Clinical and morphological justification of the treatment of purulonecrotic lesion in deep structures of limb distal segment in pig: case report / [Justificativa clínica e morfológica do tratamento de lesão purulonecrótica em estruturas profundas do segmento distal de membros em porco: relato de caso]

Surgical pathology of the musculoskeletal system, and in particular the diseases of the limb distal segment in pigs are quite common. Their significant spread leads to economic losses due to culling, compulsory slaughter, short-received pig production and pig crop. The purpose of this work was to reveal clinical and morphological features of limb distal segment diseases in pigs and to study the possibility of preserving their health and productivity. The conservative treatment of purulonecrotic lesions in the deep structures of the limb distal segment in pigs is not promising. It is shown that the best way to treat a given pathology is amputation of a sick limb. The technique of carrying out exarticulation of talus shin consists in separation of soft tissues, capsule and ligaments, ligation of vessels, formation of stump. The postoperative recovery period of the animal body is 25 days.(AU)

A patologia cirúrgica do sistema musculoesquelético e, em particular, as doenças do segmento distal dos membros em suínos são bastante comuns. A sua propagação significativa leva a perdas econômicas devido ao abate seletivo, abate obrigatório, produção de suínos pouco recebida e colheita de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revelar características clínicas e morfológicas das doenças do segmento distal de membros em suínos e estudar a possibilidade de preservar sua saúde e produtividade. O tratamento conservador das lesões purulonecróticas nas estruturas profundas do segmento distal do membro em porcos não é promissor. Fica estabelecido que a melhor forma de tratar uma determinada patologia é a amputação de um membro doente. A técnica de realizar a exarticulação da canela do talos consiste na separação dos tecidos moles, cápsula e ligamentos, ligadura dos vasos, formação do coto. O período de recuperação pós-operatória do corpo do animal é de 25 dias.(AU)

Apoptosis in Lungs and Liver after Crush Injury of Hindlimbs in Rat / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the process of apoptosis in lungs and liver induced by crushing hindlimbs of rat, and study the mechanism of crush injury.@*METHODS@#The rat experimental model of hindlimbs crush injury was established. The cell apoptosis in lungs and liver was detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 apoptin was examined by immunohistochemistry.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the partial muscle injury of rat's hindlimbs was more serious with more apoptosis observed in lungs and liver (P < 0.05). The expression of Bax was up-regulated and Bcl-2 was down-regulated, whereas caspase-3 expression was activated (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The cell apoptosis has increased significantly in lungs and liver after crush injury of hindlimbs in rat. The correlation factor released during tissue injury may mediate apoptosis process.

Estudo radiográfico do posicionamento da falange distal e suas possíveis correlações com obesidade em equinos de patrulhamento da Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais / Radiographic study of the distal phalanx position and their possible correlation with obesity in patrol horses from the Military Police of Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de se verificarem possíveis correlações entre a falange distal, o estojo córneo e a obesidade, 55 equinos de patrulhamento provenientes do Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes do Estado de Minas Gerais - RCAT tiveram seus dígitos torácicos radiografados. Posteriormente, os animais foram classificados quanto ao acúmulo de tecido adiposo regional por métodos subjetivos (escore corporal e escore de pescoço) e objetivos (índice de massa corporal, circunferência do pescoço e determinação de espessura do tecido adiposo por meio de ultrassonografia na inserção da cauda e do abdômen). Na população estudada, o índice de massa corporal evidenciou que 52,6 por cento dos equinos se encontravam acima do peso. A circunferência do pescoço a 50 por cento de seu comprimento dorsal e a medida ultrassonográfica na inserção da cauda se mostraram os melhores métodos objetivos para quantificar o acúmulo de tecido adiposo. Foram identificadas particularidades radiográficas características da população estudada que diferem de parâmetros internacionais. Observaram-se correlações significantes entre sinais de obesidade e medidas radiográficas indicadoras de laminite, sugerindo associação entre essas duas condições na população estudada...

With the aim to verify possible correlations between the spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof and signs of obesity, 55 horses from the Cavalry Regiment Alferes Tiradentes of Minas Gerais State Police - RCAT had x-rays taken from their thoracic hoofs. After that, horses were classified based on their subjective (body condition and neck scores) and objective (body mass index, neck circumferences, ultrasound measurement of fat tissue of the tail and on abdomen) methods for adiposity. Within the population, the body mass index showed that 52.6 percent of horses were overweight. Neck circumference at 50 percent of its dorsal length and ultrasound measurement of fat thickness on the insertion of the tail were the best objective methods. We identified specific radiographic characteristics of the population that were different from international parameters. Significant correlations among signs of obesity and measurements that indicate lamintis were found, suggesting association between these conditions in this horse population...

Acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract from Lampaya medicinalis Phil in rats

BACKGROUND: Algesia and inflammation are related with several pathological conditions. It is known that many drugs available for the treatment of these problems cause unwanted side effects. This study was aimed at evaluating acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) widely used in the folk medicine of Northern Chile against rheumatism, arthritis and body joints pain. RESULTS: Oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) at the highest dose of 3000 mg/ Kg body weight resulted in no mortalities or evidence of significant behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, heart, lung or ovaries and testicles. The results suggest that the oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Lampaya medicinalis did not produce any toxic effect in rats. Hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in dose - response relationship, at test doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight. Maximum inhibition (61.98 ± 2.69%) was noted at 300 mg/Kg after 2 h of drug treatment carrageenan induced paw edema, whereas indomethacin produced 47.90 ± 1.16% of inhibition. The inhibitory values of edema at 3 h postcarrageenan were 31.04±0.75%, 40.51 ± 2.36%, 48.97 ± 1.14% and 56.87 ± 0.41% for 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg of extract respectively. Indomethacin (10 mg/Kg) gave a percentage inhibition of 49.44 ± 1.44. HAE (300 and 150 mg/kg) induced an anti-inflammatory effect greater than (or comparable) with the effect of indomethacin from 2nd to 4th hours of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal for first time that compounds contained in the hydroalcoholic extract ofLampaya medicinalis Phil exert anti-inflammatory effect and the oral administration is safe and non toxic up to dose level 3000 mg/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity may be associated with the presence of flavonoids. These findings also justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain.

Effect of soft tissue crush injury on tensions of thoracic aortic rings in rats / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of soft tissue crush injury on the tensions of thoracic aortic rings (TARs) in rats and to investigate the potential roles of nitric oxide in the change of the tensions.@*METHODS@#Thirty adult SD rats were randomly divided into control group and crush injury (8 h and 16 h after injury) groups. Two kinds of TARs (one with endothelium and the other without endothelium) in vitro were prepared. In the TARs with endothelium, the tensions induced by phenylephrine (PE), acetylcholine (Ach), calcium ionophore A23187 and angiotensin II (AngI) were measured by the vascular tension detective technique. Then the TARs with endothelium were preincubated with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) for 20 minutes, the tensions induced by PE and Ang II were measured again. In the TARs without endothelium, the tensions induced by PE and Ang II were measured by the same method.@*RESULTS@#In the TARs with endothelium, the tension of relaxation induced by cumulative doses of Ach and A23187 decreased significantly in 8 h and 16h groups. The tension of contraction induced by cumulative doses of PE and Ang II also decreased significantly (P<0.05). The tension of contraction increased after the preincubation with L-NNA. In the TARs without endothelium, the tension of contraction induced by PE and Ang II increased comparing to that of TARs with endothelium.@*CONCLUSION@#The soft tissue crush injury can influence the tensions of TARs in rats and the vascular-derived NO can mediate the effects.

Injuries in cage-bred wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) caused by the size of the orifices in the cage floor / Lesões em coelhos silvestres (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mantidos em cativerio, causadas pelo tamanho dos orifícios no piso da gaiola

Estudou-se a incidência de lesões nas patas traseiras de láparos de coelhos selvagens (Oryctolagus cuniculus) criados em cativeiro, causadas por inadequação do piso das gaiolas, nomeadamente a dimensão dos orifícios. Propõem-se pisos com dimensões mais adequadas. As gaiolas tinham piso de plástico com orifícios de 12×35mm separados em 18mm. Dos 96 láparos estudados, 12 (12,5%) sofreram traumatismos causados pela introdução das patas traseiras nos orifícios do piso, e sete deles (58,3%) morreram. Considerando que o diâmetro das fezes do coelho selvagem é cerca de 60% menor que o das fezes do coelho doméstico de corte, é possível reduzir em 8mm a separação entre os orifícios do piso das gaiolas. Como alternativa, o piso poderá ser constituído por orifícios circulares de 10mm de diâmetro, o que eliminaria os acidentes causados pela inadequação do piso, melhorando também o bem-estar animal.

Changes of ICAM-1 mRNA expression in rats' skeletal muscle after contusion / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression of intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in contused skeletal muscle of rats using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and its relationship with the contusion interval.@*METHODS@#To make the contusion models with rats skeletal muscle. The samples were taken to extract mRNA at 0.5 h, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 30 h and from the control group after contusion respectively. FISH was performed on frozen section samples and the sections were observed using LSCM.@*RESULTS@#The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA peaked at 6 h in skeletal muscle after contusion. Its level fell to 3.46 times the level of control group at 18 h and then increased again.@*CONCLUSION@#The time-order expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in 30 hours after contusion is potentially useful for estimation of early wound age.

