Interpretation of the 2022 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the management of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

The American Academy of Pediatrics updated the guidelines for the management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infants with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks in September 2022. Based on the evidence over the past 18 years, the guidelines are updated from the aspects of the prevention, risk assessment, intervention, and follow-up of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infants with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks. This article gives an interpretation of the key points in the guidelines, so as to safely reduce the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy and unnecessary intervention.

Analysis of the maternal and fetal adverse outcomes of 154 pregnant women with cesarean section in the second stage of labor / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse outcomes of cesarean section in the different duration of the second stage of labor. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical data of 154 pregnant women with singleton head pregnancy who underwent cesarean section at different times of the second stage of labor due to maternal and fetal factors in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to the duration of the second stage of labor, they were divided into <2 h group (54 cases), 2-<3 h group (61 cases), and ≥3 h group (39 cases). The general data of pregnant women and neonates, preoperative maternal and neonatal conditions related to labor stages, surgical indications, surgical procedures, and perioperative maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes were compared among the three groups. Results: (1) General Information: there were no significant differences in maternal age, gravidity and parity, proportion of primipara, gestational age at delivery, body mass index before delivery, pregnancy complications, labor analgesia rate and the duration of the first stage of labor among the three groups (all P>0.05). The differences of the gender composition, birth weight and incidence of macrosomia of the three groups were also not statistically significant (all P>0.05). (2) Maternal and fetal status and surgical indications: the incidence of intrapartum fever and type Ⅱ and Ⅲ fetal heart rate monitoring in the <2 h group were higher than those in the 2-<3 h group and the ≥3 h group, and the preoperative fetal head position in the ≥3 h group was lower than that in the 2-<3 h group, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The proportion of cesarean section due to "fetal distress" was 40.7% (22/54) in the <2 h group, which was higher than that in the 2-<3 h group (4.9%, 3/61) and the ≥3 h group (2.6%, 1/39). The proportions of surgical indication of "relative cephalo-pelvic disproportion" were 98.4% (60/61) and 94.9% (37/39) in the 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group, respectively, and the surgical indication of "fetal head descent arrest" were 41.0% (25/61) and 59.0% (23/39), respectively. Compared with <2 h group [63.0% (34/54), 13.0% (7/54)], the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no significant difference in surgical indications between 2-<3 h group and ≥3 h group (all P>0.05). (3) Intraoperative conditions and perioperative complications of cesarean section: the puerperal morbidity rate of <2 h group was 37.0% (20/54), which was higher than those of 2-<3 h group (18.0%, 11/61) and ≥3 h group (7.7%, 3/39), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incidence of fetal head inlay, uterine incision tear, modified B-Lynch suture for uterine atony, postpartum hemorrhage, perioperative blood transfusion, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level, perioperative Hb change, and postoperative hospital stay among the three groups (all P>0.05). (4) Adverse neonatal outcomes: non-hemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group was 35.9% (14/39), which was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (13.0%, 7/54; P<0.05). Among the neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within 1 week after birth, the proportion of neonates admitted to NICU due to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ≥3 h group (15/19) was significantly higher than that in <2 h group (9/17) and 2-<3 h group (10/19), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the <2 h group and the 2-<3 h group (P>0.05). There was no perinatal death in the three groups. Conclusions: The rate of puerperal morbidity is higher in patients who were transferred to cesarean section within 2 hours of the second stage of labor. In the early stage of the second stage of labor, the monitoring of fetal heart rate and amniotic fluid characteristics should be strengthened, especially the presence or absence of prenatal fever. In good maternal and neonatal conditions, conversion to cesarean section after 2 hours of the second stage of labor does not significantly increase the incidence of serious adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. For the second stage of labor more than 3 hours before cesarean section, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of neonatal bilirubin.

Intensive phototherapy vs. exchange transfusion for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: a multicenter retrospective cohort study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Intensive phototherapy (IPT) and exchange transfusion (ET) are the main treatments for extreme hyperbilirubinemia. However, there is no reliable evidence on determining the thresholds for these treatments. This multicenter study compared the effectiveness and complications of IPT and ET in the treatment of extreme hyperbilirubinemia.@*METHODS@#This retrospective cohort study was conducted in seven centers from January 2015 to January 2018. Patients with extreme hyperbilirubinemia that met the criteria of ET were included. Patients were divided into three subgroups (low-, medium-, and high- risk) according to gestational week and risk factors. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the data before treatment. Study outcomes included the development of bilirubin encephalopathy, duration of hospitalization, expenses, and complications. Mortality, auditory complications, seizures, enamel dysplasia, ocular motility disorders, athetosis, motor, and language development were evaluated during follow-up at age of 3 years.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1164 patients were included in this study. After PSM, 296 patients in the IPT only group and 296 patients in the IPT plus ET group were further divided into the low-, medium-, and high-risk subgroups with 188, 364, and 40 matched patients, respectively. No significant differences were found between the IPT only and IPT plus ET groups in terms of morbidity, complications, and sequelae. Hospitalization duration and expenses were lower in the low- and medium-risk subgroups in the IPT only group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In this study, our results suggest that IPT is a safe and effective treatment for extreme hyperbilirubinemia. The indication of ET for patients with hyperbilirubinemia could be stricter. However, it is necessary to have a contingency plan for emergency ET as soon as IPT is commenced especially for infants with risk factors. If IPT can be guaranteed and proved to be therapeutic, ET should be avoided as much as possible.

