Extradural hematoma following double valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass: A rare complication.

The primary mechanisms responsible for acute neurological deterioration following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) include cerebral embolism, cerebral hypoperfusion and/or inflammatory process triggered by CPB. Extradural hematoma (EDH) following CPB is rare but associated with significant mortality and morbidity. We present a case of EDH following double valve replacement in an adolescent boy.

Análise epidemiológica de 210 casos de hematoma extradural traumático tratados cirurgicamente / Epidemiological analysis of 210 cases of surgically treated traumatic extradural hematoma

OBJETIVO: Analisar aspectos da epidemiologia, apresentação clínica e radiológica de pacientes com hematoma extradural traumático (HED) submetidos a procedimento neurocirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada a revisão de prontuários de 210 pacientes admitidos no Serviço de Emergência com HED diagnosticados através de tomografia computadorizada, tratados cirurgicamente no período de agosto de 1998 a janeiro de 2008. Foram analisados: idade, sexo, apresentação clínica e radiológica, mecanismo de trauma e status neurológico no momento da alta hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Em 49,2% o mecanismo de trauma foi queda; 89,2% dos pacientes eram do gênero masculino; 49,7% dos casos tinham Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) entre 13-15; 61% dos pacientes tinham idade entre 20-49 anos; A localização do HED em 26,5% e 19,6% dos casos foi têmporo-parietal e temporal, respectivamente; 32,8% tinham lesões intracranianas associadas, sendo a fratura craniana evidenciada em cerca de 45% dos casos; 76,2% dos pacientes tratados cirurgicamente tiveram alta com déficit mínimo ou ausência de déficit neurológico. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos que o HED, na população de estudo, apresenta-se mais frequentemente no gênero masculino, na quarta década de vida, mais relacionado às quedas. Na admissão, observamos uma ECG entre 13 e 15, sendo pertinente mencionar o envolvimento da região têmporo-parietal na maioria dos casos. Acreditamos que o conhecimento da epidemiologia do hematoma extradural traumático pode auxiliar na elaboração de medidas de saúde pública, visando à prevenção e identificação precoce desta doença em determinada população.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiology, clinical and radiological presentation of patients with traumatic extradural hematoma (EDH) undergoing neurosurgical procedures. METHODS: We performed a chart review of 210 patients admitted to the emergency department with EDH diagnosed by CT scan and surgically treated between August 1998 and January 2008. Variables analyzed were: age, gender, clinical and radiological presentation, mechanism of injury and neurological status at discharge from hospital. RESULTS: In 49.2% trauma mechanism was fall; 89.2% of patients were male, 49.7% of cases had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) between 13 and 15; 61% of patients had age between 20 and 49 years; the location of EDH was the temporo-parietal and temporal in 26.5% and 19.6% of the cases, respectively; 32.8% had associated intracranial lesions, with skull fractures seen in around 45% of cases; 76.2% of surgically treated patients were discharged with minimal or no neurologic deficit. CONCLUSION: We observed that, in the study population, EDH appears more often in males, in the fourth decade of life, and is more related to falls. On admission, GCS was observed between 13 and 15 and it is appropriate to mention the involvement of the temporo-parietal region in most cases. We believe that knowledge of the epidemiology of traumatic epidural hematoma can assist in developing public health measures aimed at prevention and early identification of this disease in the population.

Mastoiditis causing sinus thrombosis and posterior fossa epidural haematoma: Case report

Spontaneously occurring epidural haematomas are an uncommon entity. A spontaneous post fossa epidural haematoma due to sigmoid sinus thrombosis secondary to mastoiditis has not been reported in English medical literature. We report a 40 year-old man who presented to us with headache and incoordination. A magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] confirmed epidural sub-acute bleeding in the right side of posterior fossa with mastoiditis and right sigmoid sinus thrombosis. A right suboccipital craniotomy and evacuation of the haematoma was done and the patient was relieved of his complains

Management of supratentorial epidural hematoma in children: report on 49 patients / Tratamento de hematoma epidural supratentorial em crianças: avaliação em 49 pacientes

