Hematoma epidural diagnosticado por diplopia - Relato de caso / Epidural Hematoma Diagnosed by Diplopia - Case Report

Os autores relatam e discutem o mecanismo pelo qual um paciente de 33 anos, com relato de traumatismo crânio encefálico ocorrido 5 dias antes comperda de consciência no momento do traumatismo, e assintomático nos 4 dias sequentes, iniciou diplopia no quinto dia após o traumatismo, sintoma que provocou sua ida ao pronto-socorro, a realização de exame físico neurológico normal e de tomografia do crânio devido a história e mecanismo de traumatismo, que revelou hematoma epidural occipital, prontamente operado, com o sintoma de diplopia tendo desaparecido no 14o dia após a cirurgia, já com o paciente em casa.

The authors report a male of 33 years that after head trauma occurred 5 days before developed diplopia, which motivated him to go to the emergency room, where even without changes in neurological examination, brain CT scan performed revealed an epidural hematoma occipital, operated with good functional outcome.

Sinal do redemoinho em hematoma extradural hiperagudo / Swirl sign in hiperacute extradural hematoma

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho apresenta o significado do sinal do redemoinho, que é observado no exame de tomografia computadorizada (TC) em casos de hematoma extradural hiperagudo. Métodos: Foram estudados 12 pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo e que apresentaram sinal do redemoinho ao exame de TC. Resultados: O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido 10:2 feminino. Nove pacientes foram vítimas de acidente de trânsito, dois de queda de altura e um de agressão física. A localização do hematoma foi parietal (sete casos), frontal (três casos) e temporoparietal (dois casos). O sinal do redemoinho foi diagnosticado na TC em todos os casos e confirmada no ato cirúrgico sua relação com sangramento arterial ativo em nove casos. Conclusão: O sinal do redemoinho observado na TC em pacientes com hematoma extradural hiperagudo indica que se deve realizar drenagem cirúrgica urgente, uma vez que sua persistência implica aumento de volume e, consequentemente, aumento da morbimortalidade.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents the meaning of the swirl sign, which is observed on computed tomograhy (CT) examination in cases of hyperacute epidural hematoma. Methods: We studied 12 patients with hyperacute epidural hematoma and had to sign Swirl CT examination. Results: Men were more affected females 10:2. Nine patients were victims of traffic accidents, fall two and a physical assault case. The location of the hematoma was seven parietal, frontal and temporoparietal two three. The sign of the swirl was diagnosed on CT in all cases and confirmed during surgery its relationship with active arterial bleeding in nine cases. Conclusion: The signal observed in the swirl of CT in patients with hyperacute epidural hematoma, indicates that we must carry out urgent surgical drainage, since its persistence implies an increase in volume and consequently increased morbidity and mortality.

Extradural hematoma following double valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass: A rare complication.

The primary mechanisms responsible for acute neurological deterioration following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) include cerebral embolism, cerebral hypoperfusion and/or inflammatory process triggered by CPB. Extradural hematoma (EDH) following CPB is rare but associated with significant mortality and morbidity. We present a case of EDH following double valve replacement in an adolescent boy.

Epidemiological analysis of 189 cases of traumatic intracranial extradural hematoma treated by surgery / Análisis epidemiológico de 189 casos de hematoma epidural tratados quirúrgicamente

Objective: To analyze the epidemiology, clinical and radiological presentation of patients with extradural hematoma (EDH) who underwent surgery in our service and their neurological status at the time of discharge. Method: We reviewed the charts of 189 patients who were admitted to our service with EDH and were treated surgically, during the period of August 1998 to January 2007. Results: In 49.2 percent the mechanism of trauma was falling; 49.7 percent of the cases had GCS between 13-15; 45.0 percent had skull fractures; 32.8 percent had associated intracranial injuries. Conclusion: We observed that 76.2 percent of surgically treated patients were discharged with minimum or no neurological deficits.

Hematoma intradiploico: tratamento cirúrgico e relato de caso / Intradiploic hematoma: surgical treatment and case report

O hematoma intradiploico é uma lesão rara do crânio. Foi descrita inicialmente em 1934 e até hoje a sua patogênese não é conhecida. Trata-se de uma lesão rara e secundária a um processo reativo benigno após traumas cranianos leves ou coagulopatias. Paciente de 42 anos apresentava quadro progressivo de perda da marcha e alteração visual. Foi identificada massa na região occipital do paciente, de caráter progressivo. Os estudos radiológicos demonstravam lesão de aspecto heterogêneo, erosiva da calota craniana e com expansão intracraniana. Realizou angiografia digital que demonstrou trombose de seio sagital superior. Foi submetido à biópsia seguida de ressecção da lesão associada à cranioplastia. Houve melhora do padrão visual e do desempenho de marcha do paciente, em relação ao pré-operatório. Os autores relatam um caso raro de hematoma intradiploico, analisaram os diagnósticos diferenciais e discutem as opções cirúrgicas dessa rara doença.

