Caracterización clínica de la hemorragia intracerebral en pacientes ingresados en Hospital Faustino Pérez. 2012-2013 / Clinical characterization of the intracerebral hemorrhage in patients admitted in the Hospital Faustino Perez. 2012-2013

RESUMEN Introducción: las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son un problema de salud mundial, constituyen la tercera causa de muerte, la primera de discapacidad en el adulto y la segunda de demencia en el planeta Objetivo: caracterizar la hemorragia intracerebral en estos pacientes en relación con edad y sexo, factores de riesgo, letalidad según localización y extensión de la hemorragia. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes ingresados con hemorragia intracerebral en el Hospital Faustino Pérez en los años 2012 y 2013. El universo del estudio fue de 86 pacientes ingresados con hemorragia intracerebral. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edades de 70-79 años con 54,65% y 34,88% respectivamente, la raza negra con 40,7% y el factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial con 82,55% seguido de la diabetes mellitus con 23.25. La letalidad fue más elevada en los pacientes mayores de 80 años con 41,66%. Según la localización la subcortical fue más frecuente con 34,88% y la más letal el tallo encefálico con 100%. Según la extensión predominó la intraparenquimatosa pura con 69,76% y fue más letal intraventricular con 55%. Conclusión: la hemorragia intracerebral fue más frecuente en pacientes del sexo masculino, del grupo de edades de 70-79 años y de raza negra. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial, la localización más frecuente fue la subcortical y la extensión la intraparenquimatosa pura. La letalidad fue más alta en pacientes mayores de 80 años, con localización en tronco encefálico y extensión intraventricular.

ABSTRACT Introduction: cerebrovascular diseases are a health problem around the world, being the third cause of death, the first one of disability in adults, and the second cause of dementia in the world. Objective: to characterize intracerebral hemorrhage in these patients in relation to age and sex, risk factors, lethality according to its location and hemorrhage extension. Materials and methods: an observational, retrospective study was carried out in patients admitted in the Hospital Faustino Perez with intracerebral hemorrhage in 2012 and 2013. The universe of the study was 86 patients admitted due to intracerebral hemorrhage. Results: male sex (54.65 %), 70-79-years-old age group (34.88 %) and black race (49.7 %) predominated. The most frequent risk factor was arterial hypertension (82.55 %), followed by diabetes mellitus (23.25 %). Lethality was higher in patients elder than 80 years old (41.66 %). According to location, the subcortical one was the most frequent (34.88 %), and the most lethal was the one of the brainstem (100 %). According for the extension, the pure intraparenchimatous one predominated (69.76 %), and the intraventricular one was the most lethal (55 %). Conclusion: the intracerebral hemorrhage was more frequent in male sex, 70-79-years-old age group and black race. The most frequent risk factor was arterial hypertension; the most frequent location was the subcortical one, and the one with larger extension was the pure intraparenchimatous one. Lethality was higher in patients aged more than 80 years, located in the brainstem and with intraventricular extension.

Factores relacionados con el efecto de fármacos antagonistas de la vitamina K / Fatores relacionados ao efeito de drogas antagonistas da vitamina K / Factors related to the effect of vitamin K antagonist drugs

Introducción: la prescripción de fármacos inhibidores de la vitamina K exige el control del efecto anticoagulante. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento con warfarina sódica al momento del ingreso en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto durante el periodo 2016- 2018. Método: se realizó estudio analítico, retrospectivo y longitudinal. Se estudiaron 54 pacientes con las características señaladas, que se agruparon en un grupo control (n=16) con anticoagulación adecuada y un grupo estudio (n=38) también con anticoagulación adecuada. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Resultados: Un total de 16 pacientes presentó nivel adecuado de anticoagulación y en, 38, nivel de anticoagulación fue inadecuado. La warfarina sódica se indicó más en pacientes con prótesis valvular cardiaca mecánica (20,0 por ciento), y en estos fue más común la anticoagulación inadecuada. Los factores más relacionados con la anticoagulación adecuada fueron la supervisión médica frecuente (p=0,0000), que no usaron fármacos que interfieran con la acción del fármaco (p=0,0000) y el cumplimiento del tratamiento (p=0,0000). En 22 pacientes se presentaron complicaciones hemorrágicas y la más común fue la hemorragia cerebral y, 16, presentaron complicaciones tromboembólicas y la más frecuente fue el embolismo cerebral. Fallecieron 3 pacientes por complicaciones hemorrágicas y 9 por complicaciones tromboembólicas. En 21 pacientes la indicación del fármaco fue inapropiada. Conclusiones: se revela la necesidad del control de la adecuada adherencia terapéutica del paciente pues el inadecuado efecto anticoagulante genera complicaciones que pueden determinar la muerte del paciente(AU)

