Sensory and sympathetic nerves are involved in the changes of skin temperature, blood infusion and inflammatory cytokines of cutaneous tissue in the sensitized area of colitis rats / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the changes of skin temperature, blood infusion and inflammatory cytokines of cutaneous tissue in the sensitized area of colitis model rats, as well as the relationship between sensory and sympathetic nerves and the formation of sensitized area, and to initially reveal the partial physical-chemical characteristics of the sensitized area in the colitis model rats.@*METHODS@#Thirty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (n=10), a model group (n=18) and a guanethidine group (n=7). 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was adopted for 6-day free drinking to establish colitis model in the model group and the guanethidine group. On day 6 and 7, in the guanethidine group, guanethidine solution (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for sympathetic block. On day 7, after injection of evans blue (EB) solution, the EB extravasation areas on the body surface were observed to investigate the distribution and physical-chemical characteristics of the sensitized area. The control area was set up, 0.5 cm away from the sensitized area, and with the same nerve segment innervation. Disease activity index (DAI) score of rats was compared between the normal group and the model group, and the morphological changes in the colon tissue were investigated with HE method. Using infrared thermal imaging technology and laser speckle flow imaging technology, skin temperature and blood infusion were determined in the sensitized area and the control area of the rats in the model group. Immunofluorescence technique was adopted to observe the expression levels of the positive nerve fibers of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the correlation with blood vessels; as well as the expression levels of SP positive nerve fibers/tryptase+ mast cells, and tryptase+ mast cells/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in skin tissue in the sensitized area and the control area of the rats in the model group. MSD multi-level factorial method and ELISA were applied to determine the contents of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) and anti-inflammatory substance corticosterone (CORT).@*RESULTS@#Sensitization occurred at the T12-S1 segments of the colitis model rats, especially at L2-L5 segments. Compared with the normal group, DAI score was increased in the rats of the model group (P<0.05), and the colonic mucosal damage was obvious, with the epithelial cells disordered, even disappeared, crypt destructed, submucosal edema and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated. In comparison with the control area, the skin temperature and blood infusion were increased in the sensitized area of the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01); as well as the expression levels of the positive nerve fibers of SP, CGRP and TH of skin tissue (P<0.05), which was specially distributed in peripheral vessels, the expression levels of SP positive nerve fibers/tryptase+ mast cells, and tryptase+ mast cells/5-HT of the skin tissue were all expanded (P<0.05) in the sensitized area of the model group. Compared with the model group, the number of sensitized areas was reduced in the guanethidine group (P<0.05). In comparison with the control area of the model group, in the sensitized area, the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory substance CORT of skin tissue were all increased (P<0.05); and the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α were negatively correlated with CORT (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The sensitized areas on the body surface of colitis rats are mainly distributed in the L2-L5 segments. Sensory and sympathetic nerves are involved in the acupoint sensitization, and the sensitized areas may have the dynamic changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory substances.

Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves Indirectly Modulate Motor Function of the Urinary Bladder / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: The urinary bladder (UB) is innervated by both sensory and autonomic nerves. Recent studies have shown that sensory neuropeptides induced contractions in the detrusor muscle. Therefore, in a mouse model, we investigated the presence of interactions between the submucosal sensory nerves and the autonomic nerves that regulate the motor function of the detrusor muscle. METHODS: UB samples from male C57BL/6 mice were isolated, cut into strips, and mounted in an organ bath. Dose-response curves to norepinephrine and phenylephrine were studied in UB strips with and without mucosa, and the effects of preincubation with a receptor antagonist and various drugs on relaxation were also studied using tissue bath myography. RESULTS: Phenylephrine-induced relaxation of the UB strips showed concentration-related effects. This relaxation appeared in both mucosa-intact and mucosa-denuded UB strips, and was significantly inhibited by lidocaine, silodosin, and guanethidine (an adrenergic neuronal blocker). Meanwhile, phenylephrine-induced relaxation was inhibited by pretreatment with propranolol and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)–depletory capsaicin in UB strips with and without mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that phenylephrine activates the α-1A adrenergic receptor (AR) of the sensory nerve, and then activates capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves to release an unknown substance that facilitates the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves. Subsequently, norepinephrine stimulates β-ARs in the detrusor muscle in mice, leading to neurogenic relaxation of the UB. Further animal and human studies are required to prove this concept and to validate its clinical usefulness.

