A neonatal intelligent regulation system based on the combination of mild hypothermia mattress and hyperbaric oxygen chamber: introduction to a patent / 中国当代儿科杂志

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a common disease that affects brain function in neonates. At present, mild hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are the main methods for the treatment of neonatal HIE; however, they are independent of each other and cannot be combined for synchronous treatment, without monitoring of brain function-related physiological information. In addition, parameter setting of hyperbaric oxygen chamber and mild hypothermia mattress relies on the experience of the medical practitioner, and the parameters remain unchanged throughout the medical process. This article proposes a new device for the treatment of neonatal HIE, which has the modules of hyperbaric oxygen chamber and mild hypothermic mattress, so that neonates can receive the treatment of hyperbaric oxygen chamber and/or mild hypothermic mattress based on their conditions. Meanwhile, it can realize the real-time monitoring of various physiological information, including amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and near-infrared spectrum, which can monitor brain function, heart rate, rhythm, myocardial blood supply, hemoglobin concentration in brain tissue, and blood oxygen saturation. In combination with an intelligent control algorithm, the device can intelligently regulate parameters according to the physiological information of neonates and give recommendations for subsequent treatment.

Impacto de uma intervenção educativa no manejo da hipotermia terapêutica neonatal: estudo quase experimental / Impact of an educational intervention in the management of neonatal therapeutic hypothermia: a quasi-experimental study

Introdução: A hipotermia terapêutica é o tratamento indicado para encefalopatia moderada a grave em recém-nascidos. A terapia requer uma equipe de enfermagem capacitada e integrada, visando um cuidado qualificado, efetivo e seguro. Modelos teóricos têm sido desenvolvidos para auxiliar a incorporação de evidências científicas à prática dos enfermeiros, representando um desafio na área da saúde. A implementação de uma intervenção educativa, guiada pela estrutura i-PARIHS (Estrutura Integrada de Promoção da Ação na Implementação de Pesquisa em Serviços de Saúde), poderá preencher a lacuna entre a teoria e a prática, beneficiando a assistência e tornando os sujeitos ativos no manejo do recém-nascido em hipotermia terapêutica. Objetivo geral: avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa, guiada pelo referencial teórico i-PARIHS, sobre o manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica na unidade intensiva neonatal no conhecimento, atitudes e práticas de enfermeiros. Objetivos específicos: analisar o conhecimento, atitude e prática dos enfermeiros sobre o manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica pré e pós-intervenção educativa; identificar as barreiras e facilitadores percebidos pelos enfermeiros sobre o manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica na unidade intensiva neonatal; implementar uma intervenção educativa, guiada pelo referencial i-PARIHS, para melhorar o conhecimento, a atitude e a prática dos enfermeiros sobre o manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica na unidade intensiva neonatal; comparar o conhecimento, atitude e prática dos enfermeiros após a intervenção educativa e os indicadores quanto ao manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica. Método: trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, do tipo quase-experimental, realizado com 29 enfermeiros de uma unidade intensiva neonatal, referência no Rio de Janeiro. O desfecho principal: conhecimento, atitudes e práticas dos enfermeiros no manejo do recém-nascido com asfixia perinatal em hipotermia terapêutica na unidade intensiva neonatal A intervenção compreendeu três fases: pré-intervenção - intervenção educativa- pós-intervenção. A intervenção educativa contou com cinco encontros: "Asfixia Perinatal x Hipotermia Terapêutica", "Controle da temperatura", "Cuidados de enfermagem na HT: avaliação de dor", "Monitoramento neurológico" e "Cuidado Centrado na Família". Para a análise estatística utilizou-se de análise descritiva e aplicação dos testes Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e Mc Nemar, sendo o nível de significância adotado de 0,05. Resultados: a análise dos resultados do pré e pós-teste demonstrou um incremento no escore de acertos das questões sobre conhecimento, atitude e prática dos enfermeiros no manejo do recém-nascido submetido à hipotermia terapêutica na unidade intensiva neonatal, apresentando significância estatística para a maioria dos itens. Para a inovação foram construídos lembretes, fluxo de admissão para recém-nascido da instituição e uma cartilha para os pais como produto da intervenção com os enfermeiros. Conclusão: O resultado das auditorias realizadas, após a implementação das evidências, constatou uma transformação positiva da prática dos enfermeiros. A utilização da estrutura i-PARIHS evidenciou a necessidade e o valor de investir no engajamento das partes interessadas, na avaliação colaborativa do contexto e na cocriação de inovação usando facilitação qualificada. A intervenção educativa, guiada pela estrutura i-PARIHS, mostrou ter impacto no manejo do recém-nascido submetido à hipotermia terapêutica por enfermeiros.

