Hipercementosis, una alteración de la estructura dentaria: recopilación bibliográfica / Hypercementosis, an alteration of the dental structure: bibliographic compilation

La hipercementosis se presenta como depósitos de cemento en la raíz de uno o más dientes. Siendo más frecuente en dientes que están sometidos a fuerzas de oclusión, particularmente en pacientes con enfermedad de Paget. El aumento de cemento se depositará en una banda que se encuentra situada alrededor del tercio apical de la raíz, es de ayuda útil realizar una evaluación radiográfi ca antes de una extracción dental (AU)

Hypercementosis occurs as cement deposits in the root of one or more teeth. Being more frequent in teeth that are subjected to occlusion forces or in patients with Paget's disease. The cement increase can be deposited in a band that can be found near the apical third of the root, it is a dental aid that a radiographic evaluation is made before a dental extraction (AU)

Prevalence of hypercementosis in a saudi arabian population: a cone beam computed tomography study

Objective: to determine the prevalence of hypercementosis in a Saudi Arabian population. material and methods: a total of 642 CBCT scans from patients comprising 4471 teeth were incorporated in the study sample. all teeth were analyzed for the presence of hypercementosis in sagittal, axial and coronal plains by two qualified and experienced observers. the characteristics of the involved tooth in terms of gender, jaw and location were recorded from the CBCT scans. the obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0. the reliability of measurements was evaluated by kappa statistics. results: out of total 642 subjects hypercementosis was observed in 31 patients (4.82 percent) and 43 teeth (0.96 percent). Eight (2.68 percent) maxillary 1st molars, 6 (1.88 percent) mandibular 1st molars, 5 (1.46 percent) maxillary second molars, 7 (1.95 percent) mandibular 2nd molars, 9 (4.76 percent) maxillary 3rd molars and 8 (3.58 percent) mandibular 3rd molars were observed to have hypercementosis. among males, 4.76 percent were affected with hypercementosis as compared to 4.86 percent of females (p=0.97). likewise, no significant difference in the occurrence of hypercementosis was observed between maxillary and mandibular arches or between sides (p>0.05). conclusion: the prevalence of hypercementosis in a Saudi population was found to be 4.82 percent with respect to patients and 0.96 percent with respect to teeth. No significant propensity for gender, jaw and arch side was noted.

Intentional partial odontectomy—a long-term follow-up study / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: The surgical extraction of the third molar is the most frequently encountered procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery and is related with a variety of complications. This study examined the efficacy of intentional partial odontectomy (IPO) in the third molars which have no periapical lesions and are located near important anatomical structures such as inferior alveolar nerve. METHODS: Seven patients (four males, three females, 39.1 ± 11.6 years), who received IPO to reduce the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI), were followed long-term. The treated teeth were horizontally impacted third molars in the mandibular left (n = 5) or mandibular right (n = 4) areas and were all ankylosed with the surrounding alveolar bone. During the IPO, the bone around the crown was removed to expose the crown, and then the tooth was resected at cement-enamel junction (CEJ). Any secondary trauma to the healthy root was minimized and remained intact after primary suture. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 63.2 ± 29.8 months, and all sites showed good bone healing after the crown removal. Also, sensory abnormality was not found in any patients after IPO. In one patient, the bone fragments erupted 4 months after IPO. In other patient, an implant placed on second molar site adjacent to the third molar that received IPO was explanted about 2 years after the patient’s persistent discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: In case where high risk of IANI exists, IPO may be chosen alternatively to surgical extraction to reduce the risk of nerve damage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40902-017-0127-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Raíces dentales humanas normales y con perlas de cemento: comparación histológica de estructuras / Normal human dental roots and withcementum pearls: structural histological comparison