Traumatic head injury is a common cause of mortality and acquired neurological impairment in children. However, pediatric epidural hematomas (EDHs) are not common and few series have studied the evolution of these patients. In this study, we present the results from a sample of patients with EDH with long-term follow-up. METHOD: Between January 2006 and December 2008, 49 patients with traumatic EDH were treated at our unit. Clinical course, radiological findings and outcomes were evaluated. Neurological status was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients' ages ranged from one day to 16 years. The mean follow-up was six months. RESULTS: On admission, most of the patients presented mild trauma and 57 percent had a GCS of 13-15. The most common symptom was irritability. The most frequent mechanisms of injury were: falling from a height in 29 cases and motor vehicle accidents in 16 cases. Three of these patients presented GCS 3, but only one died. We found a late neurological deficit in nine patients. CONCLUSION: These lesions may occur following mild head trauma and in alert children with nonfocal neurological examinations. However, in children presenting irritability with subgaleal hematomas and a history of loss of consciousness, skull computed tomography must be performed.

Trauma craniocerebral é uma causa frequente de mortalidade e comprometimento neurológico adquirido em crianças. No entanto, hematomas epidurais (HED) são raros em pacientes pediátricos, com poucas series estudando a evolução destes pacientes. Neste estudo, os autores apresentam os resultados de uma casuística de pacientes com HED acompanhados em longo prazo. MÉTODO: Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2008, 49 pacientes com HED foram tratados em nossa unidade. Curso clínico, achados radiológicos, e resultados foram avaliados. O estado neurológico foi avaliado com o Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). A idade variou de 1 dia a 16 anos. A média de acompanhamento foi de 6 meses. RESULTADOS: Na admissão, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava trauma leve e 57 por cento estavam com GCS de 13-15. O sintoma mais comum foi irritabilidade. Os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes foram queda de altura em 29 casos e acidentes de trânsito em 16 casos. Três destes pacientes apresentavam GCS 3, mas somente um morreu. Verificou-se déficit neurológico tardio em nove pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Esta lesão pode ocorrer após traumas leves e em crianças alerta com exames neurológicos não focais. No entanto, em crianças com irritabilidade com hematoma subgaleal e história de perda de consciência, tomografia do crânio deve ser realizada.

Inflicted neuro-trauma in infancy.

Two infants with non-accidental inflicted neuro-trauma are reported. One presented with sudden onset lethargy, respiratory difficulty and unexplained seizures. There were bilateral retinal bleeds and extradural hemmorage. Other was a well thriving child who had 2 seizures and was noted to lack visual fixation. Retinal hemorrhages and chronic subdural and intraparenchymal hemorrhages were subsequently discovered. We highlight the importance of suspecting child abuse in infants with sudden unexplained unresponsiveness, seizures or respiratory difficulty and the unusual occurrence of extradual hemorrhage.

Outcome of acute traumatic extradural hematoma

To assess the surgical outcome of acute extradural hematoma in terms of neurological recovery and survival. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Postgraduate Medical Institute, Neurosurgery Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from January to October 2006. Methodology: All patients admitted and operated for acute traumatic extradural hematoma during the study period were included. Demographic data, history, mode of trauma, examination findings, investigations and outcome were recorded. Glasgow coma scale was used for initial assessment and Glasgow outcome scale was applied to assess outcome in terms of neurological recovery in all patients. The follow-up period was 3 months. A total of 30 patients were operated during the period of 10 months including 22 males and 8 females. Patients were in the age range of 20-30 years comprised 30% of all. Most common causes were road traffic accident [50%], fall from height [33%] and assault [17%]. Patients were divided according to the initial Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] after resuscitation. The GCS was 3-8 in 6 patients, 9-12 in 7 patients, 13-15 in 17 patients. Twenty-four patients had good outcome, one patient had moderate disability in the form of left sided weakness, one patient remained in vegetative state, while 3 [10%] patients died. Chi-square test was significant for good outcome in patients with GCS 13-15 [p=0.01] and for death in patients with GCS 3-8 [p=0.01]. Extradural hematoma in head injuries affected young males more commonly. The outcome was better when the initial GCS was in the higher range