Introduction: the prescription of vitamin K inhibitor drugs requires control of the anticoagulant effect. Objective: to characterize patients with a history of treatment with warfarin sodium at the time of admission to the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto during the 2016-2018 period. Method: an analytical, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out. 54 patients with the characteristics indicated were studied, which were grouped in a control group (n=16) with adequate anticoagulation and a study group (n=38) also with adequate anticoagulation. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory variables were studied. Results: A total of 16 patients presented adequate level of anticoagulation and, in 38, level of anticoagulation was inadequate. Sodium warfarin was indicated more in patients with mechanical cardiac valve prostheses (20.0per cent), and inadequate anticoagulation was more common in these. The factors most related to adequate anticoagulation were frequent medical supervision (p=0.0000), who did not use drugs that interfere with the action of the drug (p=0.0000) and treatment compliance (p=0.0000). In 22 patients there were hemorrhagic complications and the most common was cerebral hemorrhage and, 16, they presented thromboembolic complications and the most frequent was cerebral embolism. Three patients died from bleeding complications and 9 from thromboembolic complications. In 21 patients the indication of the drug was inappropriate. Conclusions: the need to control the adequate therapeutic adherence of the patient is revealed because the inadequate anticoagulant effect generates complications that can determine the death of the patient(AU)

Introdução: a prescrição de medicamentos inibidores da vitamina K requer controle do efeito anticoagulante. Objetivo: caracterizar pacientes com histórico de tratamento com varfarina sódica no momento da admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Geral de Ensino Dr Agostinho Neto no período 2016-2018.Método: estudo analítico, retrospectivo e longitudinal. Foram estudados 54 pacientes com as características indicadas, os quais foram agrupados em um grupo controle (n=16) com anticoagulação adequada e um grupo estudo (n=38) também com anticoagulação adequada. Foram estudadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e laboratoriais. Resultados: Um total de 16pacientes apresentou nível adequado de anticoagulação e, em 38, o nível de anticoagulação foi inadequado. A varfarina sódica foi mais indicada em pacientes com próteses valvares cardíacas mecânicas (20,0 por cento), sendo a anticoagulação inadequada mais comum. Os fatores mais relacionados à anticoagulação adequada foram a supervisão médica frequente (p=0,0000), que não utilizou medicamentos que interferem na ação do medicamento (p=0,0000) e adesão ao tratamento (p=0,0000) Em 22 pacientes houve complicações hemorrágicas e a mais comum foi hemorragia cerebral; 16 apresentaram complicações tromboembólicas e a mais frequente foi embolia cerebral. Três pacientes morreram por complicações hemorrágicas e 9 por complicações tromboembólicas. Em 21 pacientes, a indicação do medicamento foi inadequada. Conclusões: a necessidade de controlar a aderência terapêutica adequada do paciente é revelada, pois o efeito anticoagulante inadequado gera complicações que podem determinar a morte do paciente(AU)

Association between blood pressure and acute phase stroke case fatality rate: a prospective cohort study / Associação entre níveis de pressão arterial e letalidade na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral: estudo de coorte prospectivo

ABSTRACT Objective ed to investigate the association between blood pressure and acute phase stroke lethality in a Brazilian intensive care unit. Methods This was an observational, prospective cohort study of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke intensive care patients. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the first seven days. Results There were 146 patients, aged 66 ± 13.4 years, 56% men, 89% Caucasian, 69% had ischemic stroke, and 80% were hypertensive. The median of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 16. There were 101 ischemic stroke patients and 45 hemorrhagic stroke patients. In the ischemic stroke patients, logistic regression analysis identified low systolic blood pressure as an independent ominous prognostic factor and the optimal cut off was a mean of systolic blood pressure ≤ 131 mmHg during the first 48 hours from admission for prediction of death. No association was found for hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions There was a negative association between systolic blood pressure and case fatality ratio of acute phase stroke in ischemic stroke intensive care patients.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a associação entre pressão arterial e letalidade do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em uma unidade de terapia intensiva brasileira. Métodos estudo de coorte prospectivo de pacientes com AVC hemorrágico (AVC-H) ou isquêmico (AVC-I) internados em terapia intensiva. O desfecho primário foi a letalidade por todas as causas nos primeiros sete dias. Resultados Avaliados 146 pacientes, idade: 66 ± 13,4 anos, 56% homens, 89% brancos, 69% AVC-I e 80% hipertensos. A mediana do NIH foi de 16. Os pacientes com AVC-I foram 101 e 45 com AVC-H. Para AVC-I, a análise de regressão logística identificou baixa pressão arterial sistólica como um fator prognóstico negativo e o melhor corte foi uma média da pressão arterial sistólica nas primeiras 48 h de admissão ≤ 131 mmHg para a predição da morte. Para o AVC-H, nenhuma correlação foi encontrada. Conclusões houve associação negativa entre a pressão arterial sistólica e a letalidade do AVC-I em fase aguda em pacientes de terapia intensiva.

