Cardioprotective effect of lipstatin derivative orlistat on normotensive rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate in vivo animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion the cardioprotective activity of pancreatic lipase inhibitor of the orlistat. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, placed on mechanical ventilation and underwent surgery to induce cardiac I/R by obstructing left descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion to evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) with pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat (ORL). At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were collected for determination of triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Results: Treatment with ORL has been able to decrease the incidence of VA, AVB and LET. Besides that, treatment with ORL reduced serum concentrations of CK and LDL, but did not alter the levels of serum concentration of TG, VLDL and HDL. Conclusion: The reduction of ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and lethality and serum levels of creatine kinase produced by treatment with orlistat in animal model of cardiac isquemia/reperfusion injury suggest that ORL could be used as an efficient cardioprotective therapeutic strategy to attenuate myocardial damage related to acute myocardial infarction.

Senile cataract; serum lipids a modifiable risk factor

To estimate the serum lipid profile of patients having different types of senile cataract and compare them with that of the controls. Observational case control study. Tertiary care centre in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Six months. We selected fifty patients with senile cataract and fifty control individuals from tertiary care hospital of Lahore. History, ophthalmic and systemic examinations were done. Fasting serum samples were taken for estimation of lipid profile from all the subjects. In the patient group, female to male ratio was 1.63:1. 78% patients had Nuclear cataract, 16% had cortical and 6% had posterior sub capsular type of senile cataract. Serum Triglycerides, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and VLDL of patients were compared with controls. The p-value of cholesterol, LDL and HDL was non-significant. The p-value of triglycerides and VLDL was significant. Serum Triglycerides and VLDL are modifiable risk factors in the development of senile cataract in Pakistani patients. Serum Triglycerides is the only lipid, which has shown consistent results related to cataract development in different parts of the world. Other lipids show variable results in different countries

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. in hyperlipidemic rats: An evidence of participation of oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity profiles of ethanolic extracts of Symplocos racemosa (EESR) were studied by triton-WR1339 (acute) and high fat diet induced (chronic) hyperlipidemic rat models. In both the models, a significant increase in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL) in serum were observed. EESR (200 and 400 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) administered orally reduced the elevated serum lipids (TC, TG, VLDL, LDL), restored the decreased HDL and improved the atherogenic index. In high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic model, EESR treatment prevented the increased formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, restored the depleted liver antioxidants, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase significantly. The increased liver cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase activity and body weight of hyperlipidemic rats were significantly reduced by EESR treatment. The EESR inhibited HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby causing hypolipidemic effects. EESR treatment also improved histoarchitecture of hepatocytes in hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental findings demonstrated anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of EESR, which may be directly or indirectly related to its antioxidant activity. The hypolipidemic activity of EESR may be due to the presence of flavonoids phenolic compounds, phenolic glycosides and steroids.

Effects of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) leaves extracts on the susceptibility of very low and low density lipoproteins to oxidation.

Of Brassicaceous plants, kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC) contains polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones and glucosinolates and so has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Antioxidants inhibit negative effects of free radicals and may, therefore, protect tissues against oxidative damage. Oxidation of lipoproteins is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. In the current study, the levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of kale leaves were determined. In addition, the susceptibility of isolated lipoproteins — very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) to the Cu2+-induced oxidation with various concentrations of metanolic and aqueous extracts was evaluated as t-lag values. Although aqueous extract had higher total antioxidant capacity, methanolic extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (P<0.05). On the other hand, both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in both isolated VLDL and LDL. Inhibitory effect of extracts or increasing t-lag values, mainly in methanolic extract was found to be related to increasing the concentration of extracts. It was concluded that because of high antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, kale showed a protective effect on the oxidation of lipoproteins. Therefore, it may be speculated that kale consumption may play an important protective role in the cardiovascular and other related diseases resulting from imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant status.