Introduction: Therapeutic hypothermia is the currently indicated treatment for moderate to severe encephalopathy in newborns. Therapy requires a trained and integrated nursing team, aiming at qualified, effective and safe care. Theoretical models have been developed to help the incorporation of scientific evidence into nurses' practice, representing a challenge in the health area. The implementation of an educational intervention, guided by the i-PARIHS (Integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services Framework) framework, can fill the gap between theory and professional practice, benefiting care and making subjects active in the management of newborns with therapeutic hypothermia. General objective: to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention guided by the theoretical framework i-PARIHS, on the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses. Specific objectives: to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses on the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in pre- and post-educational therapeutic hypothermia; to identify barriers and facilitators perceived by nurses on the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit; implement an educational intervention, guided by the i-PARIHS framework, to improve nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice on the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit and compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses after the participatory educational intervention program and indicators regarding the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia. Method: this is a quasi-experimental intervention study carried out with 29 nurses from a neonatal intensive care unit, a reference in Rio de Janeiro. The main outcome: knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses in the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal intensive unit The intervention comprised three phases: pre-intervention - educational intervention - post-intervention. The educational intervention had five meetings: "Perinatal Asphyxia x Therapeutic Hypothermia", "Temperature control", "Nursing care in HT: pain assessment", "Neurological monitoring" and "Family-Centered Care". For the statistical analysis, descriptive analysis and application of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Mc Nemar tests were used, with the adopted significance level of 0.05. Results: the analysis of pre- and post-test results showed an increase in the correct score of questions about nurses' knowledge and practices in the management of newborns submitted to therapeutic hypothermia in the neonatal intensive care unit, showing statistical significance for most items. For innovation, reminders, admission flow for newborns at the institution and a booklet for parents were created as a product of the intervention with nurses. Conclusion: The result of the audits carried out, after the implementation of the evidence, found a positive transformation of the nurses' practice. Using the i-PARIHS framework highlighted the need and value of investing in stakeholder engagement, collaborative context assessment, and co-creation of innovation using qualified facilitation. The educational intervention guided by the i-PARIHS framework was shown to have an impact on the management of newborns with perinatal asphyxia in therapeutic hypothermia by nurses.

Hipotermia perioperatoria / Perioperative hypothermia

Perioperative hypothermia is a common complication of general anesthesia, but it can also occur in patients undergoing regional anesthesia. It signifiicantly increases perioperative morbidity and mortality. Complications such as increased incidence of surgical site infection, delayed healing, coagulation abnormalities, increased surgical bleeding, perioperative cardiac events, decreased metabolism of drugs involved in anesthesia and a great discomfort in the immediate postoperative period (due to shivering), have been identified. The decrease in the patient's core temperature is due to a combination of physiological events related to the surgical anesthetic act. These include deterioration of the effector responses of the hypothalamus (tending to conserve heat), heat distribution between the central compartment and the periphery, and net heat loss to a generally colder environment, such as the surgical ward. Hypothermia is often an undetected complication of the anesthetic act due to the lack of regular temperature monitoring. It is not considered a basic standard of care, despite the fact that in recent years new guidelines and recommendations have emerged, which suggest its implementation in all patients in whom the duration of their surgery is expected to last longer than 1 hour. The measures aimed at keeping the patient normothermic can be classified as passive, within which the simplest is to cover the patient for as long as possible during their presence in the ward, and active, which are those that transfer heat to the body, within the which the most effective is the use of convective heat blankets. It has recently been suggested that prewarming the patient before inducing anesthesia is an efficient strategy to avoid hypothermia, decreasing temperature differences between core and peripheral tissues. However, the effectiveness of this measure remain to be evaluated with prospective, randomized trials. In the context of the emergency patient, although hypothermia shows the same characteristics as in the elective patient, it becomes more relevant in three clinical settings: patient with major burns, patient in hemorrhagic shock and the polytraumatized patient. In these scenarios, keeping the patient normothermic will prevent a series of serious complications, which can strongly affect mortality.