Factores pronósticos de mortalidad por hemorragia intracerebral en el periodo agudo / Predictors of mortality due To intracerebral hemorrhage during the acute period

INTRODUCCIÓN: en Cuba la enfermedad cerebro vascular ocupa la tercera causa de muerte seguida por las cardiovasculares y por las neoplasias y constituye también la quinta causa de años de vida saludables perdidos. Dentro de la enfermedad cerebro vascular, la hemorragia intracerebral es la de mayores complicaciones. OBJETIVO: determinar los factores relacionados con la mortalidad a corto plazo de la hemorragia intracerebral. MÉTODO: estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo y analítico con los pacientes ingresados por hemorragia intracerebral en los servicios de urgencia y terapias del Hospital. Se utilizaron factores clínicos, demográficos e imagenológicos hipotéticamente pronósticos de muerte por hemorragia intracerebral. RESULTADOS: el grupo comprendido entre 70 - 79 años presentó mayor mortalidad con 76,2 % de defunciones y el mayor número de casos con hemorragia intracerebral (59 pacientes). El 60 % de los pacientes que consumieron anticoagulantes previo a la hemorragia intracerebral fallecieron, mientras que el 67 % de los noconsumidores sobrevivieron. La relación entre cardiopatía isquémica y hemorragia intracerebral se asocia de manera independiente al evento muerte (p=0,00), mientras que en los pacientes con infección respiratoria tuvieron la mayor proporción los fallecidos con un (73,1 %). Por otro lado los pacientes que llegaron inconscientes y con incontinencia urinaria se relacionaron directamente con la mortalidad con (77,5 %) y (69,1 %) respectivamente. Los que tuvieron extensión ventricular del hematoma y volumen mayor de 50 ml presentaron 8 y 13 veces más posibilidades de fallecer que los restantes, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: los factores pronósticos de mortalidad por hemorragia intracerebral fueron: el consumo de anticoagulantes orales, la cardiopatía isquémica, la presencia de infección respiratoria, el estado de inconsciencia al ingreso, la presencia de incontinencia urinaria, la extensión ventricular del hematoma y la hemorragia intracerebral con volumen mayor de 50 ml.

INTRODUCTION: in Cuba cerebrovascular disease occupies the third cause of death, followed by cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms and it is the fifth leading cause of years of healthy life lost. Inside the cerebrovascular disease, intracerebral hemorrhage is the major complication. OBJECTIVE: determine the factors associated with short-term mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage. METHOD: a cohort-retrospective and analytical study was conducted with intracerebral hemorrhage patients admitted in hospital emergency and therapies services. Clinical, demographic and imaging factors were considered for the hypothetical forecasts of death from intracerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS: the age group 70-79 has higher mortality (76.2%) and the highest number of cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (59 patients). 60% of patients taking anticoagulants prior to intracerebral hemorrhage, died; while 67% of non consumers survived. The relationship between intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic heart disease is independently associated to death event (p = 0.00), while patients with respiratory infection had the highest proportion with deceased patients (73.1%). On the other hand, patients who arrived unconscious and urinary incontinence were directly related to mortality (77.5%) and (69.1%) respectively. Those who had ventricular hematoma extension and volume higher than 50 ml presented 8 and 13 times more probabilities to die than the others, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the mortality predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage were: use of oral anticoagulants, ischemic heart disease, the presence of respiratory infection, unconscious on admission, the presence of urinary incontinence, ventricular extension of the hematoma and intracerebral hemorrhage with higher volume than 50 ml.

Does the side of middle cerebral artery compromise matters in the mortality after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke? / O lado acometido da artéria cerebral média interfere na mortalidade do acidente vascular isquêmico pós trombólise?

The impact of the side in middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke is not well established. Our aim was to analyze the differences between right (RMCA) and left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) stroke in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis and the influence of the affected side in the patient’s mortality after 3 months. Method Patients with MCA ischemic stroke submitted to intravenous thrombolysis from March 2010 to December 2011 at two Brazilian Stroke Centers were included. Differences between patients with RMCA and LMCA stroke were identified by univariate analysis. Results Forty-five patients with RMCA stroke and 67 with LMCA stroke were analyzed. Patients with LMCA had a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.031), although patients with RMCA more often had a previous ischemic stroke (p = 0.034). The mortality over 3 months was similar for either side (OR = 1.20 ;0.37 - 4.29, p = 0.772). Conclusion The side of the MCA ischemic stroke did not influence the patients mortality. .

O impacto do lado de acometimento da artéria cerebral média (ACM) não é bem estabelecido. Nosso objetivo é analisar as diferenças entre pacientes com acidente vascular isquêmico (AVCi) de ACM direita (ACMD) e esquerda (ACME) submetidos à trombólise endovenosa e a influência do lado acometido na mortalidade em 3 meses. Método Pacientes com AVCi ACMD e ACME submetidos à trombólise endovenosa entre Março de 2010 a Dezembro de 2012 em duas Unidades de AVC brasileiras foram incluídos. Diferenças entre AVCi ACMD e ACME foram identificadas pela análise univariada. Resultados Quarenta e cinco pacientes com AVCi de ACMD e 67 de ACME foram analisados. Pacientes com AVCi de ACME tiveram maior incidência de fibrilação atrial (p = 0,031), enquanto de ACMD maior de AVCi prévio (p = 0,034). A mortalidade em 3 meses foi similar em ambos os grupos (OR = 1,20; 0,37 -4,29, p = 0,772). Conclusão O lado de acometimento da ACM no AVCi não influencia na mortalidade. .