Durante la vida del diente en boca se deposita cemento celular en el ápice a fin de compensar el desgaste oclusal considerado normal. Al extraer un diente, en raras ocasiones es posible visualizar excesos de cemento con forma de perlas bien delimitados y duros al tacto, ubicados en otro sector radicular diferente al ápice. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar estructuras en ambos tipos de cemento a fin de hallar diferencias histológicas. Se utilizaron 20 dientes permanentes con perlas (G1) y 20 con raíces normales (G2). Las raíces de G1 se cortaron con disco metálico de grano fino a baja velocidad en sentido transversal, a la altura de la parte más prominente de la protuberancia, las raíces de G2 se marcaron en tercios y se cortaron en sentido transversal aproximadamente a la altura de la mitad del tercio apical y de ambos grupos se obtuvieron un segmento que fue reservado y otro que fue preparado con técnica por desgaste para visualización con MO a menor y mayor aumentos. Los resultados se compararon con prueba t de student, las variables categóricas se compararon con pruebas de Fisher significación 5 por ciento. Se obtuvieron 40 dientes de pacientes adultos, 42,5 por ciento masculinos y 57,5 por ciento femeninos, edad promedio 61+/-16 en G1 y 55+/-18 en G2 (p=0,289). El contorno exterior de las perlas fue liso, conservando su perímetro, la zona granular de Tomes fue visible al igual que las lagunas, que fueron menos abundantes, de mayor tamaño y con distribución desordenada llegando en menor proporción al borde del tejido comparado con cemento normal.

During tooth life in mouth cellular cement settles in the apex in order to compensate the occlusal wear considered normal. After a tooth extraction, on rare occasions it is possible to visualize cement excesses with pearls form well delimited and hard to tact, located in another radicular sector different of the apex. Our aim was to compare structures in both types of cement in order to find histological differences. Consequently, 20 permanent teeth with pearls (G1) and 20 with normal roots (G2) were used. G1 roots were cut by a thin grain metallic disc at low speed in transverse sense, at the height of the protuberance most prominent part; G2 roots were marked in thirds and cut in transverse sense at the half of the third apical. From both groups a segment was obtained to be reserved and other one that was prepared by erosion technology to be visualized by MO at minor and major increases. Results were compared with student t test, categorical variables with Fisher's tests significance 5 percent. Forty adult patients teeth were obtained, male 42.5 percent and female 57.5 percent, age average in G1 61+/-16 and 55+/-18 in G2 (p=0.289). Pearls exterior face was smooth, with a preserved perimeter, Tomes granular zone was visible as were lagoons, which were less abundant, greater in size and with uneven distribution arriving at tissue border in a lesser proportion compared with normal cement.

Morfologia do terço apical da raiz e dos canais de dentes com hipercementose

Objetivo: esse estudo tem o objetivo de estudar a influência da hipercementose na morfologia radicular e dos canais radimiculares, utilizando diferentes métodos de observação: diafanização, radiográfico, estereomicroscopia e microscopia óptica. Métodos: foram selecionados 130 dentes para avaliação morfológica comparativa. Entre esses, 60 dentes com hipercementose e 30 sem foram selecionados para avaliação pela técnica de diafanização. A avaliação foi baseada em aspectos como tipo de hipercementose, número de canais radiculares e configuração, superfície radicular e presença de forame apical e de deltas apicais. Os 20 dentes com hipercementose remanescente foram comparados microscopicamente a 20 dentes com formação radicular normal utilizando a técnica de coloração de hematoxilina e eosina (H.E.), a fim de estudar o padrão de deposição de cemento e aspectos morfológicos do canal radicular. A avaliação foi realizada por dois examinadores e submetida ao teste kappa de concordância. Os dados obtidos foram comparados por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis de análise de variância, e o teste de Dunn foi utilizado para comparações individuais. Resultados: o exame com a diafanização demonstrou uma frequência maior de hipercementose do tipo dava (65%), seguido de hipercementose focal (35%). Dentes com hipercementose apresentaram aumento significativo da presença de deltas apicais (53,3%). Uma frequência maior de constrições do canal radicular (55%) e modificações no trajeto do canal radicular (46,6%) também foram observados. A avaliação microscópica fundamenta a influência da hipercementose nas características morfológicas do terço apical radicular de um dente com hipercementose, o que pode prejudicar o tratamento endodôntico.