La hipotermia perioperatoria es una complicación frecuente de la anestesia general, pero que también se puede presentar en pacientes sometidos a anestesia regional. Se relaciona con un aumento significativo de la morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatorias, donde se han identificado complicaciones como aumento de la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico, retardo de la cicatrización, alteraciones de la coagulación, aumento del sangrado quirúrgico, de los eventos cardiacos perioperatorios, disminución del metabolismo de drogas implicadas en la anestesia y sensación de gran incomodidad del paciente en el posoperatorio inmediato, por la presencia de calosfríos. La disminución de la temperatura central del paciente se debe a un combinación de eventos fisiológicos relacionados con el acto anestésico quirúrgico, con deterioro de las respuestas efectoras del hipotálamo tendientes a conservar calor, fenómenos distributivos de calor entre el compartimiento central y la periferia del propio paciente y pérdida de calor neta hacia un medio ambiente en general más frío, como lo es el pabellón quirúrgico. El hecho de que la hipotermia sea muchas veces considerada una complicación no detectada del acto anestésico, se debe a que aún la monitorización regular de la temperatura no se considera un estándar básico de cuidado, pese a que en los últimos años han surgido nuevas guías y recomendaciones, que sugieren que ésta sea implementada en todo paciente en que se proyecte una duración de la cirugía mayor a 1 hora. Las medidas tendientes a mantener al paciente normotérmico, pueden ser clasificadas en pasivas, dentro de las cuales la más simple es cubrir al paciente el mayor tiempo posible durante su presencia en pabellón y activas, que son aquellas que transfieren calor al cuerpo, dentro de las cuales la más efectiva es el uso de mantas de calor convectivo. Recientemente, se ha sugerido que una de las estrategias eficientes para evitar la HPO es el precalentamiento del paciente, que permite que sus tejidos periféricos estén a mayor temperatura al momento de inducir la anestesia, sin embargo, la efectividad de esta medida debe ser evaluada con estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados más concluyentes. La hipotermia en el contexto del paciente de urgencia, si bien presenta las mismas características que en el paciente electivo, cobra mayor relevancia en tres escenarios clínicos: el gran quemado, el paciente en hemorrágico y el paciente politraumatizado, escenarios en que mantener al paciente normotérmico, implicará evitar una serie de complicaciones graves, que pueden incidir fuertemente en la mortalidad.

The effects of crystalloid warming on maternal body temperature and fetal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial / Os efeitos do aquecimento de cristaloides sobre a temperatura corporal materna e nas condições fetais: ensaio clínico randômico

Abstract Background and objectives: Hypothermia occurs in about 60% of patients under anesthesia and is generally not managed properly during short lasting surgical procedures. Hypothermia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The current study is designed to assess the effects of crystalloid warming on maternal and fetal outcomes in patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive crystalloid at room temperature or warmed at 37 °C. Spinal anesthesia was performed at L3-L4 interspace with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine without adding opioids. Core temperature, shivering, and hemodynamic parameters were measured every minute until 10th minute and 5-min intervals until the end of operation. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature at the end of cesarean section. Results: There was no difference for baseline tympanic temperature measurements but the difference was significant at the end of the operation (p = 0.004). Core temperature was 36.8 ± 0.5 °C at baseline and decreased to 36.3 ± 0.5 °C for isothermic warmed crystalloid group and baseline tympanic core temperature was 36.9 ± 0.4 °C and decreased to 35.8 ± 0.7 °C for room temperature group at the end of the operation. Shivering was observed in 43.3% in the control group. Hemodynamic parameter changes and demographic data were not significant between groups. Conclusions: Isothermic warming crystalloid prevents the decrease in core temperature during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in full-term parturients. Fetal Apgar scores at first and fifth minute are higher with isothermic warming.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A hipotermia ocorre em cerca de 60% dos pacientes sob anestesia e geralmente não é tratada adequadamente durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de curta duração. A hipotermia está associada a desfechos clínicos adversos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento de cristaloides nas condições maternas e fetais em pacientes submetidas à cesariana eletiva com raquianestesia. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, randômico e controlado, 60 parturientes agendadas para cesárea eletiva com raquianestesia foram distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber cristaloides à temperatura ambiente ou aquecidos a 37 °C. A raquianestesia foi realizada no interespaço L3-L4 com 10 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica sem adição de opioides. Temperatura central, tremores e parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram medidos a cada minuto até o décimo minuto e em intervalos de 5 min até o fim da operação. O desfecho primário foi a temperatura central materna ao final da cesárea. Resultados: Não houve diferença nas mensurações basais da temperatura timpânica, mas a diferença foi significativa no fim da operação (p = 0,004). A temperatura central foi de 36,8 ± 0,5 °C na fase basal e diminuiu para 36,3 ± 0,5 °C no grupo com aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides e a temperatura basal timpânica foi de 36,9 ± 0,4 °C e diminuiu para 35,8 ± 0,7 °C no grupo sem aquecimento das soluções no fim da operação. Tremores foram observados em 43,3% no grupo controle. Alterações nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e dados demográficos não foram significantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: O aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides previne a redução da temperatura central durante a cesariana com raquianestesia em parturientes a termo. Os escores de Apgar para os fetos no primeiro e quinto minutos são maiores com o aquecimento isotérmico.