Ictus hemorrágico en los servicios clínicos del hospital José R López Tabrane: primer cuatrimestre del 2012 / Hemorrhagic ictus at the clinical services of the hospital José R. López Tabrane: First quarter of 2012

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del seguimiento a 14 pacientes que ingresaron con el diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica en los servicios clínicos del hospital José Ramón López Tabrane de Matanzas, en el periodo de enero a abril del 2012. Se observa que el grupo de 66–75 años predominó con 6 casos para un 42,8 por ciento, siendo el sexo masculino el más afectado con 8 pacientes para un 57,1 por ciento. Se apreció una estrecha relación entre escala de Glasgow, evolución clínica y estado al egreso. Se observó con escala Glasgow 15/15 solo 1 paciente vivo, para un 7,1 por ciento; con escala de 9-14/15 hubo 9 pacientes para un 64,2 por ciento y dentro de estos 4 fallecidos para una letalidad de 44,4 por ciento, con Glasgow de menos de 8/15 se presentaron 4 pacientes que todos fallecieron para una letalidad del 100 por ciento. Se comprueba mediante estudios de neuroimagen que el 24,1 por ciento son hemorragias e infarto sin efecto de masa, el 57,1 por ciento son hemorragias con efecto de masa, el 14,2 por ciento son hemorragias subaracnoideas y el 7,1 por ciento corresponde a la hemorragia intraventricular. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes recibieron tratamiento convencional, la alimentación precoz se utilizó en 10 pacientes para un 71,4 por ciento. La estadía hospitalaria se comportó entre 2 y 15 días. Se muestra la presencia de factores de riesgo en los pacientes estudiados. Se concluye que la escala de Glasgow permite establecer un pronóstico de morbimortalidad de los pacientes que ingresan con enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica.

We carried out a descriptive study of the follow up of 14 patients who entered the clinical services of the hospital José R. López Tabrane, of Matanzas, with the radiological and clinical diagnosis of hemorrhagic cerebral vascular disease, in the period form January to April 2012. We observed that there was a predominance of the 66-75-years-old age group with 6 cases for 42,8 percent, being the male genre the most affected with 6 patients for 57,1 percent. We found a tight relation among Glasgow scale, clinical evolution and health status at discharge. It was observed only one alive patient, 7,1 percent, with Glasgow scale 15/15; with Glasgow scale value 9-14/15 there were 9 patients for 64,2 percent, among them 4 passed away for 44,4 percent lethality; with Glasgow scale of less than 8/15 there were 4 patients; all of them died for 100 percent lethality. Through neuro-imaging studies we verified that 34,1 percent of the cases are hemorrhages and infarct without mass effect, 57,1 percent are hemorrhages with mass effect, 14,2 percent are sub-arachnoid hemorrhages, and 7,1 percent are intra-ventricular hemorrhages. 100 percent of the patients received conventional treatment, precocious feeding was used in 10 patients for 71,4. Hospital staying ranged between 2 and 15 days. It was showed the presence of risk factors in the studied patients. We arrived to the conclusion that the Glasgow scale allows to establish a morbimortality prognosis of the patients entering with hemorrhagic cerebral vascular disease.

Active extravasation of contrast within the hemorrhage (spot sign): a multidetector computed tomography finding that predicts growth and a worse prognosis in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage / Extravasamento ativo de contraste no interior da hemorragia (spot sign): um achado de TCMD que prediz crescimento e pior prognostico nas hemorragias intraparenquimatosas cerebrais nao traumaticas

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes high rates of disability and neurological sequelae Objective To evaluate spot signs as predictors of expansion and worse prognosis in non-traumatic ICH in a Brazilian cohort. Method We used multidetector computed tomography angiography to study 65 consecutive patients (40 men, 61.5%), with ages varying from 33 to 89 years (median age 55 years). Clinical and imaging findings were correlated with the findings based on the initial imaging. Results Of the individuals who presented a spot sign, 73.7% died (in-hospital mortality), whereas in the absence of a spot sign the mortality rate was 43.0%. Although expansion of ICH was detected in 75% of the patients with a spot sign, expansion was observed in only 9.0% of the patients who did not present a spot sign. Conclusions The spot sign strongly predicted expansion in non-traumatic ICH and an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. .

A hemorragia intraparenquimatosa cerebral (HIC) apresenta altas taxas de incapacidade e sequela neurológica. Objetivo Avaliar a presença de spot sign como preditor de expansão e pior prognóstico no follow-up de HIC não-traumática em brasileiros. Método Usamos a ângio-tomografia para estudar prospectivamente 65 pacientes consecutivos (40 homens 61,5%), com idades variando de 33 a 89 anos (mediana 55 anos). Evolução clínica e achados de imagem foram correlacionados com a interpretação dos achados do exame inicial. Resultados 73,7% dos indivíduos com spot sign no estudo tomográfico inicial evoluíram para óbito e, na sua ausência, a taxa de mortalidade foi 43,0%. Enquanto a expansão da HIC foi detectada em 75% dos pacientes com spot sign, ela foi notada em 9% daqueles sem este sinal. Conclusão O spot sign mostrou-se forte preditor de expansão da HIC não traumática e representa maior risco de morte hospitalar nesta coorte de pacientes. .