Intradiploic hematoma: surgical treatment and case reportIntradiploic hematoma is a very rare lesion of the skull. It was first described in 1934 and until now his pathogenesis still unclear. It is a rare and benign reactive process that occurs after minor head trauma. This 42-year-old man presented with difficult to walk and visual loss. It was observed one growing mass at occipital bone. On computadorized tomography and magnetic resonance image one destructive lesion, heterogeneous and expansion. One angiographic study was performed and showed thrombosis of the superior sagital sinus. The patient was submitted to a biopsy and after the hematoma was radically resected with cranioplasty. The improved his walk condition and visual capacities. The authors reported one case of intradiploic hematoma, differential diagnosis were analyzed and discussed about the surgical options of this rare disease.

Management of supratentorial epidural hematoma in children: report on 49 patients / Tratamento de hematoma epidural supratentorial em crianças: avaliação em 49 pacientes

Traumatic head injury is a common cause of mortality and acquired neurological impairment in children. However, pediatric epidural hematomas (EDHs) are not common and few series have studied the evolution of these patients. In this study, we present the results from a sample of patients with EDH with long-term follow-up. METHOD: Between January 2006 and December 2008, 49 patients with traumatic EDH were treated at our unit. Clinical course, radiological findings and outcomes were evaluated. Neurological status was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients' ages ranged from one day to 16 years. The mean follow-up was six months. RESULTS: On admission, most of the patients presented mild trauma and 57 percent had a GCS of 13-15. The most common symptom was irritability. The most frequent mechanisms of injury were: falling from a height in 29 cases and motor vehicle accidents in 16 cases. Three of these patients presented GCS 3, but only one died. We found a late neurological deficit in nine patients. CONCLUSION: These lesions may occur following mild head trauma and in alert children with nonfocal neurological examinations. However, in children presenting irritability with subgaleal hematomas and a history of loss of consciousness, skull computed tomography must be performed.

Trauma craniocerebral é uma causa frequente de mortalidade e comprometimento neurológico adquirido em crianças. No entanto, hematomas epidurais (HED) são raros em pacientes pediátricos, com poucas series estudando a evolução destes pacientes. Neste estudo, os autores apresentam os resultados de uma casuística de pacientes com HED acompanhados em longo prazo. MÉTODO: Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008, 49 pacientes com HED foram tratados em nossa unidade. Curso clínico, achados radiológicos, e resultados foram avaliados. O estado neurológico foi avaliado com o Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). A idade variou de 1 dia a 16 anos. A média de acompanhamento foi de 6 meses. RESULTADOS: Na admissão, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava trauma leve e 57 por cento estavam com GCS de 13-15. O sintoma mais comum foi irritabilidade. Os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes foram queda de altura em 29 casos e acidentes de trânsito em 16 casos. Três destes pacientes apresentavam GCS 3, mas somente um morreu. Verificou-se déficit neurológico tardio em nove pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Esta lesão pode ocorrer após traumas leves e em crianças alerta com exames neurológicos não focais. No entanto, em crianças com irritabilidade com hematoma subgaleal e história de perda de consciência, tomografia do crânio deve ser realizada.

Management and outcome of posterior fossa extradural hematoma and management outcome

Presentation of patients with CT proven extra dural hematoma their management and out come. 12 patients of posterior fossa extradural hematoma were included in the study. Excellent recovery was found in 50% good in 25% and poor in 16.6% and 8.33% was died

Traumatic posterior fossa extradural haematoma.

Posterior fossa extradural haematoma is known for the vague signs and symptoms and a notorious course that varies from recovery to sudden death. The incidence of posterior fossa epidural hematomas among intracranial epidural hematomas has been reported from 4% to 7%. Subsequently, PFEDH with low GCS or the haematoma of more than 10 ml were subjected to evacuation. Since the volume of the posterior fossa is limited, patients deteriorate early with the development of obstructive hydrocephalus, which is visible in the CT scan in only thirty percent of cases. A retrospective study of 43 cases was done in this Institute from May 1999 to December 2005. The males (98%) have a clear predominance over female patients (2%). Road traffic accidents accounted for the majority of the cases (80%), fall for the rest (17%) and one case due to a bullhorn injury. Vomiting was the most common symptom accounting for 67% of cases followed by transient loss of consciousness in 48% and headache in 34%. On arrival to the hospital 67% presented with a GCS more than 13, 28% with score of 9-12 and the rest 5% with GCS of less than 8. Out of the total 43 cases of PFEDH surgical evacuation was done in 33(76%) and conservative management in 10 cases (23%). A dichotomised Glasgow outcome score was used to measure the outcome. This was favorable in 27 of the 33 cases operated (81%), and 7 out of the 10 conservatively managed group (70%). Overall favorable outcome was found in 34 cases (79%) with overall mortality of the study being 7%.