Three Gaseous Neurotransmitters, Nitric oxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide, Are Involved in the Neurogenic Relaxation Responses of the Porcine Internal Anal Sphincter

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The internal anal sphincter (IAS) plays an important role in maintaining continence and a number of neurotransmitters are known to regulate IAS tone. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of the neurotransmitters involved in the relaxant and contractile responses of the porcine IAS. METHODS: Responses of isolated strips of IAS to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were obtained in the absence and presence of inhibitors of neurotransmitter systems. RESULTS: Contractile responses of the sphincter to EFS were unaffected by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine (1 muM), but were almost completely abolished by the adrenergic neuron blocker guanethidine (10 muM). Contractile responses were also reduced (by 45% at 5 Hz, P carbon monoxide > hydrogen sulfide.

The Inhibitory Mechanism of Gentamicin on Electrical Field Stimulation Response in Rat Bladder Smooth Muscle

To see the inhibitory mechanism of gentamicin in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) using the rat bladder smooth muscle, atropine or guanethidine was treated but had no effect. Methylsergide, a non-selective 5-HT1, 5-HT2 receptor antagonist was also treated but had on effect. Kinase inhibitors, such as chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor), ML-9 (MLCK inhibitor), or Y27632 (rho kinase inhibitor) were pretreated before gentamicin treatment, but did not have effect. For U73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor however, the inhibitory effect to gentamicin was significantly attenuated in all frequencies given by the EFS. Therefore gentamicin induced inhibitory effect on EFS response in rat bladder smooth muscle was not mediated by the activation of adrenergic, cholinergic, or serotonergic receptor. The inhibition of gentamicin might be mediated through the PLC dependent pathway, but not through the PKC, MLCK or rho kinase dependent pathway.

Characteristics of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors Involved in Contraction of Feline Ileal Longitudinal Smooth Muscle

A number of studies have demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) can induce muscle contraction or relaxation response and enhance secretion in the gastrointestinal tract via a multiplicity of 5-HT receptor subtypes. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological characterization of the 5-HT-induced contractile response in longitudinal smooth muscle isolated from the feline ileum. Addition of 5-HT into muscle chambers enhanced the basal tone and spontaneous activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The neurotoxin tetrodotoxin did not alter the 5-HT-induced contraction of the longitudinal muscles. Neither atropine nor guanethidine affected the contraction. The 5-HT agonists, 5-methylserotonin hydrochloride and mosapride, also evoked concentration-dependent contractions. The 5-HT-induced contraction was enhanced by the 5HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron but was inhibited by the 5-HT1 receptor antagonist methysergide and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist GR113808. These results indicate that 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 receptors may mediate the contraction of the 5-HT-induced response and 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors may mediate 5-HT-induced relaxation in feline ileal longitudinal smooth muscles.

Attenuated Sympathetic Activity and Its Relation to Obesity in MSG Injected and Sympathectomized Rats

In order to characterize the role of sympathetic activity in obesity, we repeatedly assessed sympathetic activity via power spectral analyses of heart rate variability in the same subjects at 7, 11, 25, and 60 weeks, using monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese and control rats. The effects of lower sympathetic activity on obesity were also evaluated. Fat mass in MSG rats was already higher at 7 weeks, but the sympathetic activity did not differ between 7 and 25 weeks. Between 25 and 60 weeks, the increase in fat mass, food efficiency, and body weight gain was higher in MSG rats. The increase in sympathetic activity between 25 and 60 weeks and sympathetic activity at 60 weeks were lower in MSG rats. Fat mass at 60 weeks was inversely correlated with changes in sympathetic activity between 25 and 60 weeks. Reduced plasma epinephrine levels by bilateral adrenal demedullation induced increase of fat mass. In summary, an attenuated increase of sympathetic activity with age may partly be responsible for aggravated obesity in MSG rats. Additionally, reduced sympathetic activity per se induced obesity in rats. These results suggest that lower sympathetic activity contributes to obesity in rats.

