Relación de riesgo entre dislipidemia y COVID-19 / Risk relationship between dyslipemia and COVID-19

La presencia de dislipidemia en pacientes con la COVID-19 parece agravar el curso clínico de la enfermedad. En esta revisión bibliográfica se describen los principales mecanismos que las vinculan y sus implicaciones en el tratamiento de los pacientes afectados. Para realizar este trabajo se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos, tales como Google académico, SciELO, Annual Reviews y PMC. Los descriptores analizados fueron COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, dislipidemia, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos, hipercolesterolemia y lipoproteínas VLDL. Se revisaron preferentemente artículos de revistas arbitradas por pares y disponibles a texto completo, publicados en inglés y español. A pesar de las controversias, la dislipidemia es un factor de riesgo de pronóstico desfavorable en afectados con la COVID-19 y el tratamiento para los pacientes con esa condición desfavorable mejora dicho pronóstico.

The presence of dyslipemia in patients with COVID-19 seems to increase the clinical course of the disease. In this literature review the main mechanisms that link them and their implications in the treatment of the affected patients are described. To carry out this work a literature search was made in databases, such as academic Google, SciELO, Annual Reviews and PMC. The analyzed describers were COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, dyslipemia, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hypercholesterolemia and VLDL lipoproteins. Articles of magazines arbitrated by pairs and available to complete text, published in English and Spanish were preferably revised. In spite of the controversies, dyslipemia is a risk factor of unfavorable prognosis in patients affected with COVID-19 and the treatment for the patients with that unfavourable condition improve this prognosis.

Alteration in Serum Lipid Profile Pattern in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Potentially Malignant Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare lipid profile level in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Material and Methods: Thirty histopathologically diagnosed subjects each of OL, OSMF, OSCC were recruited along with 30 healthy controls. 5ml of venous blood is collected and estimated using standard diagnostic kits. Results: The mean of Total cholesterol level in controls was 219.03 mg%, in OSCC, OL and OSMF was 142.89 ± 10.21mg%, 155.44 ± 17.63 mg% and 180.60 ± 13.25 mg%, respectively. The mean low-density lipid level in controls was 137.24 mg and in OSCC, OL and OSMF groups were 109.28 ± 2.16 mg%, 126.63 ± 0.85 mg% and 119.15 ± 0.93 mg%, respectively. The mean of high-density lipid level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 42.87 ± 0.42 mg%, 36.50 ± 2.31 mg%, 21.13 ± 0.77 mg% and 28.37 ± 1.11mg%, respectively. The mean of very low density lipids level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 30.12 ± 1.51 mg%, 17.24 ± 0.80 mg%, 22.25 ± 0.93 mg% and 25.89 ± 0.43 mg%, respectively. The mean triglyceride level in controls, OSCC, OL and OSMF was 118.80 ± 9.47 mg%, 91.2 ± 3.03 mg%, 105.05 ± 2.96 mg% and 106.19 ± 3.09 mg%, respectively. Conclusion: Lipid profile levels could be early indicators of precancer and cancer.

Cardioprotective effect of lipstatin derivative orlistat on normotensive rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate in vivo animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion the cardioprotective activity of pancreatic lipase inhibitor of the orlistat. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, placed on mechanical ventilation and underwent surgery to induce cardiac I/R by obstructing left descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion to evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) with pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat (ORL). At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were collected for determination of triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Results: Treatment with ORL has been able to decrease the incidence of VA, AVB and LET. Besides that, treatment with ORL reduced serum concentrations of CK and LDL, but did not alter the levels of serum concentration of TG, VLDL and HDL. Conclusion: The reduction of ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and lethality and serum levels of creatine kinase produced by treatment with orlistat in animal model of cardiac isquemia/reperfusion injury suggest that ORL could be used as an efficient cardioprotective therapeutic strategy to attenuate myocardial damage related to acute myocardial infarction.

Comparative effects of metformin and pioglitazone on lipid profile of rabbits

This is the initial part of study in which the effects of two oral hypoglycemic drugs metformin and pioglitazone were studied on lipid profile of rabbits. White rabbits of both sexes were equally divided in to three groups each comprising of seven animals. Control group was given distilled water 2m1/kg, animals of group II were given metformin in the dose of 22mg/kg and animals of group III received pioglitazone in the dose of 0.5mg/kg. Serum concentration of cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], triglycerides [TGs], low density lipoprotein [LDL] and high density lipoprotein [HDL] were measured after 8 week of oral dosing. Results shows that after 8 weeks animals received metformin did not reveal any significant change in lipid profile, but animals received pioglitazone showed significant [P<0.05] decrease in lipid profile, the decrease in cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides is favorable however decrease in HDL is troublesome and warrant further investigations