UGT1A1 gene mutations in Chinese Dong neonates in Sanjiang, Guangxi / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the characteristics of UGT1A1 gene mutations in Dong neonates in Sanjiang County of Liuzhou and its association with the pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia in Dong neonates.@*METHODS@#A prospective analysis was performed on 84 neonates who were diagnosed with unexplained hyperbilirubinemia in the Department of Neonatology, Sanjiang County People's Hospital, from January 2021 to January 2022. Sixty healthy neonates born during the same period were enrolled as the control group. Peripheral blood genomic DNA was extracted for both groups, and UGT1A1 exon 1 was amplified by PCR and sequenced.@*RESULTS@#In the case group, 33 neonates were found to have G71R missense mutation, with a mutation rate of 39%. The case group had a significantly higher frequency of A allele than the healthy control group (21% vs 10%, P<0.05). The risk of hyperbilirubinemia in Dong neonates carrying G71R missense mutation was 2.588 times as high as that in healthy neonates carrying wild-type UGT1A1 gene (P<0.05). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing showed that the UGT1A1 G71R locus was in genetic equilibrium in both groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#UGT1A1 G71R mutation is a high-frequency gene mutation type in Dong neonates in Sanjiang County, and G71R missense mutation is associated with hyperbilirubinemia in Dong neonates.

Preadmission follow-up condition of neonates hospitalized due to severe hyperbilirubinemia after discharge from the department of obstetrics and influencing factors for follow-up compliance: a multicenter investigation / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the preadmission follow-up condition of neonates hospitalized due to severe hyperbilirubinemia after discharge from the department of obstetrics and the influencing factors for follow-up compliance.@*METHODS@#A multicenter retrospective case-control study was performed for the cases from the multicenter clinical database of 12 units in the Quality Improvement Clinical Research Cooperative Group of Neonatal Severe Hyperbilirubinemia in Jiangsu Province of China from January 2019 to April 2021. According to whether the follow-up of neonatal jaundice was conducted on time after discharge from the department of obstetrics, the neonates were divided into two groups: good follow-up compliance and poor follow-up compliance. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the influencing factors for follow-up compliance of the neonates before admission.@*RESULTS@#A total of 545 neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia were included in the study, with 156 neonates (28.6%) in the good follow-up compliance group and 389 (71.4%) in the poor follow-up compliance group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that low gestational age at birth, ≥10% reduction in body weight on admission compared with birth weight, history of phototherapy of siblings, history of exchange transfusion of siblings, Rh(-) blood type of the mother, a higher educational level of the mother, the use of WeChat official account by medical staff to remind of follow-up before discharge from the department of obstetrics, and the method of telephone notification to remind of follow-up after discharge were associated with the increase in follow-up compliance (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Poor follow-up compliance is observed for the neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia after discharge from the department of obstetrics, which suggests that it is necessary to further strengthen the education of jaundice to parents before discharge and improve the awareness of jaundice follow-up. It is recommended to remind parents to follow up on time by phone or WeChat official account.

Enfermedad hemolítica del feto y del recién nacido por aloanticuerpos contra el antígeno M / Hemolytic disease in fetuses and newborns due to antibodies against the M-antigen

Resumen | Hay pocos reportes de enfermedad hemolítica del feto y del recién nacido causada por aloanticuerpos contra el sistema de antígenos MNS, especialmente, porque los anticuerpos que se generan contra estos antígenos son del tipo IgM, los cuales tienen reactividad a temperaturas inferiores a los 37 °C, y, por lo tanto, no son de importancia clínica. A pesar de ello, se han reportado casos con presencia de anticuerpos anti-M de tipo IgG causantes de la enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido e, incluso, casos de muerte intrauterina por incompatibilidad materno-fetal en el sistema MNS. El proceso hemolítico se asemeja al causado por los anticuerpos anti-Kell, con anemia progresiva por supresión hematopoyética que induce la destrucción de precursores hematopoyéticos en la médula ósea y ausencia de reticulocitos en la periferia. Se reporta el caso de una mujer con 38,5 semanas de gestación, que presentó discrepancia en la hemoclasificación directa y en la inversa. Como resultado, el recién nacido fue positivo en la prueba de Coombs directa sin que existiera incompatibilidad ABO con la madre. La correlación de estos resultados llevó a la detección de un anticuerpo anti-M en el suero materno. El diagnóstico definitivo fue posible gracias a la discrepancia en la hemoclasificación de la sangre materna. A pesar de que los anticuerpos anti-M usualmente no desempeñan un papel importante en la enfermedad hemolítica perinatal, este caso resalta la importancia de determinar la presencia de diferentes anticuerpos que pueden ser de vital interés a la hora de prevenir resultados graves asociados con dicha condición. Además, abre la puerta a nuevas recomendaciones relacionadas con la tamización y el tratamiento temprano de la hemólisis en los recién nacidos.