Hipotermia terapéutica: programa para prevención del daño neurológico de la encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica en Buenos Aires / THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA: A MODEL TO PREVENT NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE BY ISCHEMIC HIPOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

Introducción: La hipotermia terapéutica (HT) es el estándar de cuidado para la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica (EHI). El servicio de neonatología implemento el programa de HT en el marco de la red perinatal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (RPCABA). Objetivos: Describir la implementación del programa de hipotermia en RPCABA. Reportar la mortalidad, complicaciones y efectos adversos asociados al tratamiento. Métodos: La implementación del programa se realizó en etapas: 1) 2009- 2010 Capacitación y entrenamiento en el uso del equipamiento. 2) 2010 hasta la actualidad: Tratamiento y seguimiento para los pacientes con EHI moderada o grave. Resultados: Hasta Marzo de 2017, 65 neonatos recibieron HT (7 con hipotermia corporal total y los 58 restantes hipotermia activa selectiva), 49 paciente fueron clasificados según la Escala Sarnat & Sarnat como EHI moderada y 16 como EHI grave. Conclusiones: Fue factible implementar el programa en nuestra unidad, auditarlo para mejorarlo y sostenerlo en el tiempo. El sistema de traslado pudo responder ante la activación del "código de hipotermia", cumpliendo tiempos, sosteniendo el tratamiento y el monitoreo adecuado. Creemos necesario mejorar la identificación de neonatos con diagnóstico de EHI en RPCABA. Se necesita nueva capacitación para evitar el subdiagnóstico de esta patología en los centros de nivel 2

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is nowadays the gold standard of care for the treatment of hypoxic- ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in developed countries. The term encephalopathy refers to a diffuse disturbance of brain function, resulting in behavioral changes, altered consciousness or seizures. The brain is particularly vulnerable to even brief interruptions of blood flow or oxygen supply. If the brain´s oxygen supply is insufficient, consciousness is lost rapidly. If oxygenation is restored immediately, consciousness returns without sequelae. However, if oxygen deprivation lasts longer than 1 or 2 minutes, signs of an encephalopathy may persists for hours or permanently. Total ischemic anoxia lasting longer than about 4 minutes usually results in severe irreversible brain damage. The aim of the present report was to describe the implementation of the hypothermia program in a model for the perinatal system at the City of Buenos Aires, with the equipment Cool Cap® for selective hypothermia, and the equipment CFM Olympic 6000® and CFM OMB from Medix® by Natus®, these two to monitoreate the cerebral function. The results obtained are referred, with special consideration to mortality, complications and adverse effects associated with the treatment.

Terapia do controle da temperatura pós-parada cardiorrespiratório / Temperature control therapy after cardiorespiratory

O processo fisiopatológico secundário à parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) com retorno da circulação espontânea (RCE), determina a síndrome pós-PCR, com lesão cerebral, disfunção miocárdica e reperfusão, em resposta à isquemia orgânica. A terapia do controle da temperatura (TCT) oferece mecanismos neuroprotetores, limitação da lesão miocárdica e redução da resposta inflamatória sistêmica. Dúvidas existem em relação aos benefícios, início e duração da TCT, porém, há evidências que apoiam a melhora da sobrevida e do prognóstico neurológico em populações selecionadas. Recomenda-se a TCT por 24 horas, com controle da temperatura na faixa de 32 °C a 36 °C para adultos que sobrevivem à PCR extra-hospitalar e permanecem em coma com ritmos iniciais de fibrilação/taquicardia ventricular, o que também é sugerido para os sobreviventes de PCR extra-hospitalar com ritmo inicial não chocável e de PCR intra-hospitalar em qualquer ritmo inicial. O início do resfriamento deve ser feito o mais precocemente possível, depreferência, até 12 horas após o RCE. O controle da temperatura corpórea deve ser incorporado aos cuidados dos pacientes críticos pós-PCR, a fim de reduzir as taxas de mortalidade e de sequelas neurológicas...

The secondary pathophysiological process to cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), determines the post-cardiorespiratory arrest syndrome with brain injury, myocardial reperfusion and dysfunction in response to systemic ischemia. The temperature control therapy (TCT) provides neuroprotective mechanisms, limitation of myocardial injury and reduction of systemic inflammatory response. There are still some questions regarding the benefits, timing and duration of TCT, however, there is evidence supporting improved survival and neurological outcome in selected populations. TCT is recommended for 24 hours, with temperature control in the range of 32 to 36 °C for comatose adults who survive after out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest with initial rates of fibrillation/ ventricular tachycardia, which is also suggested for extra-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest survivors with early pace not shockable and intra-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in any initial rate. The beginning of the cooling should be done as early as possible, ideally up to12 hours after ROSC. The control of body temperature should be incorporated into the careof the post-CRA critically ill patients in order to reduce mortality and neurological sequelae...