Clinical Application of I-123 MIBG Cardiac Imaging / 대한핵의학회잡지

Cardiac neurotransmission imaging allows in vivo assessment of presynaptic reuptake, neurotransmitter storage and postsynaptic receptors. Among the various neurotransmitter, I-123 MIBG is most available and relatively well- established. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an analogue of the false neurotransmitter guanethidine. It is taken up to adrenergic neurons by uptake-1 mechanism as same as norepinephrine. As tagged with I-123, it can be used to image sympathetic function in various organs including heart with planar or SPECT techniques. I-123 MIBG imaging has a unique advantage to evaluate myocardial neuronal activity in which the heart has no significant structural abnormality or even no functional derangement measured with other conventional examination. In patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure, this imaging has most sensitive technique to predict prognosis and treatment response of betablocker or ACE inhibitor. In diabetic patients, it allow very early detection of autonomic neuropathy. In patients with dangerous arrhythmia such as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, MIBG imaging may be only an abnormal result among various exams. In patients with ischemic heart disease, sympathetic derangement may be used as the method of risk stratification. In heart transplanted patients, sympathetic reinnervation is well evaluated. Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity is detected earlier than ventricular dysfunction with sympathetic dysfunction. Neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease or dementia with Lewy bodies has also cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity with I-123 MIBG imaging may be improve understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease and make a contribution to predict survival and therapy efficacy.

Neurotensin enhances gastric motility in antral circular muscle strip of guinea-pig

Many reports suggest that neurotensin (NT) in the gastrointestinal tract may play a possible role as a neurotransmitter, a circulating hormone, or a modulator of motor activity. NT exerts various actions in the intestine; it produces contractile and relaxant responses in intestinal smooth muscle. This study was designed to investigate the effect of NT on motility of antral circular muscle strips in guinea-pig stomach. To assess the role of Ca2+ influx in underlying mechanism, slow waves were simultaneously recorded with spontaneous contractions using conventional intracellular mircoelectrode technique. At the concentration of 10-7 M, where NT showed maximum response, NT enhanced the magnitude (863 +/- 198%, mean +/- SEM, n = 13) and the frequency (154 +/- 10.3%, n = 11) of spontaneous contractions. NT evoked a slight hyperpolarization of membrane potential, tall and steep slow waves with abortive spikes (278 +/- 50%, n = 4). These effects were not affected by atropine (2 micrometer), guanethidine (2 micrometer) and tetrodotoxin (0.2 micrometer). NT-induced contractile responses were abolished in Ca2+-free solution and reduced greatly to near abolition by 10 micrometer of verapamil or 0.2 mM of CdCl2. Verapamil attenuated the effects of NT on frequency and amplitude of the slow waves. Taken together, these results indicate that NT enhances contractility in guinea-pig gastric antral circular muscle and Ca2+ influx through the voltage-operated Ca2+ channel appears to play an important role in the NT-induced contractile mechanism.