Female pattern alopecia and lipoproteins

The meaningful association of androgenetic alopecia and coronary heart disease had been well documented, but few studies had been focused on the importance of lipid parameters in patients with androgenetic alopecia. To investigate the lipid profile and its relation to female pattern alopecia. This is a case controlled study conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology-Baghdad Teaching Hospital, between January 2001 and April 2002. Sixty female patients with androgenetic alopecia were enrolled in this work. From each patient a detailed history and full clinical examination were performed regarding all demographic points relative to the disease, grading of alopecia and measurement of serum lipoproteins was done. Female pattern alopecia was classified according to Sharquei's classification Sixty age and weight matched females with normal hair status were considered as a control group. Measurement of serum lipoproteins also performed for them. Sixty patients, their ages ranged between 20-60 years with mean +/- SD of 30.3 +/- 9.4 years. Twenty [33.3%] patients were having grade I, 20 [33.3%] patients grade II and another 20 [33.3%] patients grade III. The mean levels of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein in all patients and those with grade II and III separately were significantly higher when compared to the control group. On the other hand, the mean levels of high density lipoprotein in all patients and those with grade I and III separately were lower in comparison to the control. The atherogenic index or risk ratio was found to be significantly high in patients with female pattern alopecia and this goes parallel with the severity of baldness

Comparison of propofol and remifentanil administration on lipid profile

This study aimed to investigate the serum level of triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein during administration of propofol and comparing it with infusion of remifentanil in patients undergoing sedation in ICU of Masih Daneshvari Hospital during 2005-2007. All patients with pulmonary disease, undergoing intubation and mechanical ventilation were enrolled in our study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, first receiving propofol and second receiving remifentanil as the sedative agent. Lipid profile [triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein] was checked before, immediately after, and the day after drug administration. A total of 40 patients were enrolled in this study, 20 of which took propofol and the remaining took remifentanil. The mean age of the patients was 58.67 +/- 18.57 yrs. Triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein[VLDL] were the two factors with statistically significant rise after infusion of propofol [p < 0.002]. Such a change was not detected in the remifentanil group. The other understudy factors did not show similar changes. Propofol infusion can induce dramatic rises in triglyceride and VLDL concentration even after low dose infusions and therefore special attention must be paid to patients prone to hyper-triglyceridemia and pancreatitis

Perfil lipídico em crianças obesas: efeitos de dieta hipocalórica e atividade física aeróbica / Obese children lipid profile: effects of hypocaloric diet and aerobic physical exercise

Dieta hipocalórica e atividade física aeróbia promovem perda de peso e melhora do perfil lipídico de adultos obesos, entretanto pouco se conhece em crianças obesas, sendo este o objetivo do trabalho. Estudamos cinqüenta crianças obesas e dividimos em dois grupos pareados: Grupo D (dieta com 55 por cento de carboidrato, 30 por cento de gordura e 15 por cento de proteína - 1.500 e 1.800 kcal) e Grupo DE (mesma dieta + atividade física aeróbia 1 hora por dia, três vezes por semana). Após cinco meses, avaliamos: índice de massa corpórea (IMC), triglicerídeos, colesterol total (CT) e frações. Nenhuma modificação foi observada nos triglicerídeos, CT e lipoproteína de baixa-densidade colesterol (LDL-C) em ambos os grupos. Houve, porém, aumento da lipoproteína de alta-densidade colesterol (HDL-C) apenas no grupo DE (+10,3 por cento, p< 0,01). Selecionando pacientes com CT > 170 mg/dL, LDL-C > 110 mg/dL e HDL-C < 35 mg/dL, observou-se redução semelhante do CT nos dois grupos (-6,0 por cento x -6,0 por cento; p= ns), assim como da LDL-C de ambos (-14,2 por cento x -13,5 por cento; p= ns), e um acréscimo da HDL-C apenas no grupo DE (+10,0 por cento; p< 0,05). Conclusões: 1) Dieta hipocalórica (DH) e atividade física aeróbia promovem aumento da HDL-C, independente do valor basal, em crianças obesas quando comparado à DH isoladamente; 2) DH isoladamente ou associada a exercício aeróbio reduz CT e LDL-C, quando estes estão em níveis acima do valor normal, em crianças obesas.