Hipercementose e aumento da espessura do cemento com a idade: implicações clínicas e significados / Hypercementosis and cementum thickness increasing over age: clinical implications and its meanings

Uma alteração muito comum, que suscita muitas dúvidas sobre sua etiopatogenia e significado, é a hipercementose. A literatura pertinente é reduzida e o cemento representa o tecido dentário menos estudado, ignorando-se até qual o seu grau de reatividade frente a estímulos e agressões. A espessura e a estrutura do cemento mudam com a idade. Deve-se fazer uma diferença precisa entre o aumento da espessura do cemento e a hipercementose. Na hipercementose se tem uma formação excessiva do cemento, além do limite necessário para cumprir suas funções normais, com alteração da forma macroscópica da raiz, especialmente em seu diâmetro. Cada forma de hipercementose tem significados diferentes: como interpretá-los no planejamento e/ou no acompanhamento do tratamento? Deve-se tomar algum cuidado especial, do ponto de vista biológico, ao se colocar um implante vizinho a um dente com hipercementose? Para colaborar com as respostas a esses questionamentos — e ao mesmo tempo colaborar para diagnósticos mais seguros da hipercementose, valorizando-se o seu significado clínico e biológico —, nos propusemos a reanalisar a literatura e uma amostra estudada ao longo dos anos em trabalhos, dissertações e teses.

A very common alteration that raises many questions about its etiopathogenesis and meaning is the hypercementosis. The pertinent literature is reduced and cementum represents the less studied dental tissue, and even its reactivity level under stimulation and aggression is ignored. Cementum thickness and structure change overtime. One should make an accurate differentiation between cementum thickness increase and hypercementosis. In hypercementosis there is an excessive formation of cementum beyond the limit necessary to allow its regular functions, with macroscopic root shape alteration, specially regarding to its diameter. Each hypercementosis type has different meanings: How to understand them when planning and/or on treatment follow-up? One must take special care, from a biological point of view, while setting an implant in the neighborhood of a tooth with hypercementosis? To help answering these questions and at once collaborate to more secure hypercementosis diagnoses, appreciating its clinical and biological meaning, we have set ourselves out to reanalyze the literature and a sample studied over the years in papers, dissertations and thesis.

Hipercementosis apicales y no apicales en raíces dentarias humanas / Apical and non-apical hypercementosis in human dental root

El cemento secundario del ápice radicular se deposita en forma lenta y continua durante toda la vida útil del diente, siendo su función compensar el desgaste producido por la masticación. En raras ocasiones podemos hallar en la raíz dental, a posteriori de una extracción dentaria, excesos de cementos redondeados u ovalados, bien delimitados y duros al tacto, ubicados en un sector radicular diferente al ápice. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar las características físicas y radiológicas de raíces dentales normales con aquéllas que presentan este tipo de formaciones que alteran la anatomía radicular. Fueron incluidos 20 dientes adultos con raíces normales y 20 con raíces donde se visualizaron estos depósitos. Las variables investigadas fueron edad, sexo, patologías generales y periodontales previas, tipo de diente extraído, ubicación en el arco dental, motivo de extracción, características de consistencia, color, aspecto y textura de todas las raíces. La imagen radiológica fue crucial para la inclusión de dientes con exceso de cemento. Se recolectó un total de 40 dientes adultos, cuya edad promedio fue de 61 años (16-79), 42.5 por ciento masculinos y 57.5 por ciento femeninos. Patología general presentó el 37.5 por ciento y periodontal el 55 por ciento, los dientes mas extraídos fueron premolares superiores del lado derecho 15 por ciento. La caries fue causa principal de extracción 72.5 por ciento. En ambos grupos las raíces fueron de consistencia dura y textura lisa. El aspecto nacarado fue de 70 por ciento y 60 por ciento, los colores claros 45 por ciento y 75 por ciento, respectivamente. En las radiografías se observó que el cemento no se diferenció de la dentina en el 40 por ciento y 85 por ciento de cada grupo (p=0.004). Los adultos pueden desarrollar anomalías de cemento ubicadas en otro sector del ápice si bien las características físicas de la raíz se consideran dentro de parámetros normales.

Secondary cementum is deposited in a root apical third throughout the lifespan of a tooth to compensate occlusal erosion, keeping dental pieces in occlusion contact. Pearls are more difficult to spot, found by X-rays or after extraction. Their ovoid or spherical aspect is well outlined, hard to touch, and located in different thirds of the root. Our objective was to compare physical and radiological dental normal roots characteristics with those presenting this type of formations that alter radicular anatomy. We used 20 normal roots and 20 pearl shapes. Variables compared: age, sex, previous general pathologies and periodontals; extracted tooth type, dental arch location, extraction cause, consistency characteristics, color, aspect and texture of all roots and pearls. Radiological image was crucial for incorporation of teeth with cementum excess. Proportions between normal pieces and pearls were calculated with Fisher's Exact Test, with 5 percent significance level. Average age was 61years (16-79), and male proportion was 42.5 percent and 57.5 percent female. General pathology presented 37.5 percent and periodontal 55 percent, more extracted teeth were right side upper premolars 15 percent. Caries were extraction chief motive 72.5 percent. Roots were of hard consistency and smooth texture in both groups; nacreous aspect was 65 percent, clear colors 75 percent. Pearl consistency was hard in all of them; white color 60 percent and root similar color 40 percent; nacreous aspect 75 percent and smooth texture 90 percent. In radiographs was observed that cementum did not differ from dentine in 85 percent of pearls and in 60 percent of normal roots (p=0.004). Adults can develop cementum anomalies located in another apex sector although the root physical characteristics are considered inside normal parameters.