Normotermia perioperatoria / Peri-operative normothermia

Introducción: La hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida es un desafío para la seguridad del paciente quirúrgico y puede tener un impacto negativo en su recuperación. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó aleatoriamente una encuesta personalizada a anestesiólogos federados que asistieron al Congreso Argentino de Anestesiología realizado en Salta, Argentina, en septiembre de 2007, a fin de obtener un panorama sobre las estrategias de manejo de la temperatura en pacientes bajo anestesia en su medio de trabajo (monitorización, calentamiento activo, métodos de soporte). Resultados: Sobre 92 encuestas realizadas, 85 correspondieron a anestesiólogos argentinos, de los cuales 20 eran jefes de servicio de anestesiología, 59 médicos de planta y 6 residentes de anestesiología. Del total de los profesionales en estudio, 37,6 por ciento trabaja en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 25,9 por ciento en la provincia de Buenos Aires, 5,9 por ciento en la provincia de Córdoba, 5,9 por ciento en la provincia de Salta, 4,7 por ciento en la provincia de Jujuy, 3,5 por ciento en la provincia de Chaco, 3,5 por ciento en la provincia de Santa Fe, 2,4 por ciento en la provincia de Corrientes, 2,4 por ciento en la provincia de Neuquén, 2,4 por ciento en la provincia de Tucumán, 1,2 por ciento en la provincia de Chubut, 1,2 por ciento en la provincia de Mendoza, 1,2 por ciento en la provincia de Santa Cruz, 1,2 por ciento en la provincia de Santiago del Estero y 1,2 por ciento en la provincia de Tierra del Fuego. La media de camas hospitalarias fue de 384,5 para el grupo Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), 111,7 para el grupo Gran Buenos Aires (GBA) y 159,2 para el grupo Interior. La media de quirófanos fue de 10,6 para el grupo CABA, 4,9 para el grupo GBA y 5,1 para el grupo Interior... (TRUNCADO)

Introduction: inadvertent peri-operative hypothermia represents a challenge to the safety of the surgical patient, and can produce a negative impact on recovery. Materials & methods: A randomized personalized survey was made of federated anesthesiologists who attended the Argentine Convention in Salta, Argentina, in September 2007, so as to have an overview of strategies of temperature management in anesthetized patients in the anesthesiologist’s area (monitoring, active heat, supportive methods). Results: Of the 92 professionals surveyed, 85 were Argentine anesthesiologists, 20 were Heads of Service, 59 staff members, and 6 residents in Anesthesiology. From this total, 37,6 percent work in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, 25,9 percent in the Province of Buenos Aires, 5,9 percent in Cordoba, 5,9 percent in Salta, 4,7 percent in Jujuy, 3,5 percent in Chaco, 3,5 percent in Santa Fe, 2,4 percent in Neuquén, 2,4 percent in Tucumán, 1,2 percent in Chubut, 1,2 percent in Mendoza, 1,2 percent in Santa Cruz, 1,2 percent in Santiago del Estero, and 1,2 percent in Tierra del Fuego. The average of hospital beds was 384,5 for Buenos Aires City, 111,7 for Greater Buenos Aires and 159,2 for the group of provinces. The average of operating rooms was 10,6 for Buenos Aires City, 4,9 for Greater Buenos Aires, and 5,1 for the group of provinces. Temperature monitoring was used by 63,5 percent of the professionals in pediatric patients, 40 percent in geriatric patients, 14,1 percent in pregnant patients, 50,6 percent in traumatized patients, 51,8 percent in critical patients, and 14,1 percent in all patients. Nasopharyngeal was the preferred location for the sensor (74,1 percent), followed by axillary and tympanic (17,6 percent), skin (14,1 percent), and rectal (12,9 percent) areas... (TRUNCADO)

Introdução: A hipotermia perioperatória inadvertida é um desafio para a segurança do paciente cirúrgico, e pode ter um impacto negativo na recuperação hospitalar. Materiais e métodos: Foi feita aleatoriamente uma pesquisa personalizada a anestesiologistas que participaram do Congresso Argentino de Anestesiologia realizado em Salta, Argentina, em setembro de 2007, a fim de ter um panorama das estratégias de controle da temperatura nos pacientes sob anestesia (monitoração, aquecimento ativo, métodos de suporte). Resultados: Em 92 pesquisas realizadas, 85 corresponderam a anestesiologistas argentinos, dos quais 20 eram chefes de serviço de anestesiologia, 59 médicos de planta e 6 residentes de anestesiologia. Do total dos profissionais do estudo, 37,6 por cento trabalhavam na Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 25,9 por cento na província de Buenos Aires, 5,9 por cento na província de Córdoba, 5,9 por cento na província de Salta, 4,7 por cento na província de Jujuy, 3,5 por cento na província de Chaco, 3,5 por cento na província de Santa Fe, 2,4 por cento na província de Corrientes, 2,4 por cento na província de Neuquén, 2,4 por cento na província de Tucumán, 1,2 por cento na província de Chubut, 1,2 por cento na província de Mendoza, 1,2 por cento na província de Santa Cruz, 1,2 por cento na província de Santiago del Estero e 1,2 por cento na província de Tierra del Fuego. A média de leitos hospitalares foi de 384,5 no grupo Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), 111,7 no grupo Gran Buenos Aires (GBA) e 159,2 no grupo Interior. A média de salas de operações foi de 10,6 no grupo CABA, 4,9 no grupo GBA e 5,1 no grupo Interior. Em relação à monitoração, 63,5 por cento disseram realizá-la em pacientes pediátricos, 40 por cento em pacientes idosos, 14,1 por cento em grávidas, 50,6 por cento em traumatizados, 51,8 por cento em pacientes críticos e 14,1 por cento em todos os pacientes... (TRUNCADO)