Abstract | There are few case reports of hemolytic disease in fetuses and newborns (HDFN) caused by alloantibodies against the MNS blood group system. The reason for this dearth is that antibodies toward these antigens are usually IgM, which not only cannot cross the placental circulation but also react at temperatures below 37°C. They are, therefore, of minimal clinical importance. Nevertheless, cases have been reported in which the presence of anti-M IgG antibodies caused severe HDFN and even intrauterine death in the presence of maternal-fetal MNS incompatibility indicating that they could have a high clinical impact. The hemolytic pattern observed in these cases is similar to that caused by anti-Kell antibodies. Progressive anemia is mediated and developed through hematopoietic suppression inducing the destruction of bone marrow precursor cells with the resulting absence of reticulocytes in peripheral blood. This occurred in the case of a woman at 38.5 weeks of gestation who showed a discrepancy between direct and reverse blood type determination. A direct Coombs test was performed on the newborn's blood, which was positive in the absence of maternal-fetal ABO incompatibility. Further tests were performed and anti-M antibodies were found in the maternal serum screening. Our final diagnosis was largely due to discrepancy issues in maternal blood. Although anti-M antibodies do not usually play a significant role in HDFN, this case stresses the importance of identifying the presence of antibodies that can be crucial in preventing HDFN and lead to new recommendations for the screening and prompt treatment of hemolysis in newborns.

El contacto piel a piel como promotor de la lactancia materna, y su posible relación con la disminución de la hiperbilirrubinemia / Skin-to-skin contact as a promoter of breastfeeding, and its possible relationship with the reduction of hyperbilirubinemia

INTRODUCCIÓN: El contacto piel a piel (CPP) postparto es una práctica de atención de salud fuertemente aconsejada por la OMS, por los beneficios a largo y a corto plazo que conlleva tanto para la salud de la madre como para la del recién nacido. OBJETIVO: Realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica con el objetivo de determinar los beneficios que tiene la CPP durante el periodo del postparto inmediato sobre la lactancia materna (LM) y la ictericia neonatal (IN). RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que el CPP aumenta diversos indicadores de éxito de lactancia materna, dentro de los cuales destacan: aumento en la efectividad de la primera lactancia, mayor probabilidad de mantener la LM a 4 meses, aumento del periodo de LM en promedio, mayor probabilidad de LM exclusiva a 6 meses. No se encontraron mayores beneficios al iniciar el CPP antes de los 10 minutos, ni al prolongarlo más de 60 minutos. Además, el CPP indirectamente disminuye la probabilidad de presentar IN, debido a que aumenta la frecuencia de LM, indicador que se asocia de manera indirecta a los niveles de bilirrubina en el recién nacido. CONCLUSIÓN: La revisión de la literatura especializada nos permite concluir que el contacto temprano entre la madre y su hijo en sala de partos, piel a piel, tiene efectos significativamente positivos en la lactancia materna y puede llegar a representar un factor protector de la hiperbilirrubinemia no conjugada en el RN.

Postpartum skin-to-skin contact (SSC) is a health care practice strongly advised by the WHO because of the long- and short-term benefits for both maternal and newborn health. This update summarizes the main findings supporting the recommendation to perform SSC during the immediate postpartum period, specifically the benefits on breastfeeding (BF) and neonatal jaundice (NI). The results show that SSC increases several indicators of breastfeeding success, including: increased effectiveness of the first breastfeeding, greater probability of maintaining BF at 4 months, increased BF period on average, greater probability of exclusive BF at 6 months. No greater benefits were found when initiating SSC before 10 minutes, nor when prolonging it for more than 60 minutes. In addition, SSC indirectly decreases the probability of presenting NI, because it increases the frequency of BF, an indicator that is indirectly associated with bilirubin levels in the newborn. CONCLUSION: A review of the specialized literature allows us to conclude that postpartum skin-to-skin contact (SSC) has significantly positive effects on breastfeeding and may represent benefits in bilirubin levels in the newborn.

Cord blood bilirubin and prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and perinatal infection in newborns at risk of hemolysis

Abstract Objective To assess the accuracy of umbilical cord bilirubin values to predict jaundice in the first 48 h of life and neonatal infection. Method Newborn infants treated at a regional well-baby nursery born at ≥36 weeks of gestation were included in this retrospective cohort study. All infants born in a 3-year period from mothers with O blood type and/or Rh-negative were included and had the umbilical cord bilirubin levels measured. Hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h was defined as bilirubin levels above the phototherapy threshold. Neonatal infection was defined as any antibiotic treatment before discharge. Results A total of 1360 newborn infants were included. Two hundred and three (14.9%) newborn infants developed hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h of life. Hyperbilirubinemic infants had smaller birth weight, higher levels of umbilical cord bilirubin, a higher rate of infection and were more often direct antiglobulin test positive. Umbilical cord bilirubin had a sensitivity of 76.85% and a specificity of 69.58% in detecting hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h, with the cut-off value at 34 µmol/L. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.78-0.82). Umbilical cord bilirubin had a sensitivity of 27.03% and specificity of 91.31% in detecting perinatal infection. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.57-0.63). Conclusions A positive correlation was found between umbilical cord bilirubin and hyperbilirubinemia in the first 48 h of life. Umbilical cord bilirubin is a poor marker for predicting neonatal infection.