A scanning electron microscopic study of hypercementosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphological characteristics of teeth with hypercementosis that are relevant to endodontic practice. Twenty-eight extracted teeth with hypercementosis had their root apexes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The teeth were divided according to tooth groups and type of hypercementosis. The following aspects were examined under SEM: the contour and regularity of the root surface; presence of resorption; presence and number of apical foramina, and the diameter of the main foramen. The progression of club shape hypercementosis was directly associated with the presence of foramina and apical foramen obstruction. Cases of focal hypercementosis presented foramina on the surface, even when sidelong located in the root. Circular cementum hyperplasia form was present in 2 out of 3 residual roots, which was the highest proportion among the tooth types. The detection of a large number of foramina in the apical third of teeth with hypercementosis or even the possible existence of apical foramen obliteration contributes to understand the difficulties faced during endodontic treatment of these cases.

Endodoncia en odontogeriatría: parte I / Endodontics in geriatric dentistry: part I

El envejecimiento es un fenómeno natural, inevitable y una parte intrínseca de todas las formas de vida. La expectativa de vida al nacer se incrementa tanto en Argentina como en el mundo. Esto determina una creciente longevidad de la población. En virtud de las políticas preventivas y de salud, estas personas conservan su dentición propia. Esto implica que en este grupo etario habrá un incremento de la demanda de atención odontológica y una mayor necesidad de terapias endodónticas. Para satisfacer esta demanda, el odontólogo en primer lugar debe integrar un equipo multidisciplinario con el médico de cabecera y los distintos especialistas, para poder así brindar la mejor atención. En segundo lugar debe conocer las particularidades anatómicas, fisiológicas y patológicas que se producen en la cavidad bucal y en la dentición de esas personas con el avance de la edad.

Tratamento ortodôntico em paciente portador de hipercementose / Hypercementosis and orthodontic treatment

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar um caso de reabilitação da oclusão, através de tratamento ortodôntico em paciente adulto, do sexo feminino e portador de hipercementose. A revisão da literatura descreve alguns possíveis fatores etiológicos para a hipercementose que incluem: hereditariedade, infecções periapicais crônicas, trauma oclusal e desordens sistêmicas. O trabalho discorre sobre a possibilidade e as dificuldades de movimentação dentária durante o tratamento ortodôntico, desde o início até a conclusão do caso

Estudo da anatomia do ápice radicular em dentes com hipercementose / Study of the anatomy of the root apex in teeth with hypercementosis

Introdução - O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro a incidência de múltiplas aberturas anatômicas no ápice radicular de dentes com hipercementose. Material e métodos - Foram selecionados 50 pré-molares inferiores humanos, sendo 25 com e 25 sem hipercementose. A avaliação das estruturas dos 3 mm apicais foi realizada por meio de lupa estereoscópica. Resultados - Os dados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA. Conclusão - Os autores concluem que os dentes acometidos por hipercementose possuem maior incidência de aberturas anatômicas no ápice radicular (84%) que os dentes livres desta condições (36%), apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante entre si (p<0,05)

