Binational utilization and barriers to care among Mexican American border residents with diabetes / Utilización binacional y barreras a la atención en las personas con diabetes que residen en la frontera mexicano-estadounidense

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether U.S.-Mexico border residents with diabetes 1) experience greater barriers to medical care in the United States of America versus Mexico and 2) are more likely to seek care and medication in Mexico compared to border residents without diabetes. METHODS: A stratified two-stage randomized cross-sectional health survey was conducted in 2009 - 2010 among 1 002 Mexican American households. RESULTS: Diabetes rates were high (15.4%). Of those that had diabetes, most (86%) reported comorbidities. Compared to participants without diabetes, participants with diabetes had slightly greater difficulty paying US$ 25 (P = 0.002) or US$ 100 (P = 0.016) for medical care, and experienced greater transportation and language barriers (P = 0.011 and 0.014 respectively) to care in the United States, but were more likely to have a person/place to go for medical care and receive screenings. About one quarter of participants sought care or medications in Mexico. Younger age and having lived in Mexico were associated with seeking care in Mexico, but having diabetes was not. Multiple financial barriers were independently associated with approximately threefold-increased odds of going to Mexico for medical care or medication. Language barriers were associated with seeking care in Mexico. Being confused about arrangements for medical care and the perception of not always being treated with respect by medical care providers in the United States were both associated with seeking care and medication in Mexico (odds ratios ranging from 1.70 - 2.76). CONCLUSIONS: Reporting modifiable barriers to medical care was common among all participants and slightly more common among 1) those with diabetes and 2) those who sought care in Mexico. However, these are statistically independent phenomena; persons with diabetes were not more likely to use services in Mexico. Each set of issues (barriers facing those with diabetes, barriers related to use of services in Mexico) may occur side by side, and both present opportunities for improving access to care and disease management.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar si las personas con diabetes que residen en la frontera mexicano-estadounidense 1) encuentran mayores barreras para obtener atención médica en los Estados Unidos de América que en México; y 2) acuden a México en busca de atención y medicación con mayor probabilidad que las personas no diabéticas que residen en la frontera. MÉTODOS: Durante el 2009 y el 2010, en una muestra de 1 002 hogares mexicano-estadounidenses, se llevó a cabo una encuesta transversal de salud en dos etapas, estratificada y aleatorizada. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de diabetes eran elevadas (15,4%). La mayor parte de las personas con diabetes (86%) notificaron comorbilidades. En comparación con los participantes no diabéticos, los afectados de diabetes experimentaban dificultades algo mayores para pagar US$ 25 (P = 0,002) o US$ 100 (P = 0,016) por recibir atención médica, y encontraban mayores barreras en materia de transporte e idioma (P = 0,011 y 0,014, respectivamente) para ser atendidos en los Estados Unidos, aunque era más probable que contaran con una persona o lugar adonde acudir en busca de atención médica y para ser sometidos a tamizaje. Una cuarta parte de los participantes acudían a México en busca de atención o medicamentos. Una edad menor y el haber vivido en México se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención en México, pero no el padecer diabetes. La presencia de múltiples barreras financieras se asociaba independientemente con una probabilidad aproximadamente tres veces mayor de acudir a México en busca de atención médica o medicación. Las barreras idiomáticas se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención en México. La confusión acerca de los trámites para recibir atención médica y la percepción de no recibir siempre un trato respetuoso por parte de los proveedores de atención médica en los Estados Unidos se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención y medicación en México (odds ratio, 1,70 - 2,76). CONCLUSIONES: La notificación de barreras modificables a la atención médica fue frecuente entre los participantes y algo más frecuente entre 1) las personas con diabetes; y 2) los que buscaban se atendidos en México. Sin embargo, estos fenómenos son estadísticamente independientes; no era más probable que las personas con diabetes utilizaran servicios en México. Ambos conjuntos de problemas (las barreras que deben afrontar las personas con diabetes, las barreras relacionadas con el uso de servicios en México) pueden coexistir, y proporcionan oportunidades para mejorar el acceso a la atención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades.

Healthcare for the poor and dispossessed from Alma-Ata to the millennium development goals / Atención a la salud para los pobres y desposeídos: de Alma-Ata a las metas de desarrollo del milenio

Healthcare models which recognize the equity principle have had to confront the challenge of providing healthcare for the poor and dispossessed. Healthcare premised on "human rights" strives to remove/reduce barriers to access by a complete waiver of all fees in the public sector or various other subsidies to make healthcare more affordable. Social welfare programmes are held hostage to the vagaries of the economy and resource scarcity. The Alma-Ata's primary healthcare is inherently a health development strategy which embraces a wholistic approach to health and wellness. This strategy, by refocussing on the Millennium Development Goals, can therefore accommodate the innovations required to overcome the challenges posed by technological, financial, cultural and geographical factors to provide a better quality of life for all, but moreso for the poor and dispossessed.