Protocolo de fototerapia profilática para doença hemolítica perinatal no Instituto Fernandes Figueira: avaliação de 10 anos de sua utilização / Prophylactic phototherapy protocol for perinatal hemolytic disease at the Fernandes Figueira Institute: a 10-year evaluation of its use

Introdução: Na doença hemolítica perinatal há anticorpos maternos contra antígenos das hemácias fetais, provocando sua hemólise. Esses anticorpos têm passagem ativa pela placenta, desta forma gerando complicações tanto no período intrauterino quanto no pós-natal. Após o nascimento a maior complicação é a hiperbilirrubinemia, com risco de neurotoxicidade. A fototerapia é uma medida altamente eficaz no controle desta complicação, porém em casos extremos pode ser necessário a exsanguineotransfusão, um procedimento invasivo com riscos de morbidade e mortalidade. No Instituto Fernandes Figueira foi iniciado, em 2006, uso de fototerapia profilática de forma a padronizar a terapia nos recém-nascidos com doença hemolítica perinatal pelo RhD. Objetivo: Descrever os resultados da fototerapia profilática na evolução clínica dos recém-nascidos com doença hemolítica perinatal pelo anticorpo RhD, com especial atenção à incidência de exsanguineotransfusão. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectiva. Foram selecionados recém-nascidos Rh positivo com Coombs direto positivo, filhos de mães RhD negativo, aloimunizadas para o antígeno RhD, nascidos no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Foram incluídos 199 recém-nascidos no estudo. Na amostra, foi encontrada média de valor máximo de bilirrubina de 11,33 mg ±4,26, sendo atingido o pico máximo de bilirrubina com média de 119,23 horas de vida (±70,57); e 9,5% necessitaram de exsanguineotransfusão. O tempo de fototerapia apresentou mediana de 6 dias (IQR: 5-7) com mediana de 8 dias (IQR: 6-11) de internação. Em 32,2% dos casos houve hipotermia como complicação da fototerapia. Ocorreram 3 óbitos, em recém-nascidos pré termos, nascidos por sofrimento fetal agudo iniciado durante procedimento de transfusão intrauterina. Conclusão: Neste estudo foi encontrada uma baixa incidência de exsanguineotransfusão. É possível observar que o pico máximo de bilirrubina ocorreu em momentos mais tardios e que foram encontrados baixos valores de bilirrubina máxima. Contudo, apesar de potencial benefício, mais estudos são necessários para se obter dados mais fidedignos sobre o impacto da fototerapia profilática nos recém-nascidos no curto e médio prazo.

Introduction: In perinatal hemolytic disease there are maternal antibodies against fetal red cell antigens, causing hemolysis. These antibodies pass actively through the placenta, thus generating complications both in the intrauterine period and in the postnatal period. After birth, the biggest complication is hyperbilirubinemia, with a risk of neurotoxicity. Phototherapy is highly effective to control this hyperbilirubinemia, but in extreme cases exchange transfusions may be necessary, an invasive procedure with risks of morbidity and mortality. In 2006, the Fernandes Figueira Institute started the use of prophylactic phototherapy in order to standardize the therapy in newborns with perinatal hemolytic disease by RhD. Objective: To describe the results of prophylactic phototherapy in the clinical evolution of newborns with perinatal hemolytic disease by the RhD antibody, with special attention to the incidence of exchange transfusions. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed. Rh positive newborns with positive direct Coombs, children of RhD negative mothers, alloimmunized for the RhD antigen, born between January 2009 and December 2018 were selected. Results: 199 newborns were included in the study. The mean maximum value of bilirubin found was 11.33 mg ±4.26mg, reaching the maximum peak of bilirubin with a mean of 119.23 hours of life (±70.57h); and 9.5% required exchange transfusion. The median time of use of phototherapy was 6 days (IQR: 5-7) with a median of 8 days (IQR: 6-11) of hospital stay. In 32.2% of cases there was hypothermia as a complication of phototherapy. There were 3 deaths, in preterm newborns, born due to acute fetal distress. Conclusion: In this study, a low incidence of exchange transfusion was found. It is possible to observe that the maximum bilirubin peak occurred at later times and that low values of maximum bilirubin were found. However, despite the potential benefit, further studies are needed to obtain more reliable data on the impact of prophylactic phototherapy on newborns in the short and medium term.