Anatomic variations of the root canal of the rat according to age

El conducto mesial del primer molar inferior de la rata se ha utilizado como modelo en estudios experimentales de endodoncia. Se plantea un análisis pormenorizado de las variaciones estructurales en función de la edad, que sirve de base para la caracterización y utilización como modelo. Se estudiaron 60 molares de ratas Wistar de diferente peso: grupo 1: 300-399 g n=22, grupo 2: 400-499 g n=16, grupo 3: 600-700 g N=22.). Las piezas se radiografiaron con un sistema estandarizado. Se realizaron proyecciones aumentadas y sobre los perfiles de la proyección se efectuaron mediciones de la longitud total y del volumen del conducto. Se determinaron los diámetros del conducto en tres niveles: coronario, medio y apical. A partir de estos diámetros se estimó el área de la sección transversal como índice de caudal o posibilidad de intercambio metabólico. Se encontró que a partir del segundo grupo se produce una hipercementosos que aumenbta la longitud del conducto y conduce a la formación de un complejo delta apical. El diámetro del conducto disminuye muy significativamente en el tercio apical. La estimulación del caudal, a partir del área de la sección transversal disminuye de 1.2 mm2 (de proyección) en el grupo 1, a 0,05 mm2 en el grupo 2, valor que no cambia significativamente en el grupo 3. Los resultados indican que en los estudios experimentales de endodoncia en la rata, deben tenerse en cuenta las variaciones anatómicas espontáneas producidas por la edad.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON THE NORMAL PERIODONTIUM / 대한치주과학회지

The earliest reports of the use of electrical energy to directly stimulate bone healing seem to be in 1853 from England, the techniques involved the introduction of direct current into the non-united fracture site percutaneously via metallic needles, with subsequent healing of the defect. One endpoint of the periodontal therapy is to generate structure lost by periodontal diseases. Several procedural advances may support regeneration of attachment, however, regeneration of alveolar bone does not occur consistently. Therefore, factors which stimulate bone repair are areas for research in periodontal reconstructive therapy. Effects of cytokines or growth factors on bone repair are examples of such areas. Another one is electrical current which occurs in bone naturally, so that such bone may be particularly susceptible to electrical therapy. The purposes of this study were to observe the effects of electrical stimulation on the normal periodontium, to determine whether the electricity is the useful means for periodontal regeneration or not. Forty rats weighted about 100 gram were used and divided into 4 groups, the first group, there was no electrical stimulation with the connection of electrodes only. In the second group, there was stimulated by the 10 mA during 10 minutes per a day, in the third group was stimulated by the 25 mA , and the fourth by the 50 mA. At 3, 5, 10 and 15 days post-appliance , two rats in each group were serially sacrificed. and the maxillae and the mandible processed to paraffin, and the specimens were prepared with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain for the light microscopic evaluation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was the distinct reversal line on the lingual alveolar crest, whereas a little changes in the labial alveolar crest to the duration and amount of currents. 2. In 50 mA group, the cells were highly concentrated at the apex of anterior teeth, and was observed the necrotic tissue. In posterior root apex, the hypercementosis was appeared, and newly formed cementum layer has been increased continuously with the time. 3. The periodontal ligament fiber and Sharpey's fiber were arranged in order, and the bone trabeculae were increased as the experiment proceeded by, relatively the bone marrows were decreased. 4. In the pulp tissue, the blood vessels were increased with blood congestion in the experimetal specimens remarkably, and the dentinal tubules were obstructed . 5. The osteoblasts in alveolar bone proper had been showed highly activity, and also observed the formation of bone trabeculea. In the conclusion, it was suggested that the electrical stimulation has influence on the periodontium and the pulp tissue. However, there might be the injurious effects.

Analysis of PDL Fibroblast Change During Mechanical Stimuli in the Rats / 대한치주과학회지

Periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation and subsequent loss and/or damage to tooth-supporting tissues such as bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament.Periodontal ligament and cementum are the key tissues in the initial process of regeneration following periodontal disease.Therefore, studies on cementoblasts, which form cementum are emphasized. It is still unclear which cells cementoblast differentiate from.This study was conducted under the hypothesis that PDL fibroblast can differentiate into either cementoblast or osteoblast depending on the conditions of surrounding tissue.Clinically, with excessive traction force of orthodontic appliances or excessive occlusion hypercementosis is observed, and this has been confirmed histologically.Consequently, activation of cementoblast can be expected in rats when mechanical stimuli are given to PDL fibroblast.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to prove that PDL fibroblast differentiates into cementoblast in rats under mechanical stimuli using histologic and molecular methods. In this study, twenty rats were given hard diet.Ten of them were sacrificed after 1 week, and the others were sacrificed after two weeks.Slides were made from tooth specimen, and they were studied under the microscope. In addition, PDL fibroblast and cementum from the extracted teeth were analyzed with Northern blotting. In histologic examination, as time passed, PDL fibroblast migrated to the dentin side, differentiated into cementoblast, and formed new cementum.In Northern blotting, it was found that mRNA expression of cementoblast-specific proteins such as BSP, OC, OPN, and type I collagen were more prominent in rats sacrificed after 2 weeks of hard-diet than rats sacrificed after 1 week. From these findings we can conclude that PDL fibroblast can differentiate into cementoblast under mechanical stimuli.We think that 'Rat Models' used in this study will be beneficial to future studies regarding cementoblast.