Early stroke case-fatality rates in three hospital registries in the Northeast and Southeast of Brazil / Taxas de letalidade precoce por acidente vascular cerebral em três registros hospitalares no nordeste e sudeste do Brasil

Few studies have addressed early cerebrovascular lethality in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 10 and 28-day stroke case-fatality rates in three hospitals in three Brazilian cities. METHODS: We described the stroke registries in São Paulo, João Pessoa, and Natal. RESULTS: Out of a total of 962 first-ever events (mean age, 68.1 years-old; 53% men), 83.6% (804 cases) were classified as ischemic and 16.4% (158) as hemorrhagic stroke. Overall, the case-fatality rates and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for hemorrhagic stroke events were higher than for ischemic events, both at 10 (12.3%; 95%CI 7.2-17.4 versus 7.0%; 95%CI 5.3-8.8) and at 28 days (19.8%; 95%CI 13.6-26.0 versus 11.1%; 95%CI 8.9-13.3). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any substantial differences in early case-fatality rates according to stroke subtypes, when comparing the three centers.

Poucos estudos abordaram a letalidade cerebrovascular precoce no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar taxas de letalidade por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em 10 e 28 dias após evento em três hospitais em três cidades brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Foram descritos os registros de AVC em São Paulo, João Pessoa e Natal. RESULTADOS: De um total de 962 primeiros eventos (idade média de 68,1 anos; 53% homens), 83,6% (804 casos) foram classificados como AVC isquêmico e 16,4% (158) como hemorrágico. As taxas de letalidade e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) para eventos de AVC hemorrágico foram maiores que para os isquêmicos em: 10 (12,3%; IC95% 7,2-17,4 versus 7,0%; IC95% 5,3-8,8) e 28 dias (19,8%; IC95% 13,6-26,0 versus 11,1%; IC95% 8,9-13,3). CONCLUSÕES: Não foram encontradas diferenças substanciais nas taxas de letalidade precoce por subtipo de AVC ao comparar os três centros estudados.

Outcomes from intracerebral hemorrhage among patients pre-treated with statins / Prognóstico da hemorragia intracerebral em pacientes previamente tratados com estatinas

OBJECTIVE: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been associated with improved clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage, but with an increased risk of incidental spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated whether the statin use before ICH, was associated with functional independence, 90 days after treatment. METHOD: We analyzed 124 consecutive ICH patients with 90-day outcome data who were enrolled in a prospective cohort study between 2006 and 2009. Eighty-three patients were included in this study. Among ICH survivors, univariate Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier plots were used to determine subject characteristics that were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Statin usage was determined through interviewing the patient at the time of ICH and confirmed by reviewing their medical records. Independent status was defined as Glasgow Outcome Scale grades 4 or 5. RESULTS: Statins were used by 20 out of 83 patients (24 percent) before ICH onset. There was no effect from pre-ICH statin use on functional independence rates (28 percent versus 29 percent, P=0.84) or mortality (46 percent versus 45 percent, P=0.93). CONCLUSION: Pre-ICH statin use is not associated with changes to ICH functional outcome or mortality.

OBJETIVO: Inibidores da 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase, ou estatinas, têm sido associados com melhora do prognóstico após eventos encefálicos isquêmicos e hemorragia subaracnóidea, mas com um aumento do risco de evento encefálico hemorrágico (AVEh). Nós investigamos se o uso de estatinas prévio ao sangramento é associado com independência funcional em 90 dias. MÉTODO: Analisamos 124 pacientes consecutivos com AVEh com 90 dias de seguimento, selecionando 83 para um estudo coorte prospectivo entre 2006 e 2009. O uso de estatinas foi determinado pela entrevista ao paciente no momento da entrada ao hospital e complementado pela revisão do prontuário. Foi definido como independência funcional um GOS (Glasgow Outcome Scale) 4 ou 5. RESULTADOS: Estatinas eram usadas por 20/83 (24 por cento) antes do AVEh. Não houve efeito benéfico do uso prévio ao AVEh de estatinas nas taxas de independência funcional (28 por cento versus 29 por cento, P=0,84) ou mortalidade (46 por cento versus 45 por cento, P=0,93). CONCLUSÃO: O uso de estatina pré-AVEh não é associado com melhora do prognóstico funcional ou taxa de mortalidade.

Capsulo-ganglionic bleed: Murder or pathology.

Intra parenchymal (intra cerebral) haemorrhage is the most common type of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage. It accounts for 10% of all strokes with a 50% case fatality rate. Hypertension is the one of the most common causes of intra parenchymal haemorrhage followed by other causes like, amyloid angiopathies, cocaine abuse, haematologic disorders and head injury. The present case is a case of death due to intra parenchymal haemorrhage where the relatives of the deceased alleged the death to have been caused as a sequel to an assault by neighbours. Autopsy conducted by experts proved that death was due to pathology and not trauma, thereby assisting in establishment of justice. Usually a single deep seated intracranial haemorrhage in ganglionic region without any injury to scalp, skull and brain is due to natural disease. Hypertension is the most common cause of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage.