The relationship of alcohol concentration in epidural or acute sub-dural hematoma compared with vitreous humor and femoral blood.

The study of the relationship between the epidural hematoma or subdural hematoma alcohol concentration (SDHAC) compared with femoral blood (BAC) and vitreous humor alcohol concentration (VHAC). The specimens of 25 corpses (total 888 corpses) were carried out which revealed EDH or SDH, no treatment and the autopsy performed within 24 hours after death in 2006 at the Forensic Medicine Department, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai hospital, Chiang Mai University. All specimens were frozen at -20 degrees C until they were processed with Gas Chromatography Head space (GC-HS). The result showed that the relationship of SDHAC: BAC was better than VHAC:BAC. And SDHAC may have more reliable concentration at time of injury than BAC in the absorption phase prior to equilibrium. However, sub-dural hematoma should be one of the best specimens, as femoral blood and vitreous humor, for alcohol analysis in a corpse who died at the scene, no treatment and no sign of putrefaction.

Acute epidural haematoma following ventriculoperitoneal shunt in an adult

The authors report a 50-year-old patient of pituitary macroadenoma with hydrocephalus, who developed a large left parieto-occipital epidural haematoma following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This is the first case report describing this complication in an adult patient, and it is hypothesised that coagulation of the dura along with rapid lowering of intracranial pressure, may lead to its stripping from the bone with attendant tear in the emissary vein [s] resulting in the possibility of epidural haematoma formation in adults. Judicious dural coagulation should therefore avoid this uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition

is high incidence of skull fracture associated with extradural hematoma in patients with head injury

To determine the correlation of skull fracture with extradural hematoma in head injury patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. This descriptive study was carried out at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from January 2002 to January 2007. All patients who were operated for extradural hematoma during the study period were included in the study. Standard skull X-rays were done and type and location of fractures were noted on X-rays, CT scan and per-operatively. The incidence of skull fracture associated with extradural hematoma in various age groups was noted. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. A total of 110 patients underwent surgery for extradural hematoma. A linear fracture was demonstrated in 60 patients and a depressed skull fracture in 15 patients. Another 8 patients who did not have radiologically visible fracture were found to have a fracture line per-operatively. Thus, a total of 83 [75%] patients had skull fracture. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of skull fracture in various age groups. There is a strong association of skull fracture to extradural hematoma, however, a normal X-ray does not exclude extradural hematoma

Bilateral cortical atrophy after severe brain trauma and extradural homatoma

We report the case of a severe head injured 43-year old male patient with a large extradural hematoma, Glasgow Coma Scale 3 and dilated fixed pupils. Patient was promptly submitted to surgical evacuation of the lesion, but remained in persistent vegetative state in the post-operative time. Head computed tomography scans performed before surgery, and at early and late post-operative periods comparatively revealed extreme bilateral cortical atrophy. Late consequences of severe head trauma drastically affect the prognosis of patients, being its prevention, and neuroprotection against secondary injury still a therapeutical challenge for neurosurgeons.

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 43 anos, com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave, com grande hematoma extradural, Escala de Coma de Glasgow 3 e pupilas fixas e dilatadas. O paciente foi prontamente submetido à evacuação cirúrgica da lesão mas permaneceu em estado vegetativo persistente no período pós-operatório. As TC de crânio realizadas antes da cirurgia e nos períodos pós-operatórios precoce e tardio revelaram comparativamente extrema atrofia cerebral bilateral. As conseqüências tardias do traumatismo craniano grave afetam drasticamente o prognóstico dos pacientes, sendo sua prevenção, e a neuroproteção contra a injúria secundária ainda um desafio terapêutico para os neurocirurgiões.

Hematoma epidural pós-traumático na junção crânio-cervical: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Post-traumatic epidural hematoma in the craniocervical junction: case report and review of the literature

Os autores relatam um caso raro de hematoma epidural pós-traumático na região da junção crâniocervical.Paciente de 63 anos, após grave acidente automobilístico, evoluiu com dor cervical intensa,refratária ao tratamento clínico. A ressonância magnética demonstrou um hematoma epidural desde ajunção crânio-cervical até C1-C2, de localização póstero-lateral direita, sem alterações de partes ósseas.Optado pelo tratamento cirúrgico imediato, foi realizada laminectomia com retirada do hematoma. Houvedesaparecimento da dor e resolução completa do hematoma, comprovado pela ressonância magnética.É feita revisão da literatura sobre o tema.

The authors report a rare case of post-traumatic epidural hematoma in the craniocervical junction ina 63 y.o. male patient, following a car accident. He presented with intense cervical pain refractory tothe clinical treatment. The magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an epidural hematoma fromthe craniocervical junction down to C1-C2 level, on the right posterior-lateral region, without any bonealterations. An immediate laminectomy for drainage of the hematoma was carried through. The patientpresented alleviation of the pain and complete resolution of the hematoma, as proven by the magneticresonance imaging. Revision of literature on the subject is made.