Incidencia de las dislipidemias y su relación con la cardiopatía isquémica en la población del Policlínico Héroes del Moncada / Incidence of dyslipidemias and their relation to ischemic heart disease in the population of Héroes del Moncada Polyclinic

Con el objetivo de conocer la incidencia de las dislipidemias y su relación con la cardiopatía isquémica en la población perteneciente al Policlínico ¨Héroes del Moncada¨ de Ciudad de La Habana, se estudiaron 311 pacientes de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 91 años, a los que se les aplicó una encuesta confeccionada por el Centro de Investigaciones y Referencias de la Aterosclerosis de La Habana y se les determinaron los niveles sanguíneos de colesterol total (CT), HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol y triglicéridos (TG). Obtuvimos una incidencia de dislipidemias no tratadas de un 47 por ciento. Los triglicéridos, VLDL-colesterol, colesterol total y HDL-colesterol, son las lipoproteínas que presentaron un riesgo significativo para la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica, con un predominio de hipertrigliceridemia. Entre los restantes factores de riesgo estudiados, la diabetes mellitus junto a las dislipidemias constituyeron los factores que se relacionaron más con la incidencia de cardiopatía isquémica

Frecuencia del polimorfismo E4154K del gen de la apolipoproteína B en individuos chilenos con perfil de riesgo para enfermedad coronaria / Frequency of the E4154K polymorphism at the apolipoprotein B gene in chilean individuals with high risk for coronary artery disease

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de morbimortalidad en Chile. El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo asociados a estas patologías, puede ser importante en la prevención. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: a)evaluar la frecuencia del polimorfismo E4154K (EcoRI) del gen de la apolipoproteína B (APOB) en 60 individuos con perfil de riesgo para enfermedad coronaria (grupo de estudio, GE) y 120 controles (GC) de la ciudad de Temuco (Chile) y b) determinar el efecto de esta alteración molecular sobre las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos. La genotipificación del polimorfismo EcoRI fue realizada mediante la técnica de PCR, seguida de restricción enzimática. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el genotipo homocigoto E+E+ para el polimorfismo EcoRI fue significativamente mayor en los individuos del grupo GE (77 por ciento vs. 56 por ciento, p=0.018). Se observó también, que los individuos del grupo GE portadores del genotipo E+E+, presentaron mayores niveles de colesterol total (p=0.003), y bajos valores de HDL-C )p=0.008). En conclusión, nuestros datos demuestran una importante asociación entre el polimorfismo EcoRI del gen APOB y marcadores biológicos de riesgo cardiovascular.

Comparison of dyslipidemias in controlled and uncontrolled type II diabetics

There were two groups of 60 patients each, comprising controlled and uncontrolled patients, depending on their HbA1c levels. All the patients had their lipid profiles checked after a overnight fast. All lipid fractions were found to be deranged in both the groups, more so in the patients with uncontrolled diabetes. It was concluded that dyslipidemias are common in diabetics. The abnormal lipid values though improve with good control of diabetes, but do not reach normal state

Antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activity of a herbal formulation--liposem.

The efficacy of Liposem, a polyherbal formulation, as an antioxidant and hypolipidaemic drug was evaluated in diet induced hyperlipidaemia in rats. The methanolic extract of Liposem was found to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals, the IC50 required being 70.5 and 45.0 microg respectively. The lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate induced by Fe2+ ascorbate system was also found inhibited (50%) by 273.5 microg of the extract. The hypolipidaemic effect was assessed by serum lipid profile in dietary hyperlipidaemic rats and found to have decreased dose dependently in all the four different concentrations of administration (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg body wt). Liposem significantly raised high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the HDL/low density lipoprotein + very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL+LDL) ratio. The atherogenic index and the reduction in body weight were significant, indicating the effectiveness against hyperlipidaemia and obesity. These results reveal the therapeutic potential of Liposem against the vascular intimal damage and diet induced hyperlipidaemia leading to the various types of cardio vascular diseases.