Bilateral cortical atrophy after severe brain trauma and extradural homatoma

We report the case of a severe head injured 43-year old male patient with a large extradural hematoma, Glasgow Coma Scale 3 and dilated fixed pupils. Patient was promptly submitted to surgical evacuation of the lesion, but remained in persistent vegetative state in the post-operative time. Head computed tomography scans performed before surgery, and at early and late post-operative periods comparatively revealed extreme bilateral cortical atrophy. Late consequences of severe head trauma drastically affect the prognosis of patients, being its prevention, and neuroprotection against secondary injury still a therapeutical challenge for neurosurgeons.

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 43 anos, com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave, com grande hematoma extradural, Escala de Coma de Glasgow 3 e pupilas fixas e dilatadas. O paciente foi prontamente submetido à evacuação cirúrgica da lesão mas permaneceu em estado vegetativo persistente no período pós-operatório. As TC de crânio realizadas antes da cirurgia e nos períodos pós-operatórios precoce e tardio revelaram comparativamente extrema atrofia cerebral bilateral. As conseqüências tardias do traumatismo craniano grave afetam drasticamente o prognóstico dos pacientes, sendo sua prevenção, e a neuroproteção contra a injúria secundária ainda um desafio terapêutico para os neurocirurgiões.

Ocorrência de hematoma peridural após anestesia geral associada à analgesia pós-operatória com cateter peridural em paciente em uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular: relato de caso / Epidural hematoma after general anesthesia associated with postoperative analgesia with epidural catheter in patient using low molecular weight heparin: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresentar um caso de paciente com hematoma peridural, na vigência do uso de cateter peridural e heparina de baixo peso molecular, seu quadro clínico e tratamento. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 75 anos, submetida à fixação de coluna lombar por via anterior, que desenvolveu no pós-operatório quadro clínico de paralisia progressiva nos membros inferiores, com perda de sensibilidade, sem apresentar dor radicular intensa. O tratamento foi descompressão medular imediata, com drenagem e limpeza cirúrgica de hematoma peridural, que se estendia da quinta até a décima vértebra torácica. Após a drenagem do hematoma a paciente recuperou gradualmente a força nos membros inferiores, recebeu alta em 10 dias com quadro de disfunção esfincteriana. Após três meses o quadro regrediu e não houve seqüela neurológica definitiva. CONCLUSÕES: O rápido diagnóstico com intervenção cirúrgica precoce é o tratamento mais eficaz para redução de lesão neurológica, em pacientes que desenvolvem hematoma peridural no pós-operatório. A utilização de heparina de baixo peso molecular, na vigência do uso de cateter peridural, exige a adesão estrita a protocolos estabelecidos, para que se reduzam os riscos do desenvolvimento de hematoma peridural.

Hematoma extradural do vértex: relato de caso / Epidural hematoma at the vertex: case report

Relatamos caso incomum de um paciente de 37 anos com hematoma extradural traumático do vértex com sintomas de hipertensão intracraniana. O diagnóstico foi feito através da tomografia do crânio em cortes coronais e o paciente foi submetido a craniotomia com drenagem do hematoma.

An extradural and subdural hematoma in a neonate.

Traumatic brain injury following birth is common in newborn but significant intracranial haematoma following birth injury is not that usual. Even busy pediatric trauma center have about only 1 to 3 % of admission that require neurosurgical care. Extradural haematoma (EDH) associated with intracerebral and subdural haematoma (SDH) is even more rare in newborn. If this is not detected and treated in time, the outcome may be fatal. A case of EDH with subdural and intracerebral haematoma in a 3 days old neonate is presented. Etiology and problems in diagnosis and management are discussed.