Evidence for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an excitatory neurotransmitter in guinea-pig gastric antrum

We explore the question of whether adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in guinea-pig gastric smooth muscle. In an organ bath system, isometric force of the circular smooth muscle of guinea-pig gastric antrum was measured in the presence of atropine and guanethidine. Under electrical field stimulation (EFS) at high frequencies (>20 Hz), NO-mediated relaxation during EFS was followed by a strong contraction after the cessation of EFS (a "rebound-contraction"). Exogenous ATP mimicked the rebound-contraction. A known P2Y-purinoceptor antagonist, reactive blue 2 (RB-2), blocked the rebound-contraction while selective desensitization of P2x-purinoceptor with alpha, beta-MeATP did not affect it. ATP and 2-MeSATP induced smooth muscle contraction, which was effectively blocked by RB-2 and suramin, a nonselective P2-purinoceptor antagonist. Particularly, in the presence of RB-2, exogenous ATP and 2-MeSATP inhibited spontaneous phasic contractions, suggestingthe existence of different populations of purinoceptors. Both the rebound-contraction and the agonist-induced contraction were not inhibited by indomethacin. The rank orders of agonists' potency were 2-MeSATP > ATP gtoreq UTP for contraction and alpha, beta-MeATP gtoreq beta, gamma-MeATP for inhibition of the phasic contraction, that accord with the commonly accepted rank order of the classical P2Y-purinoceptor subtypes. Electrical activities of smooth muscles were only slightly influenced by ATP and 2-MeSATP, whereas alpha, beta-MeATP attenuated slow waves with membrane hyperpolarization. From the above results, it is suggested that ATP acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, which mediates the rebound-contraction via P2Y-purinoceptor in guinea-pig gastric antrum.

The Effects of NMDA Antagonists and Sympathectomy on the c-Fos mRNA Expression in the Neuropathic Rat / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain produced by nerve injury has the characteristics of enhanced pain responses - allodynia. To understand the pathophysiology of the neuropathic pain, We evaluated the effect of NMDA antagonists and chemical sympathectomy on the c-fos mRNA expression. METHODS: We have divided rats(Sprague-Dawley, N=24) that their left L5 and L6 nerve were tightly ligated into two groups. In NMDA antagonist group(N=17), We injected 10 g MK801 and 10 g 5-amino-phosphonovalerate in three ways, intrathecally before the ligation, after ligation and subcutaneous continuously. Then behavioral tests for mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia were performed. After the test of allodynia,the expression of c-fos were assessed by Northern blot hybridization. In chemical sympathectomy group(N=7), We injected 70 mg/kg guanethidine into the peritoneum in two ways, before the ligation and after ligation. Then same methods were performed in NMDA antagonist group as well. RESULTS: Intrathecal NMDA antagonists before the ligation supressed the elevation of c-fos mRNA expression. Intrathecal NMDA antagonists on the 7 days after the ligation reduced the c-fos mRNA expression and neuropathic pain. Continuous treatment of subcutaneous NMDA antagonists supressed the development of neuropathic pain and the elevation of c-fos mRNA expression. Chemical sympathectomy before the ligation did not supress the elevation of c-fos mRNA expression. Chemical sympathectomy on the 7 days after the ligation reduced neuropathic pain and the elevation of c-fos mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: NMDA receptor is related to the induction and maitenance of neuropatic pain, and sympathetic nervous system has a main role in the already induced neuropathic pain.

Characterization of nerve-induced relaxation of gastrointestinal sphincteric smooth muscle in a South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris)

The presence of inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) intrinsic innervation of the circular muscle of the gastrointestinal sphincters of the South American (SA) opossum was investigated in vitro. Isolated circular muscle strips from the esophagogastric and ileocolonic junctions but not from the gastroduodenal (pylorus) region developed spontaneous tension. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 muM) augmented the spontaneous tension only in the ileocolonic junction strips. Electrical field stimulation of esophagogastric and ileocolonic junction strips caused frequency-dependent responses consisting of a relaxation at lower frequencies (<1 Hz) and a biphasic response or contraction at higher frequencies. In the strips from the pyloric region electrical field stimulation abolished the spontaneous activity at lower frequencies and induced contractions at higher frequencies. The responses elicited by electrical field stimulation in the three sphincters were abolished by TTX (1 muM). Electrical field-induced contractions were reduced while relaxations were enhanced by atropine (1 muM). In the presence of atropine (1 muM) and guanethidine (3 muM), electrical field stimulation, nicotine and ATP induced frequency-or concentration-dependent relaxations of the three sphincters that were abolished by TTX (1 muM). Isoproterenol and sodium nitroprusside caused concentration-dependent relaxations which were TTX-resistant. These findings indicate that the sphincteric circular muscle of the SA opossum gastrointestinal tract is relaxed by the activation of intrinsic NANC nerves and therefore can be used as a model for the study of the mechanisms involved in these responses.