Determining ICH Score: can we go beyond? / Determinando o ICH Score: podemos ir além?

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) still presents a great heterogeneity in its clinical evaluation, demonstrating differences in the enrollment criteria used for the study of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatment. The aim of the current study was to assess the ICH Score, a simple and reliable scale, determining the 30-day mortality and the one-year functional outcome. Consecutive patients admitted with acute SICH were prospectively included in the study. ICH Scores ranged from 0 to 4, and each increase in the ICH Score was associated with an increase in the 30-day mortality and with a progressive decrease in good functional outcome rates. However, the occurrence of a pyramidal pathway injury was better related to worse functional outcome than the ICH Score. The ICH Score is a good predictor of 30-day mortality and functional outcome, confirming its validity in a different socioeconomic populations. The association of the pyramidal pathway injury as an auxiliary variable provides more accurate information about the prognostic evolution.

A hemorragia intracerebral (AVCH) espontânea ainda apresenta grande heterogeneidade em sua avaliação clínica, evidenciando diferenças nos critérios de inclusão utilizados nos estudos de tratamento da hemorragia intracerebral (ICH). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o ICH Score, uma escala simples e confiável, determinando a mortalidade em 30 dias e o resultado funcional após um ano. Pacientes consecutivos com AVCH espontâneo foram incluídos prospectivamente no estudo. O ICH Score variou de 0 a 4 e cada aumento no ICH Score esteve associado com um aumento na mortalidade em 30 dias e com uma progressiva diminuição nas taxas de bom resultado funcional. Entretanto, a ocorrência de injúria da via piramidal esteve melhor relacionada com um pior resultado funcional do que o ICH Score. O ICH Score é um bom preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e resultado funcional, confirmando sua validade em diferentes populações socioeconômicas. A associação da injúria da via piramidal como variável auxiliar fornece informações mais precisas sobre a evolução prognóstica.

Intracerebral hemorrhage

To study intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH] at Jordan University Hospital [JUH] with the aim of assessing prevalence, age/gender distribution, causes, clinical manifestations, and location of ICH on CT brain, treatment modalities and outcome, and to compare these findings with those from Middle Eastern and Western literature. Among 1498 patients with stroke seen over a 6-year-period, from January 2002 to December 2007 at JUH, Amman, Jordan, 100 patients with spontaneous ICH were studied retrospectively. The prevalence of ICH was 6.7%. The mean age was 61 years, with 71 males, and 29 females. The most common cause was hypertension, alone or combined with the use of aspirin and/or warfarin. The most common clinical manifestations were hemiparesis/plegia, impaired level of consciousness [mean Glasgow coma scale [GCS] score = 7.3] and headache/vomiting. The most common location on CT brain was in the basal ganglia [61 patients]. Seventy-nine patients received medical treatment and 21 had surgery. Forty-two patients died after a mean of 7 days [ranging from one day to 6 weeks]. The factors related to mortality were old age >68 years, GCS <8, intraventricular extension of ICH on CT brain and the presence of other comorbidities. Among 58 survivors, 50 were left with neurological deficit, predominantly hemiparesis/plegia in 46 patients. Twelve patients were left with chronic epilepsy. This study shows a lower prevalence of ICH compared to developed countries, a similar age and gender distribution, and hypertension as the major risk factor, which should be the focus of public health in Jordan and the Arab World

Frequency of stroke types at an emergency hospital in Natal, Brazil

We performed a cross-sectional study of stroke type frequency at a local emergency hospital, in Natal, Brazil. The sample consisted of all patients who were admitted to an emergency hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of stroke. Of the 416 patients, 328 were studied, 88 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria, 74.7 percent (n= 245) had ischemic stroke 17.7 percent (n=58) had intracerebral hemorrhage, 7.6 percent (n=25) had subarachnoid hemorrhage; 173 were men (52.7 percent). Mean age was 64.1 years. The intrahospital mortality rate was 10.2 percent, 17.2 percent and 36 percent for ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, respectively. The most prevalent modifiable risk factor was hypertension for ischemic stroke (67.6 percent) and hemorrhage stroke (57.8 percent). Logistic regression analysis identified diabetes (OR=3.70; CI=1.76-7.77) as independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. The ischemic stroke was most common type of stroke. Hypertension and diabetes were important risk factors for stroke.

