Focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and integrin ß5, during early pregnancy in rat uterine epithelial cells: anastrozole favors their normal distribution / Proteínas de adhesión focales, vinculina e integrina ß5, durante el embarazo temprano en células epiteliales uterinas de rata: anastrozol favorece su distribución normal

SUMMARY: An alternative superovulator to replace clomiphene citrate is needed as clomiphene citrate is associated with low pregnancy rates. Anastrozole is an effective superovulator, but it has not been well researched. In order to determine the effectiveness of anastrozole as a superovulator and to compare it with clomiphene citrate in similar situations, this study ascertained the effects of these drugs on the expression of the focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and integrin β5, which are uterine receptivity markers, in the uterine epithelial cells of day 1 and day 6 pregnant Wistar rats. The results show that vinculin and integrin β5 are co-localized at the base of the uterine epithelium at day 1 of pregnancy whereas at day 6, they disassemble from the basal focal adhesions and co-localize and significantly increase their expression apically (p≤0.0001). Moreover, there is a significant difference in the protein expression levels of vinculin and integrin b5 in uterine luminal epithelial cells between untreated (control) and chlomiphene citrate treated rats (p≤0.0001), anastrozole and chlomiphene citrate treated rats at day 6 (p≤0.0001) suggesting the interpretation that anastrozole seems to enhance their expression in order to perhaps assist in the implantation process of the blastocyst. The immunofluorescence experiments agree with the vinculin and integrin β5 gene expression findings in which at day 6 of pregnancy, vinculin and integrin β5 gene expression are significantly upregulated in uterine luminal epithelial cells in the anastrozole treated group relative to the calibrator sample (p≤0.0001). These findings suggest that anastrozole is implantation friendly.

RESUMEN: Es necesario un superovulador alternativo para reemplazar el citrato de clomifeno, debido a que está asociado con bajas tasas de preñez. El anastrozol es un superovulador eficaz, sin embargo es poca su investigación. Con el fin de determinar la efectividad del anastrozol como superovulador y compararlo con citrato de clomifeno en situaciones similares, se determinaron los efectos de estos fármacos sobre la expresión de las proteínas de adhesión focal, vinculina e integrina β5, en marcadores de receptividad uterina en días 1 y 6, en las células epiteliales uterinas de ratas Wistar preñadas. Los resultados muestran que la vinculina y la integrina β5 se co-localizan en la base del epitelio uterino al día 1 de la gravidez mientras que al día 6 se desmontan de las adherencias focales basales, co-localizan y aumentan significativamente su expresión apicalmente (p≤0.0001). Además, existe una diferencia significativa en los niveles de expresión de proteína de vinculina e integrina β5 en células epiteliales luminales uterinas entre ratas no tratadas (control) y tratadas con citrato declomifeno (p≤0.0001), ratas tratadas con anastrozol y citrato declomifeno al día 6 (p≤0,0001) sugiriendo la interpretación de que el anastrozol parece mejorar su expresión con el fin de ayudar en el proceso de implantación del blastocisto. Los experimentos de inmunofluorescencia coinciden con los resultados de la expresión de los genes vinculina e integrina β5 en los cuales al día 6 de la preñez, la vinculina y la integrina β5 están significativamente reguladas en células epiteliales luminales uterinas en el grupo tratado con anastrozol con respecto a la muestra del calibrador (p<0,0001). Estos hallazgos sugieren que el anastrozol es favorable para la implantación.

Uso potencial de componentes del veneno de serpiente en el tratamiento del cáncer / Potential use of snake venom components in cancer treatment

El desarrollo del cáncer es posible en la medida que las células tumorales proliferen, se dispersen e invadan otros tejidos del cuerpo. Las integrinas son una familia de receptores heterodiméricos de superficie celular que cumplen un papel crucial en el desarrollo de la angiogénesis, crecimiento y metástasis de un tumor señalándolas como un atractivo blanco terapéutico. Los venenos de serpientes contienen péptidos de bajo peso molecular conocidos como desintegrinas, las que se unen con una alta afinidad a las integrinas e inhiben su accionar en un proceso cancerígeno. En el siguiente articulo revisamos los resultados de investigaciones, tanto in vitro como in vivo, que han mostrado resultados promisorios, por lo cual el uso de las desintegrinas podrían constituir una alternativa promisoria para el tratamiento de diversas neoplasias.