Characteristics of gut microbiota and its association with the activity of β-glucuronidase in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the characteristics of gut microbiota and its association with the activity of β-glucuronidase (β-GD) in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.@*METHODS@#A total of 50 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted in January to December, 2018, were enrolled as the hyperbilirubinemia group, and 30 neonates without hyperbilirubinemia were enrolled as the control group. The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing method was used to compare gut microbiota between the two groups. The phenolphthalein-glucuronic acid substrate method was used to measure the activity of β-GD in the intestinal tract of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#The comparison of the distribution of gut microbiota at the genus level showed a significant difference in the abundance of 52 bacteria between the hyperbilirubinemia and control groups before treatment (@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are differences in gut microbiota between the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and those without hyperbilirubinemia. The activity of β-GD in feces is positively correlated with the abundance of

Association between the inter-aural latency difference of brainstem auditory evoked potential wave V and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia using short auditory stimuli (60 dBnHL), and to investigate the differences in the inter-aural latency difference (ILD) of wave V between neonates with different total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels.@*METHODS@#A prospective study was conducted in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Yuhuan People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, from May 2019 to October 2020. The neonates were divided into a severe group (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the mild group, the severe group had significantly higher proportions of neonates with abnormal hearing threshold and abnormal ILD (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Serum bilirubin in neonates affects the ILD of BAEP wave V, especially in those with severe hyperbilirubinemia. ILD at the optimal cut-off value of ≥0.4 ms shows potential value in the diagnosis of hearing impairment caused by neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Perfil clínico de pacientes con diabetes gestacional e incidencia de complicaciones neonatales en un centro de referencia materno-fetal colombiano / Clinical profile of patients with gestational diabetes and incidence of neonatal complications in a Colombian maternal-fetal reference center

OBJETIVO: determinar el perfil clínico de pacientes con diabetes gestacional (DG) y la incidencia de las complicaciones neonatales. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de una cohorte retrospectiva de gestantes con DG según criterios HAPO/ (IADPSG) International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups y Carpenter-Coustan y sus hijos, en un servicio de alta complejidad obstétrica de Medellín, Colombia entre 2012-2015. Se presentan medidas descriptivas de características maternas y neonatales e incidencia de las complicaciones neonatales. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 197 maternas y 203 neonatos; 90,5 % maternas tenían sobrepeso u obesidad; la comorbilidad más frecuente fue el trastorno hipertensivo asociado al embarazo en 22,8 %. El manejo de la DG fue 59,3% nutricional exclusivo, 37,1% nutricional más insulina y 3.6% nutricional más metformina. La media de edad gestacional al parto fue 37 sem y 3 días; la DG fue la indicación más frecuente de inducción del parto en 76 % (38/50); 56,4 %, fueron partos vaginales y el 34,6% fueron cesáreas indicadas por DG. Un 11,3 % de los recién nacidos fueron grandes para la edad gestacional (P >90) y se encontraron 2 recién nacidos con peso > 4000 gr. La incidencia de al menos una complicación neonatal fue 27,6 %, 16,7 % presentaron hiperbilirrubinemia, 9,9 % síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR), 3.0% hipoglicemia, 10.8% otras complicaciones y 12,3 % ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. CONCLUSIONES: la DG es una indicación frecuente de inducción del parto y de indicación de cesárea. Las complicaciones neonatales ocurren en uno de cuatro recién nacidos, aunque observamos una baja incidencia de grandes para la edad gestacional (recién nacidos con peso > percentil 90), hubo 2 otras morbilidades neonatales relacionados con el diagnóstico materno como hiperbilirrubinemia y SDR.

AIM: To determine the clinical profile pregnant women with gestational diabetes and incidence of the neonatal complications. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of a retrospective cohort of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GD) according to HAPO and Carpenter-Coustan criteria and their children, under a high complexity obstetric service in Medellin, Colombia between 2012-2015. Descriptive measures of maternal and neonatal characteristics and incidence of neonatal complications are presented. RESULTS: The study included 197 pregnant women and 203 neonates: 90.5 % of pregnancies were overweight or obese; the most frequent comorbidity was the hypertensive disorder associated with pregnancy in 22.8 %. The management of the DG was 99.0% nutritional, 37.1% insulin and 3.6 % metformin. The average gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks and 3 days; DG was the most frequent indication of induction of labor in 76 % (38/50); 56.4% were vaginal deliveries and 34.6 % were DG related caesarean sections, 11.3 % of newborns were large for gestational age (P > 90) and two newborns weighing > 4000 gr. The incidence of at least one neonatal complication was 27.6 %, 16.7 % had hyperbilirubinemia, 9.9 % respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 3.0 % hypoglycemia, 10.8 % other complications and 12.3 % were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: DG is a frequent indication of induction of labor and indication of caesarean section. Neonatal complications occur in one of four newborns, although we observed a low incidence of macrosomia, there were other neonatal morbidities related to maternal diagnosis such as hyperbilirubinemia and RDS.