Senile cataract; serum lipids a modifiable risk factor

To estimate the serum lipid profile of patients having different types of senile cataract and compare them with that of the controls. Observational case control study. Tertiary care centre in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Six months. We selected fifty patients with senile cataract and fifty control individuals from tertiary care hospital of Lahore. History, ophthalmic and systemic examinations were done. Fasting serum samples were taken for estimation of lipid profile from all the subjects. In the patient group, female to male ratio was 1.63:1. 78% patients had Nuclear cataract, 16% had cortical and 6% had posterior sub capsular type of senile cataract. Serum Triglycerides, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and VLDL of patients were compared with controls. The p-value of cholesterol, LDL and HDL was non-significant. The p-value of triglycerides and VLDL was significant. Serum Triglycerides and VLDL are modifiable risk factors in the development of senile cataract in Pakistani patients. Serum Triglycerides is the only lipid, which has shown consistent results related to cataract development in different parts of the world. Other lipids show variable results in different countries

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. in hyperlipidemic rats: An evidence of participation of oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity profiles of ethanolic extracts of Symplocos racemosa (EESR) were studied by triton-WR1339 (acute) and high fat diet induced (chronic) hyperlipidemic rat models. In both the models, a significant increase in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL) in serum were observed. EESR (200 and 400 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) administered orally reduced the elevated serum lipids (TC, TG, VLDL, LDL), restored the decreased HDL and improved the atherogenic index. In high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic model, EESR treatment prevented the increased formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, restored the depleted liver antioxidants, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase significantly. The increased liver cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase activity and body weight of hyperlipidemic rats were significantly reduced by EESR treatment. The EESR inhibited HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby causing hypolipidemic effects. EESR treatment also improved histoarchitecture of hepatocytes in hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental findings demonstrated anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of EESR, which may be directly or indirectly related to its antioxidant activity. The hypolipidemic activity of EESR may be due to the presence of flavonoids phenolic compounds, phenolic glycosides and steroids.

Comparison of fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile changes after treatment with atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>This study aimed to compare the effects of the two most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine and risperidone, on fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile of the recipients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A randomised, comparative, open clinical study was conducted on 60 schizophrenic patients. The patients were divided into two groups, one receiving olanzapine and the other receiving risperidone. The patients were assessed for changes in fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL] and total cholesterol) eight weeks after starting treatment. The number of patients positive for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile criteria of metabolic syndrome was calculated by applying the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines (NCEP ATP III) criteria at eight weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Patients treated with olanzapine showed a highly significant increase in the observed parameters, whereas those treated with risperidone showed a significant increase in fasting blood sugar, HDL and LDL levels, and a highly significant increase in other parameters. Intergroup comparison was insignificant except for TG, VLDL and total cholesterol levels. More men as compared to women fulfilled the NCEP ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome in both groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Olanzapine has a higher propensity to cause derangement of some parameters of lipid profile than risperidone. These parameters include TG, VLDL and total cholesterol levels.</p>

High-density lipoprotein prevents SAA-induced production of TNF-α in THP-1 monocytic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

In this study, we evaluated whether human serum and lipoproteins, especially high-density lipoprotein (HDL), affected serum amyloid A (SAA)-induced cytokine release. We verified the effects of SAA on THP-1 cells in serum-free medium compared to medium containing human serum or lipoprotein-deficient serum. SAA-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production was higher in the medium containing lipoprotein-deficient serum than in the medium containing normal human serum. The addition of HDL inhibited the SAA-induced TNF-α release in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was specific for HDL and was not affected by low-density lipoprotein or very low-density lipoprotein. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the inhibitory effect of HDL on TNF-α production induced by SAA was less pronounced. However, this effect was significant when HDL was added to lipoprotein-deficient medium. In addition, a similar inhibitory effect was observed for interleukin-1 beta release. These findings confirm the important role of HDL and support our previous hypothesis that HDL inhibits the effects of SAA during SAA transport in the bloodstream. Moreover, the HDL-induced reduction in the proinflammatory activity of SAA emphasizes the involvement of SAA in diseases, such as atherosclerosis, that are characterized by low levels of HDL.

Effects of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) leaves extracts on the susceptibility of very low and low density lipoproteins to oxidation.

Of Brassicaceous plants, kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC) contains polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones and glucosinolates and so has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Antioxidants inhibit negative effects of free radicals and may, therefore, protect tissues against oxidative damage. Oxidation of lipoproteins is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. In the current study, the levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of kale leaves were determined. In addition, the susceptibility of isolated lipoproteins — very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) to the Cu2+-induced oxidation with various concentrations of metanolic and aqueous extracts was evaluated as t-lag values. Although aqueous extract had higher total antioxidant capacity, methanolic extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (P<0.05). On the other hand, both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in both isolated VLDL and LDL. Inhibitory effect of extracts or increasing t-lag values, mainly in methanolic extract was found to be related to increasing the concentration of extracts. It was concluded that because of high antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, kale showed a protective effect on the oxidation of lipoproteins. Therefore, it may be speculated that kale consumption may play an important protective role in the cardiovascular and other related diseases resulting from imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant status.