Realizamos um estudo de prevalência para determinar a freqüência dos tipos de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) num hospital de urgência de Natal. Estudaram-se todos os pacientes que foram admitidos no hospital de urgência com diagnóstico presuntivo de AVC. Dos 416 pacientes, 328 foram estudados, 88 foram excluídos por não cumprirem os critérios de inclusão, 74,7 por cento (n= 245) tiveram AVC isquêmico, 17,7 por cento (n=58) hemorragia intracerebral e 7,6 por cento (n=25) hemorragia subaracnóidea. O gênero mais prevalente foi o masculino (52,7 por cento). A média de idade foi 64,1 anos. A letalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 10,2 por cento, 17,2 por cento e 36 por cento para o tipo isquêmico, hemorrágico e hemorragia subaracnóide, respectivamente. O principal fator de risco modificável foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) para AVC isquêmico (67,6 por cento) e AVC hemorrágico (57,8 por cento). A regressão logística identificou diabetes como fator de risco independente para AVC isquêmico (OR=3,70; IC=1,76-7,77). O AVC isquêmico foi o tipo mais comum. HAS e diabetes foram importantes fatores de risco.

Hemorragia intracerebral: estudio de 349 autopsias en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras / Intracerebral hemorrhage. Study of 349 autopsies made at “Hermanos Ameijeiras” clinical and surgical hospital

La hemorragia intracerebral es causa importante de morbilidad neurológica, discapacidad y mortalidad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras para precisar las causas de muerte en estos pacientes y los factores contribuyentes de la misma. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y todos los protocolos de necropsia de los fallecidos por hemorragia intracerebral en el período de 1994-2004. Se estudiaron 349 fallecidos por hemorragia intracerebral: 54,4 por ciento de los mismos fueron mujeres y el mayor porcentaje correspondió al grupo de 55-74 años de edad (38,3 por ciento). El 63,7 por ciento de las hemorragias intracerebrales fueron supratentoriales y el 36,3 por ciento, infratentoriales. Se halló HTA en 63,7 por ciento de los fallecidos con hemorragias intracerebrales y fue más común en los pacientes con hemorragias supratentoriales (65,8 por ciento). El 54,1 por ciento de las muertes ocurrieron en la primera semana de evolución del ictus hemorrágico. Las herniaciones encefálicas constituyeron la causa funcional del 67,7 por ciento de las muertes y la causa morfológica principal directa de la muerte fue la propia hemorragia intracerebral (73,0 por ciento). La hipertensión arterial (63,3 por ciento) fue la principal causa contribuyente de la muerte en los fallecidos con hemorragia intracerebral.

A retrospective descriptive study was conducted at Hermanos Ameijeiras clinical and surgical hospital with the objective of precising over the causes of death from intracerebral hemorrhage and the contributing factors. Medical histories and necropsy protocols of the persons who died from this disease from 1994 to 2004 were all reviewed. Three hundred and forty nine deceased people were studied; 54,4 percent of them were females and the highest percentage (38,3 percent) belonged to the 55-74 years-old age group. Of intracerebral hemorrhages, 63,7 percent were supratentorial and 36,3 percent were infratentorial. It was also confirmed that blood hypertension affected 63,7 percent of these dead persons, being more common in patients with supratentorial hemorrhages (65,8 percent)and that 54.1 percent of deaths occured within the first week of hemorrhagic stroke course. Encephalic herniation was the functional cause of 67,7 percent of deaths whereas the main direct morphological cause was intracerebral hemorrhage as such(73 percent). It was concluded that blood hypertension (63,3 percent) was he main contributing cause of death in those persons who died from intracerebral hemorrhage.

Hematomas intracerebrales no traumáticos: factores pronósticos / No traumatic intracerebral hematomas: pronostic factors

Los eventos hemorrágicos cerebrales de origen no traumático tienen un alto impacto medico y social. Para el medico de urgencia no existen muchas herramientas pronosticas en las primeras horas para predecir la mortalidad, necesidad de cirugía y grado de discapacidad en caso de sobrevida. Nosotros presentamos una estudio de cohorte prospectivo de 44 pacientes ingresados al Hospital van Buren de Valparaíso de hematoma intracerebral. Las localizaciones de las lesiones, fueron en 21 casos ubicadas en regiones profundas, en 19 pacientes se trato de hematomas lobares, 3 fueron cerebelosos y uno en protuberancia. El volumen calculado de las lesiones fue como promedio de 43, 2 cc, los varones alcanzaron mayores volúmenes con un promedio de 57cc +/-56cc contra 32cc +/-28cc diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos p < 0.05 Se intervinieron 11 pacientes, Los volúmenes de la lesión no fueron criterios en la indicación quirúrgica. El análisis de t-student demostró que los factores determinantes para realizar la cirugía fueron; desviación de línea media y la inundación ventricular (p<0.05). Fallecieron 10 de 44 pacientes estudiados. Las variables predictivas de muerte fueron el Glasgow de ingreso <8, volumen >55 cc y efecto de masa con desplazamiento de la línea media (p<0.05). En cuanto resultados malos en la calidad de sobrevida (GOS 1, 2 y 3), se pudo predecir estadísticamente (p<0.05) con un Glasgow menor a 8 al ingreso, volumen > 55 cc, efecto de masa y desviación de línea media y lesiones de tronco cerebral. El postular una Malformación vascular resultó un factor protector.