Lesiones radiopacas periapicales de los maxilares: diagnóstico diferencial y plan de tratamiento / Radiopaque periapical jaw lesions: differential diagnosis and treatment planning

Se describen las patologías periapicales de los maxilares, para lo cual se expone una clasificación con fines didácticos tomando en cuenta el origen y comportamiento de dichas entidades patológicas. Se exponen la clínica, radiología e histopatología de las mismas con el fin de conocerlas y así poder llegar a realizar un diagnóstico diferencial correcto de ellas. Por último, se sugiere el enfoque terapéutico para cada una de ellas

Estudos macro e microscópico da morfologia do terço dentário apical na hipercementose: implicaçöes clínicas e etiopatogênicas / Macro and microscopical studies of apical dental portion morphology in the hypercementosis: clinical and etiopathogenic implications

Cento e sessenta dentes com e sem hipercementose foram analisados macroscopicamente, ao estereomicroscópio sem e com diafanizaçäo e na microscopia óptica de luz, com a finalidade de estudar a anatomia externa e interna do terço apical. Verificou-se que: 1) A hipercementose aumenta consideravelmente o número de canais secundários, canais acessórios e deltas apicais. 2) As modificaçöes na morfologia interna do terço apical dos dentes comprometidos näo säo passíveis de visualizaçäo e identificaçäo radiográfica. 3) O canal principal na grande maioria dos dentes com hipercementose apresenta-se constricto no terço apical associado à mudança da trajetória original ou a canais secundários, acessórios e deltas apicais. 4) O tipo morfológico mais comum de hipercementose dá à raiz a forma de clava. A forma localizada de hipercementose apresenta-se com considerável menor frequência. A forma de boca de manga de camisa encontra-se apenas eventualmente. 5) O padräo morfológico e aposicional do cemento constituinte da hipercementose assemelha-se ao cemento em dentes normais quando observado na microscopia óptica de luz, assim como sua superfície externa. Após estas verificaçöes, concluiu-se que na hipercementose o clínico de várias especialidades, como o cirurgiäo, o ortodontista e especialmente o endodontista, deve considerar a modificaçäo anatômica externa e interna a que foi submetido o dente portador, pois sua forma radicular tende a ser retentiva, o corpo radicular mais espesso e o terço apical mais rico em canalículos e deltas apicais associado à constricçäo e mudança direcional do canal principal

Anomalías radiculares

Las anomalías radiculares se presentan con cierta frecuencia en personas de cualquier índole sin distinción de sexo, edad, pieza dentaria o arcada dentaría, sin embargo estas alteraciones es necesario analizarlas y estudiarlas al momento de dar tratamientos odontológicos como endodoncias y exodoncias a los pacientes. Exponemos a continuación las alteraciones radiculares más frecuentes basadas en las complicaciones que se producen especialmente al realizar las avulciones de órganos dentarios recopilados en el Subcentro de Salud Cririyacu Alto en el año 1996 y 1997, y de las cuales un 50 por ciento fueron causadas por anomalías radiculares un 30 por ciento por técnicas de extracción mal empleados y el 10 por ciento por enfermedades sistémicas

Anomalìas radiculares

Las anomalìas radiculares se presenta con cierta frecuencia en personas de cualquier ìndole sin distinciòn de sexo, edad, pieza dentaria o arcada dentaria, sin embargo estas alteraciones es necesario analizarlas y estudiarlas al momento de dar tratamientos odontològicos como endodoncias y exodoncias a los pacientes. Exponemos a continuaciòn las alteraciones radiculares màs frecuentes basadas en las complicaciones que se producen especialmente al realizar las evaluaciones de òrganos dentarios recopilados en el Subcentro de Salud Chiriyacu en 1996-1997, y de las cuales un 50 por ciento fueron causadas por anomalìas radiculares un 30 por ciento por tècnicas de extracciòn mal empleados y el 10 por ciento por enfermedades sistèmicas.