Infecciones del tracto urinario en neonatos sin explicación. Hiperbilirrubinemia: Prevalencia y predictivo factores de riesgo / Urinary tract infections in unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: Prevalence and predictive risk factors

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are widespread clinical disorder among early neonates. Neonates with UTIs were susceptible to higher rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly when presented with hyperbilirubinemia. Early diagnosis may help in complete recoveryrather than being threatened in terms of complications. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictive risk factors of UTIs in neonates with an unexplained hyperbilirubinemia. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the NICU of Aswan University Hospital, Egypt from August 2018 to February 2019. The study was conducted on 140 newborns who were diagnosed with indirect hyperbilirubinemia in the first 4 weeks of life after exclusion of unrelated criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected by an interview questionnaire. Biochemical markers including bilirubin level, CBC, urine analysis and urine cultures and sensitivity were determined. Results: The prevalence rate of UTIs in the studied newborns was 25%. Escherichia -coli was the dominant organism isolated. Amikacin was the most common antibiotic sensitive to the isolates. There was a significant difference between the UTI positive and negative neonates in the univariate analysis regarding some studied variables. While, an increase in the number of WBCs in the blood (OR = 6.90, P = 0.001), small for gestational age (OR = 4.07, P = 0.021), prolonged phototherapy (OR = 3.50, P = 0.034), and presence of maternal complications (OR = 2.92, P = 0.001) were statistically associated with a positive urine culture in multivariate analysis. Conclusions and recommendations: The prevalence rate of UTIs was 25%. The study indicated the importance of routine screening of UTI (urine culture) as part of the clinical assessment of unexplained hyperbilirubinemia in neonates with an increase in the number of WBCs in their blood, small for gestational age, prolonged duration of phototherapy, and neonates born from mothers who had a history of obstetric complications

Fototerapia con Lámpara de Diodos Emisores de Luz (LED) versus Lámpara Fluorescente Estudio Clínico Cuasi-aleatorizado / Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamp Phototherapy versus Fluorescent Lamp Quasi-randomized Clinical Study

Introducción: Se ha establecido que la fototerapia con tecnología LED es más efectiva que la fototerapia convencional para el tratamiento de hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal al reducir el número de horas de tratamiento requerido en los recién nacidos a término y pretérmino. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un estudio clínico aleatorizado con tres tipos de lámparas incluida una de prototipo. Métodos: En el presente estudio clínico con un diseño paralelo de tres grupos, participaron recién nacidos con necesidad de tratamiento por hiperbilirrubinemia, ingresados en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en Azogues-Ecuador. Fueron distribuidos en 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) Fototerapia con lámpara fluorescente, Grupo 2 (G2) fototerapia LED comercializada (Medix®, Mediled®), Grupo 3 (G3) con Fototerapia LED de prototipo. Se mide la concentración de bilirrubinas y la diferencia de medias de su reducción en cada grupo para demostrar no inferioridad. Resultados: El peso en G1 (n=30) fue 3050 ±134 gr, en G2 (n=30): 3200 ±186; G3 (n=30): 3034 ±234 (P=0.70). La edad gestacional en G1: 39 ±1 semanas, en G2 39.1±1.1, en G3 39 ±1.1 (P=0.80). Bilirrubina en G1: 15.8 ±6.2, en G2: 14. 93 ±5.9 y en G3: 15.62 ±5.9 mg/dl. (P=0.60). Las diferencias de bilirrubina (Delta 1) pre-tratamiento y a las 24 horas de tratamiento fueron -2.4 en G1, -2.4 en G2 y -2.25 mg/dl en G3 (P=0.60). Delta 2 a las 48 horas: -4.5 en G1, -4.26 en G2 y -4.42 mg/dl en G3 (P=0.62). Conclusión: los tres tratamientos demostraron No inferioridad en el tratamiento de hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal

Introduction: It has been established that phototherapy with LED technology is more effective than conventional phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by reducing the number of hours of treatment required in term and preterm newborns. The objective of the present study was to carry out a randomized clinical study with three types of lamps, including a prototype. Methods: In the present clinical study with a parallel design of three groups, newborns with need of treatment for hyperbilirubinemia, admitted to the Neonatology Unit of the Homero Castanier Crespo Hospital in Azogues-Ecuador, participated. They were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (G1) Phototherapy with fluorescent lamp, Group 2 (G2) commercialized LED phototherapy (Medix®, Mediled®), Group 3 (G3) with prototype LED phototherapy. The bilirubin concentration and the mean difference of its reduction in each group are measured to demonstrate non-inferiority. Results: The weight in G1 (n = 30) was 3050 ± 134 gr, in G2 (n = 30): 3200 ± 186; G3 (n = 30): 3034 ± 234 (P = 0.70). Gestational age in G1: 39 ± 1 weeks, in G2 39.1 ± 1.1, in G3 39 ± 1.1 (P = 0.80). Bilirubin in G1: 15.8 ± 6.2, in G2: 14. 93 ± 5.9 and in G3: 15.62 ± 5.9 mg / dl. (P = 0.60). The differences in bilirubin (Delta 1) pre-treatment and at 24 hours of treatment were -2.4 in G1, -2.4 in G2 and -2.25 mg / dl in G3 (P = 0.60). Delta 2 at 48 hours: -4.5 in G1, -4.26 in G2 and -4.42 mg / dl in G3 (P = 0.62). Conclusion: the three treatments demonstrated non-inferiority in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Fatores associados aos sintomas de doenças atópicas em crianças de 6-7 anos em um município da Região Sul do Brasil / Factors associated with the symptoms of atopic diseases in children aged 6-7 years in a municipality in southern Brazil

