexual dimorphism in stature.

Estado nutricional e maturação sexual de adolescentes de uma escola pública e de uma escola privada do Município do Rio de Janeiro / Nutritional status and pubertal stage of adolescents from one public school and one private school from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a maturação sexual de adolescentes de 11 a 15,9 anos, de níveis socioeconômicos diferentes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 303 estudantes de uma escola pública e 199 de uma escola privada do município do Rio de Janeiro. O estado nutricional foi avaliado por meio do índice de massa corporal e dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular. Avaliou-se a maturação sexual, por intermédio de auto-avaliação, para identificação de estágio de desenvolvimento de mama e genitália externa. RESULTADOS: Na escola pública, observou-se que 2,0 por cento dos adolescentes tinham baixo peso, 6,6 por cento sobrepeso e 9,2 por cento eram obesos. Na escola privada, as respectivas freqüências foram 3,0 por cento, 9,0 por cento e 18,1 por cento, sem diferença entre os sexos. Na escola privada, maior número de meninas apresentava sobrepeso/obesidade (27,1 por cento vs 14,2 por cento; chi2=8,08, p=0,004), e maior número de meninos e meninas estavam em estágios mais avançados de maturação sexual do que os da escola pública. O risco de apresentar sobrepeso/obesidade foi maior nas adolescentes em estágios mais avançados de maturação sexual (Odds ratio=3,16, intervalos de confiança de 95,0 por cento 1,71-5,87). Esta associação foi observada apenas nos adolescentes da escola pública (Odds ratios=3,52 intervalos de confiança 95,0 por cento 1,76-7,07). CONCLUSAO: A obesidade foi o problema nutricional mais relevante entre os adolescentes. Nos estudantes da escola pública, o processo de maturação sexual foi mais tardio do que nos da escola privada.

Self-assessment of sexual maturation in Thai children by Tanner photograph.

Assessment of sexual maturation in adolescence is crucially important in clinical practice, because the possibility of concealed disease during the earlier period of child development needs to be detected. However, to undress children sometimes is problematic and unethical in several countries. Therefore, in this study the authors evaluated the concordance between children's self-assessment by Tanner photograph with a written description, and examination by pediatricians. One hundred and ninety four children (100 girls, 94 boys), aged 7-15 years, were recruited in this study. The outcome demonstrated that the two processes of investigation were in good concord: the weight kappa of 0.76 and 0.79 for the breast stage (B) and pubic hair stage (PH), respectively, in girls. In boys, the weight kappa were 0.59 and 0.73 for genital stage (G) and pubic hair (PH) stage, respectively. However, the weight kappa for genital stage was improved after the subjects were provided more time to examine themselves before choosing the photograph. In girls, the mean chronological age (CA) for B stage II, III, IV was 10.4+/-1.3, 12.5+/-1.3, 13.6+/-0.7 years and for PH stage II, III, IV was 11.9+/-1.4, 12.9+/-1.2, 13.5+/-0.9 years. The normal CA for the onset of puberty in girls was between 7.8-13.0 years. In boys, the mean CA for G stage II, III, IV was 11.3+/-1.7, 12.4+/-1.2, 13.2+/-1.2 years, and for PH II, III, IV was 12.2+/-1.3, 13.1+/-1.0, 13.9+/-1.7 years. The normal CA for the onset of puberty in boys was 7.9-14.7 years. In addition, the authors constructed the normal value for penile length in Thai boys, aged between 9-15 years, to be used as a reference. Therefore, this study demonstrated a good concordance between the self-assessment by Tanner photograph and examination by pediatricians. This can be applied for use in filed research, school screening and clinical practice.

Aprendiendo sobre nuestro cuerpo y nuestra salud sexual / Learning about our body and our sexual health

El documento detalla paso a paso los temas que frecuentemente rodan el pensamiento de los(as) adolescentes a cerca de su crecimiento físico y psicológico, cambios en la adolescencia, relaciones sexuales, embarazo, métodos anticonceptivos, Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, VIH/SIDA, etre otros.

Síndrome de X frágil: presentación de un caso / Fragile X syndrome: presentation a case

Se describe el caso de un paciente maculino de 4 años de edad, con diagnóstico de macrogenitosomia y retardo psicomotor. Su evaluación clínica reportó dismorfía facial, orejas grandes de implantación baja, paladar ojival, pectum excavatum, genitales grandes y ausencia de vello pubiano, lenguaje inadecuado para la edad y conducta hiperquinética. El estudio genético, con preparación especial, en un tercer cultivo reportó fórmula 46,XY/46 Y fra (x) (q 27/28), concluyendo Síndrome de X frágil en mosaico

Relaçäo entre concentraçäo de testosterona, desenvolvimento do aparelho genital e odor na carcaça de suínos machos inteiros / Relationship between testosterone concentration, development of the genital tract and boar taint in boar's carcass

Vinte suínos machos inteiros, 10 da raça Landrace e 10 da Large White, com peso médio de 23,8 kg e alojados em quatro baias coletivas foram utilizados para avaliar a concentraçäo de testosterona, em diferentes idades, e suas relaçöes com ganho de peso, idade, avaliaçäo sensorial na gordura e desenvolvimento do sistema genital. Foram realizadas sete colheitas de sangue com intervalo médio de 15 dias entre elas, e a testosterona analisada por radioimunoensaio. Aos 91 kg de peso médio, os animais foram abatidos e colhidas amostras de gordura e retiradas as glândulas bulbo uretrais que foram medidas e pesadas. As avaliaçöes sensoriais foram realizadas utilizando o método da escala estruturada. Na estimativa de correlaçäo entre as variáveis utilizou-se o método de Pearson. Suínos Large White com peso acima de 97 kg apresentaram odores mais intensos na carcaça que os Landrace de menor peso. A análise sensorial revelou relaçäo positiva entre intensidade do odor e peso vivo e intensidade de odor e idade na raça Large White. Peso e comprimento da glândula bulbo uretral näo foram bons indicadores da intensidade do odor na carcaça dos machos inteiros

Effects of zeitgeber shifts on gonadal function in male domestic fowls.

Effects of shifting light dark (LD) schedule of 8 hr/week on comb height and gonadal development were investigated in male domestic fowls. Three-day-old birds were exposed to repeated delay (westward shift) or repeated advancement (eastward shift) of the LD schedule at weekly intervals till they attained the age of 20 weeks. Control birds were held in fixed LD 12:12 hr light/dark schedule. Comb height was monitored at weekly intervals beginning at the age of 7 weeks. At 12th, 16th and 20th week 5 birds from each schedule were sacrificed and gonadal volume was recorded. Results indicate that comb and gonadal growth were significantly higher in advance-schedule birds when compared with control and delay-schedule birds. Histologically, testes of advance-schedule birds were more active when compared with those of control and delay-schedule birds. It appears that the eastward shifts of the synchronizer schedule may exert stimulatory influence on gonads.