Hypothermic cardiac arrest.

After being lost for 16 hr, a 7-yr-old boy was admitted to the emergency Department (ED) in a severe hypothermic condition of 23.3 degrees C with cardiac arrest. Active rewarming was conducted with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Sixty minutes after admission, return of spontaneous circulation was confirmed. Fever developed 14 hr after admission and continued for 9 days due to frostbite wound of both feet. This case report demonstrates successful resuscitation in severe hypothermic cardiac arrest with complete neurologic recovery in a 7-yr-old boy.

Experiencia clínica en la utilización de bolsa de polietileno para disminuir la hipotermia en el recién nacido menor de 1.000 gramos / Clinical experience in the utilization of polyethylene bag to diminish the hypothermia in the newborn that weights less than 1.000 grams

Introducción: el mantenimiento de la temperatura axilar en valores entre 36ºC y 36,9ºC es un paso importante en la reanimación del recién nacido en la sala de partos. En el año 2002 se realizó en el Servicio de Recién Nacidos del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) la auditoría de historias clínicas de recién nacidos menores a 1.000 g y se constató temperatura axilar inferior a 36º al ingreso en 84%. Objetivo: determinar si la utilización de bolsa de polietileno en la práctica clínica logra disminuir la incidencia de hipotermia en el recién nacido menor de 1000 g asistido en el Servicio de Neonatología del CHPR. Metodología: estudio prospectivo luego de la implementación de un protocolo de asistencia que incluye utilización de bolsa de polietileno en sala de partos. Se mide la temperatura axilar con termómetro de mercurio al ingreso a terapia intensiva.Población: recién nacidos menores de 1.000 g asistidos en el CHPR. Intervención: los neonatos menores de 1.000 g son colocados en una bolsa de polietileno hasta el cuello inmediatamente al nacimiento sin ser secados hasta su ingreso a terapia intensiva. Resultados: se incluyen 77 recién nacidos, 39 se colocan en bolsa de polietileno. La media de peso al nacer (818 g), edad gestacional (26 semanas), pH en arteria umbilical, Apgar y tiempo de permanencia en sala de partos son similares en ambos grupos. Se observa hipotermia en 14 de 39 menores de 1.000 g colocados en bolsa frente a 30 de 38 sin bolsa (p=0,0001). La media de temperatura axilar al ingreso en el grupo colocado en bolsa es de 36,1ºC (DE 0,3) versus 35,5ºC (DE 0,8). No se observa diferencia significativa en hemorragia intraventricular, hemorragia intraventricular severa ni muerte neonatal temprana. Conclusiones: en esta muestra con la utilización de bolsa de polietileno en la atención inmediata de los menores de 1.000 g se logra temperatura axilar 0,6ºC superior y disminución significativa de hipotermia al ingreso a terapia intensiva.

Introduction: the maintenance of a temperature between 36°C and 36.9°C is an important step in the survival of the newborn in the labor room. In the Neonatology Service at Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell the audit of clinical histories of less than 1.000 g newborns was done in the year 2002 showing that 84% had a temperature less than 36ºC. Objective: to determine if the use of a plastic bag reduces the incidence of hypothermia in less than 1.000 g newborns assisted at the Neonatal Service of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR).Methodology: a prospective study after the implementation of an assistance protocol which includes the use of plastic bags in labor room. The temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer at the entrance of intensive care. Sample: less than 1.000 g newborns assisted at CHPR. Intervention: less than 1.000 g newborns are placed in a plastic bag until the neck immediately after birth without being dried until they enter intensive care. Results: 77 newborns were included, 39 were placed in the plastic bag. Median birth weight was 818 g, gestational age was 26 weeks, pH in umbilical artery, Apgar and labor room stay were similar for both groups. Hypothermia happened in 14 of the 39 newborns placed in a plastic bag as of 30 of the 38 without bag (p=0,0001). Median temperature at admittance in the children placed in plastic bags was 36.1ºC (DE 0,3) versus 35,5ºC (DE 0,8). There was no significant difference in severe intraventricular hemorrage or early neonatal death. Conclusions: the use of plastic bag in the immediate assistance of less than 1.000 g newborns in this sample increased temperature in 0,6ºC and showed a significant reduction of hypothermia at the intensive care admittance.