Efecto de la terapia hormonal de reemplazo que incluye un progestágeno sobre la sensibilidad a la insulina y el perfil de lípidos en la mujer en etapa de posmenopausia / Effects of hormone replacement therapy including a progestin on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in postmenopausal women

Background: The cardiovascular protective properties of hormone replacement therapy can be hampered when a progestin is used. Aim: To assess the effects of hormone replacement therapy with progestins on insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Patients and methods: Twelve healthy postmenopausal women aged 45 to 55 years old were studied. Blood lipids and insulin sensitivity, determined using the insulin tolerance test, were measured at baseline and after three months of hormone replacement therapy using conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/day and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 5 mg/day. Results: The glucose disappearance constant was higher after the treatment period than at baseline (5.3ñ0.8 and 4.7ñ0.8 percent/min respectively, p = 0.005). Serum LDL cholesterol was also lower at the end of treatment period (124.5 ñ 30.2 and 140ñ25.4 mg/dl respectively, p = 0.019). Conclusions: In this group of postmenopausal women, a period of three months of hormone replacement therapy with a progestin improved insulin sensitivity and lowered LDL cholesterol levels

Alteraçöes do perfil das subfraçöes de lipoproteínas associadas à terapia de reposiçäo hormonal / Changes in the profile of lipoprotein subfractions associated with hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of 2 regimens of hormone replacement therapy during the postmenopausal period on the profile of the major lipoprotein subfractions (HDL, LDL, and VLDL). METHODS: We carried out a cohort study in 38 postmenopausal patients who were starting their hormone replacement therapy due to gynecological indications, for a period of 12 weeks. Analysis of lipoprotein subclasses was performed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Hormone replacement therapy cause an increase in the proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL (p=0.008 and 0.03, respectively) and in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL due to a 36 percent increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.004), concomitantly with a 15 percent reduction in the levels of smaller particles (p=0.04). In regard to HDL, the increase occurred only a 17 percent increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.002). No significant change occurred in the distribution pattern of LDL subfractions. CONCLUSION: The proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL increases after hormone replacement therapy. The increase in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL occurs due to an increase in the levels of the larger subclasses concomitantly with a reduction in the smaller particles. However, an increase in the proportion of larger particles of HDL occurs only due to an increase in the levels of the larger subfractions

Effects of an oestrogen only and oestrogen progestin regimen of hormone replacement therapy on lipid profile in postmenopausal women

Hormone replacement therapy [HRT], is known to be accompanied by changes in blood lipid profile. The use of a progestin in addition to oestrogen is believed to negate or attenuate the effects of oestrogen on lipids and lipoproteins. In this study, we compared the lipid profiles of two groups of postmenopausal women who had been using the two different types of regimens of HRT. Each group consisted of twenty women. The first group of women consisted of women who had undergone surgical menopause and were using an oestrogen only HRT [Premarin]. The second group consisted of women who had undergone natural menopause and were on a combined, sequential regimen of oestrogen and progestin [Progyluton]. For each group, total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-C, LDLC, HDL-C, ratio were estimated. Certain difference were observed in these parameters of the two groups but statistical analysis showed no significant. Thus our study indicated that the presence of a progestin in HRT may have some effects on lipid profile, but it does not alter it significantly

Effect of eugenol and tincture of crataegus (TCR) on in vitro oxidation of LDL + VLDL isolated from plasma of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of antioxidants on oxidised LDL + VLDL and found that vitamin E, eugenol and tincture of crataegus (antioxidants) inhibited oxidation of (LDL + VLDL) similar to standard antioxidant (butylated hydroxy toluene). Vitamin C acted as an antioxidant at lower concentration, and prooxidant at higher concentration.

Effect of diabetes mellitus on liporpotein triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations related to sex

We studied sea differences in the serum lipid abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus in 111 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and 270 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, who were compared with 586 nondiabetic controls. Relative to control levels, the increases in triglycerides were 17 to 34 mg per deciliter greater in diabetic women than in diabetic men. The median low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol concentration in non-insulindependent diabetics was 1 to 4mg per deciliter lower than the control level in women and 16 to 22mg per deciliter lower in men, and was 30 mg per deciliter higher than control in insulin-dependent diabetic women and similar to control in insulin-dependent diabetic men. The decrease in median high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in noninsulin-dependent diabetics was 2 to 7 mg per deciliter greater in women than in men, and the increase in highdensity-lipoprotein cholesterol in insulindependent diabetics was 3 mg per deciliter less in women than in men. We conclude that diabetes has a greater adverse effect on triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in diabetic women than in diabetic men, and that this may explain the greater increase in risk of anteriosclerosis in diabetic women