Intraventricular hemorrhage in blunt head trauma

Before the CT scan was widely used for imaging, intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH] was a rare diagnosis and in most cases proved fatal. Currently, thanks to the CT scan IVH. is easily diagnosed. Prognosis of IVH is very poor and almost always is accompanied with other intracranial traumatic lesions and pure traumatic IVH is very rare. This descriptive study done on 28 patients with IVH. During a year 742 patients were admitted to the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit of Shahid Kamyab Hospital. In 28 cases the leading cause of admittance was motor vehicle accidents, Most of the patients were between the age of 21-30., Out of 28 cases had IVH, 5 patients [18%] had pure IVH and the remaining others had intera cranial legions like, parenchymal hemorrhage, sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, brain contusions, subdural hemorrhage and acute hydrocephalus in one patient [3.6%]. 82% of patients had a very low-conscious level at admittance, which measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale, lower than 8. Mortality was higher than 61%. Four patients had surgical treatment and all died. Eight cases did not have any surgical procedure. Traumatic IVH is very rare in severe blunt head injuries and is associated with other brain lesions and had a poor prognosis. Mortality rate is different and depends on other accompanying intracranial lesions. Surgical intervention does not have a significant effect for a successful out come

Prognostic indicators in patients with primary intraventricular haemorrhage

Primary intraventricular haemorrhage [PIVH] is a rare clinical entity. We sought to evaluate risk factors, clinical and radiological features, and outcome of patients with PIVH. Cases of PIVH were identified from cohort of patients with non traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage [ICH] by reviewing the radiological data. Their charts were reviewed and demographic, clinical, radiological and laboratory data was recorded and analyzed. Chi square and t test were used to determine predictors of poor outcome. Fifteen of 677 [2%] patients with ICH had PIVH. Nine [60%] were men. Median age was 56 years. Predisposing factors included hypertension in twelve [80%], coagulopathy in five [33%] and vascular malformations in two [13%] patients. Eleven [73%] patients developed hydrocephalus. Two patients died. Univariate analysis identified diabetes mellitus, blood in all ventricles and coagulopathy as predictors of death during initial hospital stay and hydrocephalus as predictor of poor outcome [death and disability combined] [p<0.05]. Hypertension is most common associated risk factor for primary intraventricular haemorrhage followed by coagulopathy. Hydrocephalus is a common complication, associated with poor outcome. Diabetes mellitus, coagulopathy and panventricular blood predict early mortality

Effect of body temperature on mortality of acute stroke.

OBJECTIVES: The exact relation between body temperature and mortality of acute stroke victims is poorly understood. However, body temperature can affect the outcome of stroke cases in relation to mortality. In the initial (4-12 hrs) hours of stroke, the temperature rise is often neurogenic in origin and mortality is also higher with raised body temperature. Though the anatomical lesion or nature of lesion along with other established risk factors influence the mortality of stroke cases, change in temperature does affect the outcome of stroke cases. We sought to find out the significance of stroke victim's body temperature (within 4-12 hrs) with respect to short-term mortality rate in our study. METHODS: We selected 100 ischemic and 100 hemorrhagic stroke patients proved by CT scan of brain and 2-hrly oral temperature was strictly recorded for the initial 4-12 hrs of admission. RESULTS: It was evident from the study that hyperthermia (>37.5 degrees C) was associated with highest mortality rate in both hemorrhagic (51.78%) and ischemic (56.66%) cases. In normothermic group, mortality was 13.5% and 8.8% in hemorrhagic and ischemic group respectively, whereas hypothermia (<36.5 degrees C) was associated with 0 % mortality. CONCLUSION: Hyperthermia in acute stroke victim carries a bad prognostic parameter in short term basis.

Stroke mortality in São Paulo (1997-2003): a description using the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases

A mortalidade pela doença cerebrovascular (DCV) é ainda elevada no Brasil quando comparada a outros países. O município de São Paulo tem um sistema de informação de mortalidade de boa qualidade que nos permite avaliar a epidemiologia da DCV. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão por gênero e faixa etária do diferentes tipos de doença DCV. Para essa tarefa, as informações de mortalidade foram estratificadas por gênero e faixas etárias decenais desde os 30-39 anos de idade até os 70-79 anos de idade. Para evitar flutuações ocasionais, calculou-se a média dos óbitos ocorridos no período de 1997 a 2003.As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas usando-se a população determinada no Censo de 2000. A proporção de mortes por DCV em comparação com o total de óbitos de origem cardiovascular foi maior entre as mulheres, principalmente na meia idade. Por outro lado, a diferença do risco de morte por entre homens e mulheres aumentou progressivamente com o avançar da idades, com os homens apresentando sempre os valores mais elevados. A DCV não especificada como isquêmica ou hemorrágica foi a causa mais comum de morte por DCV a partir dos 60 anos. No entanto, a hemorragia intracerebral foi a causa mais freqüente para ambos os sexos dos 30 aos 59 anos. A hemorragia subaracnoídea foi causa muito mais freqüente entre mulheres do que em homens. A razão entre mortes por DCV isquêmica em relação a hemorrágica (ambos subtipos) foi 0,59 para homens e 0,56 para mulheres. Concluindo, a magnitude dos tipos hemorrágicos da DCV é ainda bastante elevada em São Paulo quando comparada a de outros países.