Introdução: Considerando que os mecanismos pelos quais as doenças atópicas têm aumentado em frequência e gravidade não são inteiramente conhecidos, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os fatores associados aos sintomas das doenças atópicas em crianças de 6-7 anos. Método: Estudo observacional do tipo caso-controle realizado com crianças de 6-7 anos em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Questionários foram aplicados às mães das crianças, e os sintomas de doenças atópicas foram triados pelo questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 255 crianças (85 casos e 170 controles). Os fatores associados às doenças atópicas foram: história familiar de asma (OR: 4,61; IC95% 2,63-0,73), rinite (OR: 3,46; IC95% 1,90-3,26) e eczema (OR: 3,42; IC95% 1,91-6,14), corrimento vaginal na gestação (OR: 4,25; IC95% 2,31-7,84), icterícia neonatal (OR: 2,38; IC95% 1,21-4,68), infecções respiratórias dos tratos superior e inferior (OR: 3,75; IC95% 2,13-3,62; OR: 3,68; IC95% 2,00-6,76, respectivamente), refluxo gastroesofágico (OR: 3,83; IC95% 1,87-7,82), além do tabagismo domiciliar (OR: 2,00; IC95% 1,10-3,64), mofo/umidade no quarto (OR = 3,34; IC95% 1,82-6,12) e animais em casa (OR: 1,77 IC95% 1,04-3,02). Conclusão: Casos de atopia estão associados a história familiar, infecções gestacionais maternas e neonatal, além de variáveis ambientais como o tabagismo e mofo.

Introduction: Considering that the mechanisms by which atopic diseases have increased in frequency and severity are not entirely known, the present study aims to analyze the factors associated with symptoms of atopic diseases in children aged 6-7 years. Method: This case-control observational study recruited children aged 6-7 years in a city in southern Brazil. The questionnaires were administered to the children's mothers and the symptoms of atopic diseases were screened through the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Results: The study included 255 children (85 cases and 170 controls). Factors associated with atopic diseases were family history of asthma (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.63-0.73), rhinitis (OR: 3.46; 95% CI: 1.90- 3.26), eczema (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.91-6.14), vaginal discharge during pregnancy (OR: 4.25; 95% CI: 2.31-7.84), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.21-4.68), upper and lower respiratory infections (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.13-3.62; and OR: 3.68; 95% CI: 2.00-6.76, respectively), gastroesophageal reflux (OR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.87-7.82), in addition to household smoking (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10-3.64), mold in the bedroom (OR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.82-6.12) and pets at home (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.04-3.02). Conclusion: Cases of atopic diseases are associated with family history, maternal and neonatal infections, and environmental exposures such as smoking and mold.

Consenso de hiperbilirrubinemia del primer trimestre de la vida / Consensus on hyperbilirubinemia of the first trimester of life

La presencia de ictericia en la etapa neonatal puede responder a diversas causas, desde situaciones fisiológicas hasta enfermedades graves. En los neonatos de término que persisten ictéricos más allá de los 14 días de vida, debe determinarse si la hiperbilirrubinemia es no conjugada o conjugada para establecer, a la brevedad, el plan de estudios etiológicos y la terapéutica correspondiente. La hiperbilirrubinemia conjugada (colestasis) refleja una disfunción hepática en la mayoría de los casos, cuyas consecuencias son alteraciones del flujo biliar secundarias a anormalidades estructurales o moleculares del hígado y/o del tracto biliar.Durante la última década, los nuevos estudios moleculares revolucionaron el abordaje de los pacientes colestáticos, lo que permitió el diagnóstico de diversas entidades genéticas. La etiología de la hiperbilirrubinemia del primer trimestre debe determinarse con urgencia, ya que, en muchos casos, el tratamiento instituido de modo precoz puede modificar sustancialmente la evolución de la enfermedad o salvar la vida del paciente.

Neonatal jaundice may be due to different causes, ranging from physiological conditions to severe diseases. In term neonates with persistent jaundice beyond 14 days of life, it should be determined whether hyperbilirubinemia is unconjugated or conjugated, in order to study the etiology and start early treatment. In the majority of cases, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (cholestasis) is a sign of liver dysfunction possibly associated with alterations in the bile flow secondary to structural or molecular abnormalities of the liver and/or the biliary tract. Over the past decade, new molecular studies have revolutionized the approach of cholestatic patients, leading to the identification of different genetic entities. It is important to determine the etilogy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia since in many cases early treatment will substantially improve morbidity and mortality.