Los modelos de atención a la salud que reconocen el principio de la equidad han tenido que hacer frente al reto de brindar atención a la salud de los pobres y los desposeídos. La atención a la salud estipulada en los "derechos humanos" lucha por eliminar o reducir las barreras de acceso, a través de la completa exoneración de todos los pagos en el sector público y varios otros subsidios encaminados a poner los servicios de salud al alcance de todos. Los programas de bienestar social son rehenes de los caprichos de la economía y la escasez de recursos. La atención primaria a la salud en conformidad con Alma-Ata es en esencia una estrategia de desarrollo que se adhiere a un enfoque holístico de la salud y el bienestar. Esta estrategia, que reenfoca el Objectivos Desarrollo del Milenio, puede por tanto dar espacio a las innovaciones requeridas para superar los desafíos que los factores tecnológicos, financieros, culturales y geográficos presentan a la posibilidad de ofrecer una mejor calidad de vida a todos, pero sobre todo a los pobres y los desposeídos.

Public-private partnerships for providing healthcare services.

The public-private partnership is an initiative to improve efficiency, effectiveness and equity in the provision of healthcare services. This essay comments on the lessons that should be learned from some examples of such partnerships in various Indian states.

Medical product designing model for the "BOP" in China / 中国医疗器械杂志

China has a large population under the average economy. This group of people is often referred to those at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP). In order to meet their special medical needs, this paper is to discuss a topic on how to create medical products for the "BOP" in China, especially under sustainable developments based on the investigation and analysis in Shanghai. Also, a new possible development model including the government's support, knowledge exchange and communication is introduced.

Practice of self medication among slum-dwellers.

A cross sectional study including 110 households covering 630 individuals was carried out in an urban slum community to study the prevalence of practice of self medication by house to house survey. Self medication was practiced by 34.55% respondents and prevalent among all the age groups. Allopathic drugs were commonly used (78.95%). Economic inability in utilizing established medical facilities was the commonest reason for self medication (60.53%). The practice was more prevalent amongst literate but lower soci-economic class.

Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria in a refugee population in Sri Lanka.

To provide early diagnosis and prompt treatment for malaria, two interventions were compared in refugee camps in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. Community health volunteers (HV's) were trained in diagnosis and management of malaria on clinical grounds, while a field laboratory was established in another group of camps providing treatment after laboratory confirmation of a malarial infection. Patients with fever sought treatment from HV's on average after 2.74 days and from the field laboratory after 3.20 days. Although acceptance of both interventions was high, the effective catchment areas, especially of the HV's were small. Large numbers of health volunteers would be needed to cover all families, making it difficult to sustain supervision and necessary logistic support. For every malaria patient treated by HV's, three others would receive anti-malarial drugs unnecessarily. The maintenance of a field laboratory with a microscopist of the Anti-Malaria Campaign is not an economically viable option. Training of HV's in microscopy with a mechanism for cost recovery should be given serious consideration. HV's and diagnosis and treatment centers should be able to handle a wide spectrum of common diseases. A better option for Sri Lanka in the short term might be to improve existing general health facilities that are accessible to the refugee population.

Ciudad de México: los indigentes: Resumen Ejecutivo 1996: Estudio censal sobre la dimensión, naturaleza y situación de la indigencia adulta en el Distrito Federal / Mexico City: the indigents: Executive Summary 1996: Census study on dimention, mature and situation of adult indigence in the Distrito Federal

Investigación que presenta los orígenes de la indigencia, la definición del concepto, la dimensión, la naturaleza y la situación actual de la indigencia en adultos en el Distrito Federal. En el estudio se dan a conocer datos sobre la distribución de indigentes según sexo, edad de los indigentes, estado civil, escolaridad, lugar de origen, número de hijos, familia, salud e higiene, así como los siguientes apartados: 1. Prólogo 2. Introducción 3. Concepto de indigencia 4. Metodología 5. Resultados de la investigación 5. Puntos de encuentro 6. Población 7. Encuesta 8. Opiniones sobre la indigencia 9. Anexo: Ubicación de puntos de encuentro

Poverty, income inequality, and health care consumption in Thailand.

The Thai economy has grown rapidly during the past three decades of modern industrialization. The structure of the economy has been changing from an agricultural to manufacturing based. Because industrial development policies has been biased toward Bangkok and surrounding provinces, regional income disparities have been widening. Despite the high growth record, Thailand has failed to distribute the benefits of economic growth equitably. This problem of income distribution could have many important consequences of relevance to the health of population.

La coccidioidomicosis en el I.N.E.R / The coccidiodomycosis in the INER

Estudio retrospectivo de 12 enfermos con coccidioidomicosis pulmonar atendidos en el INER de 1987 a 1991. Como elementos claves en el diagnóstico se refieren los factores de riesgo y la identificación del hongo, lo cual es posible en el examen directo de la expectoración en el 75 por ciento de os casos, cifra que se eleva al 91.6 por ciento cuando las secreciones se obtienen mediante broncoscopia. Es útil la biopsia del órgano enfermo. Se ofrece una clasificación clínica del padecimiento y la experiencia obtenida con la anfotericina B, el ketoconazol y el itraconazol