Intravenous Regional Block of Bretylium: Treatment of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Interruption of efferent sympathetic fibers is the mainstay of therapy in reflex sympathetic dystrophies(RSD) and be accomplished by temporary or permanent anesthetic blockade of sympathetic ganglia, surgical lesions of the sympathetic trunk, intravenous injecton of guanethidine or reserpine, or by systemic administration of adrenergic blocking drugs. In this study, the effects and the side effects of intravenous regional bretylium for the treatment of RSD were studied. METHODS: Seven patients have been administered with 2.0 mg/kg bretylium in 0.25% lidocaine with 100U of heparin three times weekly. A standard intravenous regional technique was used with 250~300 mmHg tourniquet pressure for 30 minutes. Blood pressure and pulse rate were monitored before injection, 1 minute and 5 minutes after injection, immediately before deflation of tourniquet, 1 minute, 5 minutes and 30 minutes after deflation of tourniquet. Pain and temperature evaluations were made before injection and at 1 week after every injection. RESULTS: The increase in skin temperature and decrease in pain score of the affected limb were noted after the use of bretylium in 5 patients out of 7 patients. These clinical effects probably resulted from bretylium,s ability to accumulate in adrenergic nerves and block norepinephrine release. One patient had hypotension immediately after tourniquet deflation. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous regional bretylium provides significant pain relief for treatment of RSD.

Regulatory role of cyclic nucleotides in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter from dogs

The role of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is characterized by the ability to maintain tone and to relax allowing the passage of a bolus. It is known that LES relaxation during swallowing may be induced by the cessation of the tonic neural excitation and the activation of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that the relaxation of the smooth muscle is mediated primarily by the elaboration of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) via activation of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase, respectively. It is thus possible that cyclic nucleotides might be a second messenger involved in neural stimulation-induced relaxation of LES, although a relationship between relaxation and changes in cyclic nucleotides after neural stimulation has not been established. The present study was performed to define the participation of cyclic nucleotides in the relaxation of LES of dog in response to neural stimulation. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) caused relaxation of the canine isolated LES strips in a frequency-dependent manner, which was eliminated by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (1 micrometer), but not by atropine (100 micrometer), guanethidine (100 micrometer) and indomethacin (10 micrometer). The nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, N-G-nitro-L-arginine, N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and N-G-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibited EFS-induced relaxation. Additions of sodium nitroprusside, a nitrovasodilator and forskolin, a direct adenylate cyclase stimulant, caused a dose-dependent relaxation of LES smooth muscle. Effects of sodium nitroprusside and forskolin were selectively blocked by the corresponding inhibitors, methylene blue for guanylate cyclase and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) for adenylate cyclase, respectively. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of the LES smooth muscle tone, which was not blocked by NEM or methylene blue, respectively. However, both NEM and methylene blue caused significant antagonism of the relaxation in LES tone in response to EFS. EFS increased the tissue cyclic GMP content by 124%, whereas it did not affect the tissue level of cyclic AMP. Based on these results, it is suggested that one of the components of canine LES smooth muscle relaxation in response to neural stimulation is mediated by an increase of cyclic GMP via the activation of guanylate cyclase. Additionally, an activation of cyclic AMP generation system was, in part, involved in the EFS-induced relaxation.