Efectos del alcoholismo crónico sobre el hígado de ratas albinas adolescentes / Effects of chronic alcoholism on the liver of adolescent albinic rats

Se estudiaron los efectos del alcoholismo crónico sobre el hígado de ratas albinas adolescentes. Se utilizaron 57 ratas de ambos sexos a las que se le suministraron 6 g de etanol por kilogramo de peso corporal diariamente desde los 28 hasta los 90 d de nacidas. Se estudiaron las variables: ganancia en peso corporal, concentraciones en suero de la enzima transaminasa glutámico pirúvica, triacilglicéridos, lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad y las características histológicas del hígado y el glucógeno hepático. Se comprobó que las ratas alcohólicas: ganaron menos peso, presentaron valores significativamente mayores de transaminasa glutámico pirúvica y menores de triacilglicéridos y lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad que los controles. El hígado de las ratas alcohólicas presentó esteatosis intensa, signos de muerte celular por apoptosis y necrosis, infiltrados leucocitarios, cuerpos de Mallory y megalomitocondrias. Los datos encontrados sugieren que las ratas adolescentes son muy sensibles al etanol

Perfil de lípidos en recién nacidos sanos y su correlación con los niveles de lípidos maternos / Lipid profile in healthy newborns and their mothers

Objetivo. Determinar los niveles séricos de lípidos, colesterol, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas de un grupo de recién nacidos y sus madres, y conocer si existe correlación entre los valores de ambas poblaciones. Material y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 200 recién nacidos sanos, así como de sus madres, las muestras fueron procesadas por el autoanalizador. Los datos se analizaron en el programa Epi Info 6. Se obtuvieron mediciones de tendencia central, y sus dispersiones análisis de varianza y coeficiente de correlación de pearson. Resultados. Los niveles promedio de lípidos totales en los recién nacidos fueron de 625.2 ñ 130 mg/dl; colesterol 158.8 ñ 44 mg/dl, triglicéridos 136.9 ñ 97 mg/dl, LDL 70.5 ñ 23.9 mg/dl, HDL 52.7 ñ 14 mg/dl, VLDL 26.5 ñ 15.5 mgdl. Conclusiones. Los niveles de colesterol en los recién nacidos fueron semejantes a los encontrados por Alpers y superiores a los reportados por el Comité Americano de Bioquímica Pediátrica en Estados Unidos de América (EUA). Se encontró discreta asociación entre los niveles maternos y de sus recién nacidos

Change of plasma lipoproteins by heparin-released lipoprotein lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is known to be attached to the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells in a complex with membrane-bound heparan sulfate, and released into blood stream by heparin. LPL that catalyzes hydrolysis of triglyceride (TGL) on chylomicron and VLDL into two fatty acids and monoacylglycerol, is also implicated to participate in an enhancement of cholesterol uptake by arterial endothelial cells in vitro. But little is known about the LPL-mediated cholesterol uptake in physiological state. In this study, changes in blood lipid composition and levels of lipoproteins were determined after the injection of heparin in human. The level of LPL in plasma was increased from 0 to 11 mU/ml within 30-40 min post-heparin administration and decreased to the basal level within 2 h. The level of TGL in plasma decreased from 70 mg/dl to 20 mg/dl within 1 h and gradually increased to 80 mg/dl within 4 h. However the level of total cholesterol in plasma remained at 140 mg/dl during an experimental period of 4 h. Analysis of Lipoproteins in plasma by NaBr density gradient ultracentrifugation showed that the level of VLDL decreased from 50 mg/dl to 10 mg/dl within 1-2 h and returned to normal plasm level at 4 h. However there were no significant changes in the level of LDL and HDL. These results suggest that, at least, in normo-lipidemic subjects, increased free plasm LPL acts primarily on VLDL and failed to show any significant uptake of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in human.