Estimation of rewarming time in transported extramural hypothermic neonates.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the time taken for rewarming hypothermic neonates and to correlate the time taken for rewarming with severity of hypothermia (WHO classification), weight, gestational age and associated morbidity. METHODS: 100 extramural neonates transported to the Referral neonatal unit of a teaching hospital, with weight more than 1000 grams and abdominal skin temperature less than 36.5 oC at admission were included in the study. Hypothermia was classified as per WHO recommendations. Clinical features including age, weight, gestational age, clinical diagnosis and vitals were recorded at the time of admission. Rewarming was done under a servo-controlled radiant warmer, in skin mode at set temperature of 37 oC. Skin and air temperatures measured by the thermistor probe were recorded at the time of admission and then at least every 15 minutes till skin temperature reached 36.5 oC. The neonates were monitored for oxygen saturation, blood glucose and capillary filling time and stabilized promptly. RESULTS: The mean abdominal skin temperature was 34.9 +/- 1.4 oC. 72% of babies were moderately or severely hypothermic as per WHO classification. The duration of rewarming was 4.9 +/- 0.8 min, 17.5 +/- 9.5 min and 42+/-7.9 min for mild, moderate and severe hypothermia respectively (p=0.021). The difference in rate of rewarming between various grades of hypothermia was also significant. The duration of rewarming a baby did not differ significantly between the different weight and gestational age groups. When the rate of rewarming was expressed as rise in oC per Kg body weight per hour, it was higher in smaller and more premature babies. The rate of rewarming was slower in asphyxiated babies. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of rewarming depends on the severity of hypothermia. When rewarmed under radiant warmer using servo mode, the duration of rewarming a baby is the same irrespective of weight and gestational age. Asphyxiated babies take longer time to rewarm.

approach to minimize perioperative hypothermia and its complications

During general anesthesia there is marked decrease in energy expenditure and heat generation, in addition, central thermoregulatory function is impaired Postoperatively, hypothermicpatients are uncomfortable and at risk of developing several hypothermic related complications such as shivering, ischemic cardiac events and decreased resistance to wound infections. We investigated the effect of I V infusion of a balanced mixture of ammo acids in prevention of perioperative hypothermia and its complications. Forty patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to either an amino acid [a a] group or a control group. Patients in the a. a group received mixture of 19 amino acids I' V at a rate of 100 ml/h given 1h before induction and continuing for 3h after induction. The control group received Ringer's solution. During the perioperative period we recorded heart rate, arterial blood pressure, SO2, end tidal CO2 and rectsl core temperature Plasma norepinephrine was assayed before induction and after surgery On recovery the patients were observed for shivering and were asked about cold feeling. The mean duration of stay in PACU and hospital stay duration were recorded The surgical wounds were evaluated The mean core body temperature at the end of surgery and at the discharge from the PACU were significantly lower in the control group than the a a group The mean heart rate and arterial blood pressure were significantly higher in the control group. The incidence of postoperative shivering and cold feeling was higher in the control group than the a a group. The mean plasma concentration of norepinephrine was significantly higher in the control groupr. The mean duration of stay in the PACU and duration ofthe hospital stay were significantly longer in the control group than the a.a. group. In conclusion it was found that the infusion of amino acids to anesthetized patients will induce thermogenesis preventing perioperative hypothermia and significantly decreases the sympathetically mediated dynamic and hormonal response to hypothermia during recovery from anesthesia It decreases also significantly the postoperative shivering and cold feeling of the patient. Amino acid infusion enhances also recovery and shortens the hospital stay

Effect of three different methods in rewarming hypothermic postoperative patients

Hypothermia refers to core body temperature less than 36°C. It was reported that 60 to 80% of all postoperative patients suffered from hypothermia. Hypothermia has a profound effect on every body system and may result in life threatening problems if not recognized and treated promptly. The nurse has an important role in rewarming surgical patients immediately postoperatively. Many researchers found that there are different methods to warm surgical patients immediately postoperatively as radiation using infrared lamps, forced air warmer, and warmed blanket. Comparing between three different nursing methods in rewarming patients after major abdominal surgery. The study was carried out in surgical wards and recovery rooms at Alexandria Main University Hospital. A convenient sample of 60 adult patients was selected and assigned randomly to one of three experimental warming methods. Group I was assigned to extrablanket, group II was assigned to radiation, and group III was assigned to forced air warmer. In postoperative period, all patients in the three different groups were assessed every 5 minutes for core body temperature using tympanic thermometer until return to baseline temperature. The study revealed that the patients warmed with forced air warmer returned to baseline temperature in a shorter period than those who were warmed by the use of radiation or extrablanket. Statistically significant difference was found between the three groups. Rewarming is a priority in the immediate care of postoperative surgical patients because hypothermia may augment the risk of adverse outcome. Therefore, the importance of the use of forced air warmer, radiation using infrared heat lamps, or extrablanket should be emphasized in the postoperative period