Cancer can develop to the extent tumor cells grow, divide and grow into other body tissues. Integrins are a family of cell-surface heterodimeric receptors that play an important role in the development of tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis, thus being recognized as an attractive therapeutic target. Snake venom contains low-molecular weight peptides known as “disintegrins” that bind to integrins with high affinity, and prevent their action in cancer. In the next article, we go over the results of investigations, both in vitro and in vivo, which have shown promising results, thus revealing that the use of disintegrins could be a promising alternative for the treatment of different neoplasias.

Oscillatory fluid flow elicits changes in morphology, cytoskeleton and integrin-associated molecules in MLO-Y4 cells, but not in MC3T3-E1 cells

Interstitial fluid flow stress is one of the most important mechanical stimulations of bone cells under physiological conditions. Osteocytes and osteoblasts act as primary mechanosensors within bones, and in vitro are able to respond to fluid shear stress, both morphologically and functionally. However, there is little information about the response of integrin-associated molecules using both osteoblasts and osteocytes. In this study, we investigated the changes in response to 2 hours of oscillatory fluid flow stress in the MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cell line and the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell line. MLO-Y4 cells exhibited a significant increase in the expression of integrin-associated molecules, including OPN, CD44, vinculin and integrin avp3. However, there was no or limited increase observed in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Cell area and fiber stress formation were also markedly promoted by fluid flow only in MLO-Y4 cells. But the numbers of processes per cell remain unaffected in both cell lines.

Modulação redox da homeostase de células musculares lisas através de estimuladores do sistema NADPH oxidase / Redox modulation of smooth muscle cells homeostasis via inductors of NADPHoxidase system

As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Dentre essas doenças, a aterosclerose é que mais se destaca, sendo caracterizada pelo acúmulo de células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV). O efeito patológico das CMLV em resposta a diferentes estímulos pode acarretar em disfunções nestas células. É notável que a aterosclerose ocorra principalmente em vasos sinuosos onde ocorre um forte turbilhonamento do fluxo sanguíneo, que pode acarretar em hemólise e, consequentemente, acúmulo de heme livre. Além disso, no processo de aterogênese as moléculas de adesão, principalmente integrinas, são de crucial importância durante a resposta de CMLV. Nesse trabalho nosso objetivo inicial foi avaliar o efeito do heme livre nas funções de CMLV, bem como os mecanismos moleculares por trás desses efeitos. Em uma segunda parte, investigamos o envolvimento da integrina α1ß1 no efeito da Angiotensina II (Ang II) em CMLV. Nós observamos que o heme livre é capaz de induzir a proliferação e migração de CMLV via espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) provenientes da NADPHoxidase (NADPHox). Adicionalmente vimos que o heme ativa vias de sinalização redox-sensíveis relacionadas à proliferação celular, como MAPKinases e o fator de transcrição NFκB. Também observamos que há uma ligação entre a NADPHox e o sistema heme oxigenase (HO), uma vez que o heme induz a expressão de HO-1 e o pré-tratamento das CMLV com inibidores de HO levam ao aumento tanto o efeito proliferação quanto a indução de ERO promovidas pelo heme. Além disso, vimos que o efeito contra-regulatório promovido pela HO ocorre devido as metabolites do heme: biliverdina, bilirrubina e monóxido de carbono. Por último, quando bloqueamos tanto a NADPHox quanto o sistema HO o heme não teve efeito algum na proliferação de CMLV...

Cardiovascular diseases represent the major mortality reason in western countries. Among these diseases, atherosclerosis is the most prominent one, which is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation. The pathological effect of VSMC in response to different stimuli is able to induce VSMC dysfunctions. Notably, this cardiovascular disease occurs mainly in sinuous vessels with turbulent blood flow, which may lead to hemolysis and consequent free heme accumulation. Furthermore, in atherogenesis the adhesion molecule, mainly integrins, were of crucial importance during the VSMC response. In this work our aim was to elucidate the effect of free heme in VSMC, as well the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. In a second part, we investigated the role of α1ß1 integrin in Angiotensin II (Ang II) effect on VSMC. We observed that free heme is able to induce VSMC proliferation in a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) derived from NADPHoxidase (NADPHox) dependent manner. Additionally, heme activates proliferation-relationed redox-sensitive signaling routes, such as MAPKinases and the transcription factor NFκB. It was also observed a critical crosstalk between NADPHox and heme oxygenase (HO) system, once heme induces HO-1 expression and VSMC pretreatment with HO inhibitors increased heme proliferative effect and ROS production. Accordingly, we observed that the counter-regulatory effect promoted by HO occurs due heme metabolites: biliverdin, bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Finally, when both NADPHox and HO system were blocked, heme had no effect on VSMC proliferation...