Ocorrência de hematoma peridural após anestesia geral associada à analgesia pós-operatória com cateter peridural em paciente em uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular: relato de caso / Epidural hematoma after general anesthesia associated with postoperative analgesia with epidural catheter in patient using low molecular weight heparin: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresentar um caso de paciente com hematoma peridural, na vigência do uso de cateter peridural e heparina de baixo peso molecular, seu quadro clínico e tratamento. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 75 anos, submetida à fixação de coluna lombar por via anterior, que desenvolveu no pós-operatório quadro clínico de paralisia progressiva nos membros inferiores, com perda de sensibilidade, sem apresentar dor radicular intensa. O tratamento foi descompressão medular imediata, com drenagem e limpeza cirúrgica de hematoma peridural, que se estendia da quinta até a décima vértebra torácica. Após a drenagem do hematoma a paciente recuperou gradualmente a força nos membros inferiores, recebeu alta em 10 dias com quadro de disfunção esfincteriana. Após três meses o quadro regrediu e não houve seqüela neurológica definitiva. CONCLUSÕES: O rápido diagnóstico com intervenção cirúrgica precoce é o tratamento mais eficaz para redução de lesão neurológica, em pacientes que desenvolvem hematoma peridural no pós-operatório. A utilização de heparina de baixo peso molecular, na vigência do uso de cateter peridural, exige a adesão estrita a protocolos estabelecidos, para que se reduzam os riscos do desenvolvimento de hematoma peridural.

Hematoma extradural do vértex: relato de caso / Epidural hematoma at the vertex: case report

Relatamos caso incomum de um paciente de 37 anos com hematoma extradural traumático do vértex com sintomas de hipertensão intracraniana. O diagnóstico foi feito através da tomografia do crânio em cortes coronais e o paciente foi submetido a craniotomia com drenagem do hematoma.

Acute intracerebral haematoma--an unusual presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis.

A young man presented with acute headache, behavioral abnormality and CT scan evidence of intracerebral hematoma. Detailed investigation established its infective origin due to herpes simplex virus type-I. The patient made an excellent recovery following a course of acyclovir. Frank intracerebral haematoma in the form of well defined mass on CT scan in patient with herpes simplex encephalitis is extremely rare.

Acute cervical epidural hematoma: case report

A 74 year-old patient with a nocturnal onset of neck and chest pain was brought to an emergency clinic. Physical examination and cardiac assessment were normal. Three hours after the addmittance, a flaccid paralysis of the four limbs supervened. Suspecting of an unusual onset of central nervous system infection, a lumbar puncture was performed, yielding 20 ml of normal cerebrospinal fluid. Thirty oinutes after the puncture, the patient completely regained neurological funcion. He was then referred to a General Hospital where a computed tomography (CT) scan was done showing a large cervical epidural bleeding in the posterolateral region of C4/C5 extending to C7/Th1, along with a C6 vertebral body hemangioma. A magnetic resonance imaging revealed the same CT findings. A normal selective angiography of vertebral arteries, carotid arteries and thyreocervical trunk was carried out. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (ASSEH) is a rare but dramatic cause of neurological impairment. In this article we report a fortunate case of complete recovery after an unusual spine cord decompression. We also review the current literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of ASSEH

Vascular lesions of the lumbar epidural space: magnetic resonance imaging features of epidural cavernous hemangioma and epidural hematoma

Sao descritas as caracteristicas do diagnostico de imagem pela ressonancia magnetica da coluna lombar em dois casos de lesoes vasculares do espaco epidural - hemangioma cavernoso e hematoma epidural lombar. A ressonancia magnetica com contraste mostra nas imagens pesadas em T1, halo de alto sinal ao redor da lesao vascular. Nas imagens pesadas em T2 as lesoes vasculares mostram aspecto de alto sinal

Hematoma epidural espinal espontáneo / Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: MR finding

Se estudiaron con RM 4 pacientes con diagnóstico de hematoma epidural espinal espontáneo. Todos los casos fueron confirmados por cirugía, excluyéndose de este trabajo los pacientes con hematomas epidurales espinales no espontáneos. En dos casos el hematoma fue a nivel lumbar, uno dorsolumbar y el restante a nivel cervical. La RM localizó y permitió un correcto diagnóstico en todos los pacientes, permitiendo determinar el tiempo de evolución del hematoma. Todos se presentaron como una masa que ocupaba el espacio epidural posterior con compresión de la médula espinal y de la cola de caballo. Concluimos que la RM es un método diagnóstico rápido y seguro que permite localizar, diagnosticar y caracterizar un hematoma espinal