A Case of Hypothermia Combined with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease affecting various organ systems. Hypothermia is a rare manifestation of SLE. We experienced a case of SLE combined with hypothermia. A 36-year-old woman, who had been diagnosed as SLE 3 days before admission, admitted complaining of mental confusion. After admission, her body temperature, initially 36.1 degree C, became 32.6 degree C. Her core body temperature was less than 35.0 degree C. Despite of warming with heating lamp and blankets, her core temperature did not reach 35.0 degree C during 18 hours. Ten days later, her temperature exceeded 36.0 degree C.

Funçäo cerebral após a parada cardiorrespiratória: síndrome pós-ressuscitaçäo / Cerebral function after cardiac arrest: post-resuscitation syndrome

O prognóstico atual da parada cardiorrespiratória depende basicamente da rapidez com que se inicia a ressuscitaçäo adequada. Até o momento apenas a reduçäo do tempo para a ressuscitaçäo pode aumentar a sobrevida das pacientes com parada cardiorrespiratória. A morte de células particularmente vulneráveis ocorre em parte devido às anormalidades circulatórias durante a fase de reperfusäo, que säo as lesöes secundárias da síndrome pós-ressuscitaçäo. Em modelos animais de parada circulatória total, a morbidade e mortalidade podem ser reduzidas com a melhora da reperfusäo que é obtida por meio da combinaçäo de tratamentos, entre os quais incluem-se a promoçäo do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (hipertensäo arterial transitória, hemodiluiçäo e normocapnia) e a hipotermia leve (34oC) imediatamente após a parada circulatória. Este artigo tem como objetivo fornecer uma visäo do estado atual do conhecimento na área de ressuscitaçäo cerebral, com especial atençäo às terapêuticas emergentes.

Transplante hepático: cuidados críticos intraoperatorios: experiencia en 185 casos / Liver transplantation: intraoperative critical care: experience in 185 cases

Introducción: El transplante hepático es una cirugía cuya complejidad proviene de la presencia de cambios en la fisiología general del enfermo con insuficiencia hepática avanzada y de las alteraciones que sobre las funciones de los distintos órganos y sistemas impone la técnica anestésico-quirúrgica. Objetivo: Presentar los cuidados críticos, la técnica anestésica y los resultados obtenidos. Material y métodos: Entre 1988 y 1997 se realizaron 185 transplantes hepáticos. Técnica quirúrgica: No se utilizó bypass venovenoso en ninguno de los pacientes sobre los que se registraron las variables en estudio. La inducción y el mantenimiento de la anestesia se realiza con midazolan, fentanilo y forane, tratando de no alterar el estado hemodinámico del paciente. Se indica aprotinina en un esquema de bajas dosis, para disminuir el sangrado clínico. El monitoreo invasivo incluye mediciones con catéter de termodilución y presión arterial media. Se agrega oxicapnografía, ECG, tromboelastografía (TEG), y dosajes de glucemia, ionograma, Ca, Mg, Ac. Láctico, glucemia, y diuresis. Para el tratamiento del síndrome de reperfusión hepática se utiliza: fenilefrina y dopamina. Resultados : Las variables estudiadas que presentaron cambios significativos durante el transcurso de la intervención son: PCO2, pH, bicarbonato, ácido láctico, ca iónico, glucemia, diuresis, temperatura central, presión wedge, volumen minuto e índice cardíaco, resistencia vascular sistémica y pulmonar, dif a-v, PVC y presiones en la arteria pulmonar. No mostraron cambios significativos: PO2, Na, K, Ca total, Mg total, FC y PAM, DO2 y VO2. Los cambios en el estado hemodinámico del paciente se relacionaron con modificaciones en la resistencia vascular sistémica y el nivel de ácido láctico con la perfusión tisular. El consumo de hemoderivados arroja que el 57,28 por ciento de los enfermos requiere 20 ó más hemoderivados intraoperatorios, 15,1 por ciento entre 6 y 10, 21,62 por ciento entre 1 y 5 y el 6 por ciento no requiere ningún hemocomponente. Discusión : la PO2 puede mejorar en el curso de la intervención por un mayor reclutamiento de unidades alveolares mediante PEEP. La hipertensión pulmonar que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la insuficiencia hepática que en la población general aumentaría la morbimortalidad en el transplante...