Filamina plaquetaria: una proteína del citoesqueleto integradora de la función celular / Platelet filamin: a cytoskeletal protein involved in cell signal integration and function

Activation of cellular receptors by diverse stimuli induces dramatic changes in shape and function to respond to the new circumstances of the cell. This modified behavior depends on the reorganization of the peripheral actin meshwork. An outstanding example of these processes can be found in platelets, from which much of the information available on cytoskeletal function has been obtained. Among the many actin-crosslinking proteins like spectrin, fimbrin or alpha actinin, filamin a (FLNa) emerges as the one with the highest potential in initiating the polimerization of actin filaments (F-actin) during the formation of tridimensional actin gels. FLNa also links actin filaments to the cytosolic domain of many membrane glycoproteins in platelets through its C-terminal region. In addition to participating in cell shape changes, FLNa is a scaffoldding protein that recruits numerous proteins involved in a completely different set of functions, including signal transduction, gene transcription regulation, and receptor translocation; however, the physiological role of FLNa in these processes has remained elusive. The purpose of the present communication is to briefly describe the characteristics of the macromolecules able to interact with FLNa and to discuss a possible role of FLNa during the transduction of signals from those molecular elements in platelets.

Drástica disminución de Beta 1 integrina caracteriza la transformación celular del epitelio mamario / Beta 1 integrin decrease determine the cellular transformation of mammary epithelium

El proceso biológico de transformación es el resultado de numerosos y complejos mecanismos traducidos en cambios sustanciales que involucran tanto a la ultraestructura, como a la bioquímica y fisiología celular, los cuales pueden ser visualizados mediante la utilización de técnicas morfométricas que expresan la correspondiente información cuantitativa. Células en cultivo de epitelio mamario de rata tanto normales, estimuladas a proliferar con el factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF), como transformadas, producto de la transfección con el oncogén ras, originan el grupo celular HC11 y HC11 ras, respectivamente. Se estudió a nivel de microscopía electrónica de transmisión en los tipos celulares descritos, precisando datos morfométricos concomitantes al decorrer de la transformación, evaluando específicamente las fracciones volumétricas de Beta 1 integrina, glicoproteínas receptoras presentes en la superficie celular involucradas en la adhesión tanto a componentes de la matriz extra-celular (MEC) como a la interacción célula-célula. La diferente expresión de estas moléculas determinará en los tipos celulares descritos, distintas características fisiológicas inherentes al mecanismo de transformación.

Disintegrins: integrin selective ligands which activate integrin-coupled signaling and modulate leukocyte functions

Extracellular matrix proteins and cell adhesion receptors (integrins) play essential roles in the regulation of cell adhesion and migration. Interactions of integrins with the extracellular matrix proteins lead to phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins such as focal adhesion kinase, activating different signaling pathways responsible for the regulation of a variety of cell functions, including cytoskeleton mobilization. Once leukocytes are guided to sites of infection, inflammation, or antigen presentation, integrins can participate in the initiation, maintenance, or termination of the immune and inflammatory responses. The modulation of neutrophil activation through integrin-mediated pathways is important in the homeostatic control of the resolution of inflammatory states. In addition, during recirculation, T lymphocyte movement through distinct microenvironments is mediated by integrins, which are critical for cell cycle, differentiation and gene expression. Disintegrins are a family of low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich peptides first identified in snake venom, usually containing an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif, which confers the ability to selectively bind to integrins, inhibiting integrin-related functions in different cell systems. In this review we show that, depending on the cell type and the microenvironment, disintegrins are able to antagonize the effects of integrins or to act agonistically by activating integrin-mediated signaling. Disintegrins have proven useful as tools to improve the understanding of the molecular events regulated by integrin signaling in leukocytes and prototypes in order to design therapies able to interfere with integrin-mediated effects.