Effects of Electrical Field Stimulation of the Isolated Corpus Cavernosum from Hypertensive Rats / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The present study was aimed to investigate whether and to what extent hypertension affects the relaxation of the corpus cavernosum. The corpus cavernosum was isolated from 12-week 2- kidney, 1-clip hypertensive rats. The corporal strips were isolated and suspended longitudinally in an organ bath. They were precontracted with phenylephrine, and their responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were examined. EFS caused a frequency-dependent contraction (60%) or relaxation (40%) of the corpus cavernosum precontracted with phenylephrine. The contraction response was inhibited or abolished and only frequency-dependent relaxation appeared in the presence of atropine (0.00001mol/L) and guanethidine (0.00001mol/L). The relaxation response to EFS of the corporal preparation precontracted with phenylephrine was attenuated or abolished in the presence of L-NAME (0.0001mol/L). The corporal preparation from the hypertensive rats also showed a frequency-dependent relaxation, however, the degree of which was lower at a low frequency of stimulation than that from the normotensive control. These results suggest that endothelium-derived nitric oxide released upon neural stimulation partly mediate the relaxation of the corpus cavernosum. It is also suggested that hypertension is associated with a partly attenuated relaxation response to EFS.

Effect of Chemical Sympathectomy and Laser Radiation in the Neuropathic Pain / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Treatments of neuropathic pain were included Ca blocker, steroid medication, epidural or spinal local anesthetics, intravenous reserpine and phenoxybenzamine and operative sympathectomy. This study was performed to evaluation the effects of laser radiation and intraperitoneal guanethidine to the neuropathic pain. METHODS: The neuropathic pain were produced by the tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves in the adult rats (Sprague-Dawley) withdrawl response to the non-noxious stimulation(mechanical allodynia) were increased and response to the cold stimulation (cold allodynia) were increased too. After that, we injected 50 mg/kg guanethidine intraperitoneally and radiated the He-Ne laser to the operated site to evaluate the effect of chemical sympathectomy and laser radiation. RESULTS: Mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced(p<0.05) 1st and 2nd day after chemical sympathectomy. Cold allodynia was significantly reduced(p<0.05) 1st day after chemical sympathectomy. Mechanical and cold allodynia were not significantly reduced after laser radiation. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the chemical sympathectomy via intraperitoneal injection of guanethidine 50 mg/kg had the therapeutic effect of neuropathic pain in the surgically operated rat which was ligated L5, 6 spinal nerve.

Chemical sympathectomy blocks androgen biosynthesis during prepuberty

Twenty-one-day old male Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with guanethidine (GUA) at doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1 day-1 for 20 days. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation during the prepubertal (41 days of age) and early-pubertal (51 days of age) periods of sexual development. The tests were collected, frozen in liquid N2 and stored at -70oC until determination of testicular progesterone (P), androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T). Higher levels of P (2.18 +/- 0.24 ng/g, control = 1.24 +/- 0.16 ng/g) associated with decreased with decreased levels of androgens (A = 0.26 +/- 0.06 ng/g T = 2.05 +/- 0.19 ng/g; control = 1.86 +/- 0.76 ng/g and 8.48 +/- 1.16 ng/g, respectively) were observed in 10 mg GUA-treated rats of prebubertal age, while only P levels (3.12 +/- 0.51 ng/g, control = 1.73 +/- 0.27 ng/g) were incresead in rats of early pubertal...

Bloqueio regional intra-venoso com guanetidina / Regional intravenous block with guanetidin

Demonstra-se a utilidade prática do bloqueio regional intra-venoso com Guanetidina em oito pacientes com dor; salienta-se a simplicidade de execuçäo, segurança, maior conforto e menor invasividade

Osteoporosis regional transitoria y distrofia simpática refleja: ¿entidades distintas o variantes clínicas de una misma enfermedad? / Transient regional osteoporosis and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: different entities or clinical variants of the same disease?

We report a 50 years old male that evolved with alternating episodes of osteoporosis with pain, edema and erythema of both feet. The patient presented clinical and radiological evidences of both transient regional osteoporosis and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The clinical evolution was documented with magnetic resonance imaging. The hypothesis that bothe entities could be different expressions of a same syndrome is discussed