Dural metastases presenting as an extradural hematoma: a rare presentation

We report a case of an elderly man who presented with hemiparesis and plain CT scan findings highly suggestive of an extradural hematoma as the underlying cause. This patient was later found to have dural metastases secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma. Dural metastases are rare, usually presenting as dural mass, but may also present as chronic subdural or extradural hematoma on non contrast CT scan, leading to an erroneous diagnosis in the unsuspecting

Inadvertent insertion of nasogastric tube into the brain.

An unusual case of a nasogastric (Ryle's) tube inserted in the brain in a patient having severe head injury with skull base fractures is reported here along with a brief review of literature. A 35 years male was referred from a peripheral institute following head trauma with endotracheal tube and nasogastric tube in situ. A CT scan of the brain showed multiple skull base fractures and a high parietal extradural hematoma. It also revealed that the nasogastric tube had inadvertently found its way into the brain through the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone. The tube was removed under aseptic conditions in the operation theatre but the patient expired on day 2 of admission due to the head injuries sustained.

Spontaneous subdural hematoma in a young adult with hemophilia.

We report a case of spontaneous acute subdural hematoma in a 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with hemophilia during his hospital stay. He developed an extradural hematoma following evacuation of the acute SDH, which was also evacuated. He had a good outcome. Management of such a patient is discussed.

Tromboprofilaxia e bloqueio regional / Thromboprophilaxis and neuraxial blockade

Justificativa e Objetivos: No contexto das doenças vasculares periféricas, a doença venosa tromboembólica tem assumido maior importância, à medida em que se apresenta com freqüência e morbi-mortalidade elevadas e, sobretudo, pela possibilidade de alteraçäo de sua evoluçäo quando há reconhecimento e tratamento adequados. O uso cada vez mais freqüente de tromboprofiláticos tornou-se um problema para os anestesiologistas, uma vez que esses agentes têm aumentado a incidência de hematoma espinhal, quando associados a bloqueios regionais. Este trabalho tem o propósito de apresentar aos anestesiologistas, a partir de ampla revisäo de literatura, aspectos farmacológicos e bioquímicos dos anticoagulantes mais comumente utilizados e orientaçöes quando houver necessidade de bloqueio regional nos pacientes em esquema de anticoagulaçäo. Conteúdo: Säo apresentadas as características dos diferentes e implicaçöes no bloqueio regional. No final da descriçäo de cada fármaco, seguem-se consideraçöes a respeito das recomendaçöes mais importantes. Conclusöes: A realizaçäo de bloqueio regional, na vigência de tromboprofilaxia, exige redimensionamente das cautelas, principalmente nos aspectos concernentes à utilizaçäo de cateter peridural, punçöes repetidas e traumáuticas; pois, nestes casos, o risco da ocorrência de hematoma espinhal estará aumentado. Adicionalmente, fazem-se necessárias ampla comunicaçäo e preparo das equipes médica e de enfermagem quanto aos pacientes recebendo anticoagulantes, a fim de diminuir os riscos das complicaçöes hemorrágicas. Esses pacientes devem ser monitorizados minusiosamente, a fim de que sejam detectados precocemente sinais incipientes de compressäo medular. Se houver suspeita de hematoma espinhal, a confirmaçäo radiográfica deverá ser providenciada imediatamente, devido ao risco de isquemia medular irreversível

Anticoagulantes e bloqueios espinhais / Anticoagulants and neuro-axis blockades

Justificativa e objetivos - Com o uso de anticoagulantes para tromboprofilaxia, a incidência de hematomas em anestesias espinhais aumentou. O objetivo desta revisão é verificar a ocorrência de casos de hematomas espinhais e sua correlação com o uso de drogas utilizadas na tromboprofilaxia. Conteúdo - São feitas algumas considerações clínicas farmacológicas sobre as drogas utilizadas em tromboprofilaxia (cumarínicos, aspirina e heparina). São ressaltados os fatores de risco, particularmente aos relatos de casos de pacientes que desenvolveram hematoma peridural decorrente do uso simultâneo de heparina de baixo peso molecular e anestesia peridural

Contre-coup extradural haematoma : a short report.

An extradural haematoma contralateral to impact site is reported. Review of literature reveals that such phenomenon is extremely rare.