Moleculas de adhesion: su papel en la fisiopatologia cardiovascular / Adhesion molecules: their role in cardiovascular physiopathology

Las moléculas de adhesión son receptores de menbrana que participan en diversas funciones vinculadas al tráfico celular, a las interacciones célula-célula y célula-matriz extracelular. Tres grupos destas moléculas, conocidas como "adhesinas", están relacionados con la enfermedad cadiovascular: integrinas, selectinas y superfamilia de inminoglobulinas. Intervienen en los fenómenos de activación y desifunción endotelial y se vinculan a la patogenia de la enfermedad coronaria, la injuria por reperfusión, el rechazo del corazón transplantado, la miocarditis, la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, etc. Se asocian también con el mecanismo de acción de las estatinas. El dosaje de los niveles séricos de las moléculas de adhesión tiene valor diagnóstico y predictivo de diversas enfermedades cardiovasculares. Esta revisión enfoca las variadas funciones de las adhesinas y se orienta sobre diversas posibilidades terapéuticas derivadas de su conocimiento.

Elucidation of the mechanisms of hairy-cell localization in tissues and the process of the bone marrow fibrosis in hairy-cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic B cell leukemia with a number of distinctive features including the unusual tissue distribution of the leukemic cells, hairy cells, and the bone marrow fibrosis. We have been working, for a number of years, on the potential mechanisms behind hairy-cell localization in tissues. In this review, it is summarized how our work has shed very important information regarding these mechanisms and led, eventually, to the full elucidation of the process of the bone marrow fibrosis in hairy cell leukemia

Investigation of signal transduction pathways involved in melanoma cell spreading.

Integrins are a major family of heterodimeric adhesion receptors that are responsible for anchoring cells to extracellular matrix and they also can initiate intracellular signal pathways. Here parental and alpha 4-expressing human malignant melanoma cell lines were used to study the effect of protein kinase C (PKC), protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and intracellular Ca2+ on alpha 4 beta 1-mediated cell spreading on VCAM-1. Incubation of melanoma cells with PKC inhibitor inhibited alpha 4 beta 1-mediated melanoma cell spreading completely. Effect of intracellular Ca2+ on melanoma cell spreading was also investigated by non-phorbol ester tumor promotor, thapsigargin, which blocks the ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to replenish stocks of calcium which naturally leak out into the cytosol leading to a transient increase in concentration of intracellular calcium. The results showed that alpha 4 beta 1-mediated spreading was also required intracellular calcium involvement. However, in the presence of PTKs inhibitor melanoma cells showed long, thin dendiritic projections compared to control cells. Previously, data was obtained from immunofluorescense experiments showed that after genistein treatment, alpha 4-expressing cells exhibited considerable amounts of alpha 4 integrin and PTKs in both the focal contact points as well as over the whole cell. PTKs inhibitor did not have any effect on alpha 4-expressing cells spreading. This could be related to the amount of the PTKs present in these cells.

Integrinas y moléculas asociadas a integrinas: blancos para el desarrollo de terapias antimetastásicas / Integrins and integrin-associated molecules: targets for the development of antimetastasic therapies

Las integrinas son receptores que median la adhesión celular y regulan la formación de complejos de señalización. Se requieren modificaciones en la expresión de integrinas durante las siguientes etapas de la generación de metástasis: a) angiogénesis intratumoral; b) desprendimiento del tumor primario; c) interacción de células tumorales con plaquetas; d) adhesión al endotelio vascular y e) proliferación. Existe, también, correlación entre la capacidad invasiva y la expresión alterada de algunas proteínas que se agregan en los sitios de adhesión focal, como la cinasa de adhesión focal (FAK), CD82, CD9 o CD63. Tanto el bloqueo de integrinas (utilizando anticuerpos o péptidos que contienen la secuencia RGD) como modificaciones inducidas en la expresión de moléculas asociadas a integrinas pueden inhibir la formación de metástasis. El descubrimiento y caracterización de moléculas que regulen la capacidad adherente de la células tumorales conducirá al desarrollo de tarapias antimetastásicas. En la búsqueda de inhibidores de la diseminación tumoral, las integrinas y algunas moléculas asociadas a integrinas son importantes blancos farmacológicos

Moléculas de adhesión y su importancia en odontología: revisión de la literatura / Adhesion molecules and its importance in dentistry