An investigation of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in 13 hospitals of Jiangsu Province, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the management on the treatment and follow-up of this disease in Jiangsu Province, China.@*METHODS@#The neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted to 13 hospitals in Jiangsu Province from January to December, 2018, were enrolled as subjects. A retrospective analysis was performed on their mediacal data and follow-up data.@*RESULTS@#In 2018, 740 neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia were reported from the 13 hospitals in Jiangsu Province, accounting for 2.70% (740/27 386) of the total number of neonates admitted to the department of neonatology. Among these neonates, 620 (83.8%) had severe hyperbilirubinemia, 106 (14.3%) had extremely severe hyperbilirubinemia, and 14 (1.9%) had hazardous hyperbilirubinemia. Four neonates (0.5%) were diagnosed with acute bilirubin encephalopathy. A total of 484 neonates (65.4%) were readmitted due to severe hyperbilirubinemia after discharge from the delivery institution, with a median age of 7 days, among whom 214 (44.2%) were followed up for jaundice at the outpatient service before readmission, with a median age of 6 days at the first time of outpatient examination. During hospitalization, 211 neonates (28.5%) underwent cranial MRI examinations, among whom 85 (40.3%) had high T1WI signal in the bilateral basal ganglia and the globus pallidus; 238 neonates (32.2%) underwent brainstem auditory evoked potential examinations, among whom 14 (5.9%) passed only at one side and 7 (2.9%) failed at both sides. The 17 neonates with acute bilirubin encephalopathy or hazardous hyperbilirubinemia were followed up. Except one neonate was lost to follow-up, and there were no abnormal neurological symptoms in the other neonates.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia account for a relatively high proportion of the total number of neonates in the department of neonatology. Jaundice monitoring and management after discharge from delivery institutions need to be strengthened. For neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia, relevant examinations should be carried out more comprehensively during hospitalization and these neonates should be followed up comprehensively and systematically after discharge.

Current status of readmission of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and risk factors for readmission / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the current status of readmission of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and risk factors for readmission.@*METHODS@#From January 2017 to December 2019, a total of 85 infants who were readmitted due to hyperbilirubinemia were enrolled as the study group. A total of 170 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia but without readmission during the same period of time were randomly selected as the control group. The medical data were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors for readmission due to hyperbilirubinemia.@*RESULTS@#The readmission rate was 2.30%, and the interval between readmission and initial admission was 5 days. Compared with the control group, the study group had significantly higher levels of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin at discharge (P<0.05) and a significantly longer duration of phototherapy during the first hospitalization (P<0.05). The univariate analysis showed that compared with the control group, the study group had significantly lower birth weight, gestational age, and age on initial admission (P<0.05) and a significantly higher proportion of infants with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency or hemolytic disease (P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that low gestational age (OR=1.792, P<0.05), young age on initial admission (OR=1.415, P<0.05), and G-6-PD deficiency (OR=2.829, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for readmission of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The infants with hyperbilirubinemia who have lower gestational age, younger age on initial admission, and G-6-PD deficiency have a higher risk of readmission due to hyperbilirubinemia. It is thus important to strengthen the management during hospitalization and after discharge for these infants to prevent the occurrence of readmission.

Remote monitoring of neonatal jaundice in newborns with ABO hemolytic disease / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the feasibility of remote monitoring of neonatal jaundice in newborns with ABO hemolytic disease.@*METHODS@#Forty six neonates of gestational age >35 weeks with ABO hemolytic disease admitted to Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 20th, 2020 to February 29th, 2020 were enrolled in the study (study group). The newborns were followed up at home after discharge, the transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) levels were measured by parents using the provided device and the results were sent to the doctor by smart phone using the installed APP. Fifty six newborns with ABO hemolytic disease admitted in 2018 who received conventional outpatient follow-up after discharge served as the control group. The demographic characteristics, total serum bilirubin (TSB) level during hospitalization, number of outpatient visit and rate of re-admission due to rebound hyperbilirubinemia were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences between the two groups in gestational age, birth weight, delivery mode, gender, length of the first hospitalization, TSB level before phototherapy and before discharge, and the managements during the first hospitalization (all @*CONCLUSIONS@#The remote follow-up for neonatal jaundice at home can effectively reduce the number of outpatient visits without increasing the risk of readmission and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia for newborns with ABO hemolytic disease.

Effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii combined with phototherapy in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates: a prospective randomized controlled trial / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii combined with phototherapy in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates.@*METHODS@#The neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were hospitalized from January to December 2018 were enrolled and randomly divided into an observation group (n=61) and a control group (n=63). The neonates in the observation group were treated with phototherapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii, and those in the control group were treated with phototherapy combined with placebo. Treatment outcomes were compared between the two groups. Fecal samples were collected 72 hours after treatment and 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to compare the features of gut microbiota between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the total serum bilirubin level between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment, the observation group had a significantly lower level of total serum bilirubin than the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly lower proportion of neonates requiring phototherapy again [20% (12/61) vs 75% (47/63), P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroides (P<0.05) and a significantly lower abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus in the intestine at 72 hours after treatment (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, phototherapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii can effectively reduce bilirubin level and prevent the recurrence of jaundice. Saccharomyces boulardii can favour the treatment outcome by regulating the gut microbiota of neonates.