En la actualidad se reconoce que las interacciones que se suceden entre las células entre sí y de éstas con los componentes de la matriz extracelular se producen por la intervención de las Moléculas de Adhesión. Las Moléculas de adhesión son glucoproteínas distribuidas en gran cantidad de células que le permiten al organismo realizar funciones tanto fisiológicas, como la adhesión entre las células epiteliales, como fisiopatológicas, por ejemplo la inflamación. Es por ello que se hace imperativo conocer estas familias, para así entender los procesos que se desarrollan en las diversas actividades, normales o patológicas, de la cavidad bucal

Expression and function of ß1 integrins on human eosinophils

Eosinophils preferentially accumulate at sites of chronic allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. Tha mechanisms by which selective eosinophil migration occurs are not fully understood. However, interactions of cell-surface adhesion molecules on the eosinophil with molecular counterligands on endothelial and epithelial cells, and on extracellular matrix proteins, are likely to be critical during the recruitment process. One possible mechanism for selective eosinophil recruitment involves the alpha4ß1 (VLA-4) integrin which is not expressed on eosinophils. Correlations have been found between infiltration of eosinophils and endothelial expression of VCAM-1, the ligand for VLA-4, in the lungs of asthmatic individuals as well as in late rections in the lungs, nose and skin. Epithelial and endothelial cells respond to the Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 with selective de novo expression of VCAM-1, consistent with the possible role of VCAM-1/VLA-4 interactions in eosinophil influx during allergic inflammation. Both ß1 and ß2 integrins on eosinophils exist in a state of partial activation. For example, eosinophils can be maximally activated for adhesion to VCAM-1 or fibronectin after exposure to ß1 integrin-activating antibodies or divalent cations, conditions that do not necessarily affect the total cell surface expression of ß1 integrins. In contrast, cytokines like IL-5 prevent ß1 integrin activation while promoting ß2 integrin function. Furthermore, ligation of integrins can regulate the affector functions of the cell. For example, eosinophil adhesion via ß1 and/or ß2 integrins has been shown to alter a variety of functional responses including degranulation and apoptosis. Thus, integrins appear to be important in mediating eosinophil migration and activation in allergic inflammation. Strategies that interfere with these processes may prove to be useful for treatment of allergic diseases.

Valoración de las moléculas de adhesión en patología humana: parte 1 / Valoration of the adhesion molecules in human pathology: part 1

Bajo la denominación de moléculas de adhesión (AM) se agrupan a aquellas proteínas de membrana que participan en una orquesta vital de fenómenos biológicos, que son capaces de permitir la interacción de una célula con otra. De esta manera se comunican las células del sistema inmune entre sí, con la matriz extracelular, o con células no hematopoyéticas. Estas moléculas también están involucradas en fenómenos como la embriogénesis, crecimiento y diferenciación celular, en la reparación de heridas, inflamación, y diseminación metastásica. Durante la presentación antigénica, para lograr la estimulación de las células T no basta la adecuada interacción del complejo receptor de la célula T (TCR/CD3) y la molécula del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (MHC) que exhibe el péptido antigénico. Es necesaria además la interacción de una serie de moléculas accesorias que se expresan tanto en la célula T como en la célula presentadora de antígeno (APC). Estas moléculas accesorias son también AM, estando las mismas cumpliendo no el rol de "facilitantes" del reconocimiento antigénico. A su vez, el movimiento de linfocitos de un sitio anatómico a otro no está dado al azar sino que este tráfico celular también está dado por las AM. En toda acción mutua entre el endotelio vascular y los leucocitos circulantes intervienen diversos pares de estas moléculas por un mecanismo ligando-receptor. El aumento de la adhesividad de las células endoteliales está dada por la expresión de AM como CD54, CDI06, CD62E, y MadCAM inducidas por acción de diversas citokinas como interleukina-I (IL-I), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-Ó) e interleukina-4 (IL-4). De esta manera los leucocitos pueden migrar hacia los sitios de reacción inmunológica atravesando los endotelios por medio de sus ligandos específicos. Este fenómeno se conoce como transmigración endotelial (TEM). Esta comprende a los linfocitos y células fagocíticas que se dirigen hacia el sitio de la inflamación o infección atraídos por estímulos quimiotácticos. Las células pueden quedar retenidas en el sitio de la inflamación hasta que se haya eliminado el antígeno causal. El propósito de esta migración es el de darle al pequeño número de linfocitos que son específicos para cada antígeno particular, la oportunidad de ponerse en contacto con éste. Gran número de estas AM son ubicuas mientras que otras tienen cierta especificidad tisular...