Propriedades mecânicas do gastrocnêmio eletroestimulado pós-imobilização / Mechanical properties of gastrocnemius eletrostimulated after immobilization

INTRODUÇÃO: As propriedades mecânicas (PM) consistem num instrumento de aplicabilidade clínica para profissionais de saúde que atuam no sistema músculo-esquelético. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar dois protocolos de estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (NMES) na potencialização do restabelecimento das PM no complexo músculo-tendíneo após imobilização segmentar de ratas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 50 animais distribuídos em: Controle (GC, n=10); Imobilizado (GI, n=10); Imobilizado e remobilizado livre (GIL, n=10), Imobilizado e NMES uma vez ao dia (GIE1, n=10) e Imobilizado e NMES duas vezes ao dia (GIE2, n=10). A imobilização foi realizada por 14 dias. O GIL foi liberado posteriormente por 10 dias. A NMES foi aplicada pós-imobilização por 10 dias, GIE1 aplicado pela manhã (10 minutos) e, GIE2 aplicado pela manhã e à tarde (totalizando 20 minutos). Posteriormente, o músculo gastrocnêmio foi submetido ao ensaio mecânico de tração sendo as PM de rigidez, resiliência, carga e o alongamento no limite máximo avaliadas. RESULTADOS: A imobilização reduziu os valores das propriedades de carga e rigidez (p<0,05). A NMES utilizada duas vezes ao dia determinou resultados menos satisfatórios das PM avaliadas que àqueles obtidos uma vez ao dia e no grupo remobilizado (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O músculo gastrocnênio tornou-se estruturalmente mais organizado frente à aplicação unitária da NMES e na remobilização.

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical properties (MP) are clinically applicable tools for healthcare professionals working on the musculoskeletal system. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate two protocols of neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) to improve MP regeneration of the myotendinous complex after segment immobilization in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty animals were equally distributed into five groups: Control (CG, n=10); Immobilized (IG, n=10); Immobilized and freely remobilized (IFG, n=10); Immobilized and NMES once /day (IEG1, n=10); Immobilized and MNES twice/day (IEG2, n=10). Immobilization was kept for 14 days, and remobilization was subsequently released for 10 days. NMES was applied for 10 days, post-immobilization, every morning for 10 minutes to IEG1 animals and every morning and afternoon (total 20 minutes) to the IEG2 group. After these procedures, the gastrocnemius muscle was submitted to the mechanical traction assay to evaluate stiffness, resilience, load and stretching at maximum limit MPs. RESULTS: Immobilization reduced the MP values concerning load and stiffness (p<0.05). Results for NMES applied twice a day were less satisfactory than the ones obtained with one application or in the remobilized group (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the gastrocnemius muscle became structurally better organized through a single NMES application and by remobilization.

Change of nitric oxide in local muscle of crush injury hind-limbs in rats / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the change of nitric oxide (NO) level in local muscles induced by crushing hind-limbs in rats.@*METHODS@#The rat experimental model of hind-limb crushing injury was established by crushing the hind limbs of rats with standard weight for 5 hours, thereafter releving the standard weight for another 5 hours. The rats were randomly divided into sham group, crushing group, crushing and injecting aminoguanidine (AG) group, crushing and injecting L-arginine (L-Arg) group. The NOS activity and NO level in local muscles and serum were spectrophotometrically measured, and iNOS and eNOS protein expressions in local muscles were examined by immunohistochemistry. The weight ratio of wet to dry (W/D) of local muscles was measured and the pathologic changes were observed.@*RESULTS@#The crushing hind-limbs induced serious primary and secondary injuries of local muscles such as rupture and rhadomyolysis of skeletal muscular fibers, interstitial vascular congestion and edema, and marked increase in W/D. The expressions of eNOS and iNOS were upregulated in local muscle in crush group compared with sham group. The NOS activity and NO level in local muscles and serum significantly increased. There was positive relationship between NO level and W/D in local muscles. With the usage of AG and L-arg, the hind-limb injuries seemed alleviated and aggravated, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The crushing hind-limbs of rats elicited the upregulation of eNOS and iNOS protein expression, the enhancement of NOS activity and the excess production of NO, the latter of which was involved in the mediation of secondary pathological changes in local muscles.

Mechanism of acute liver injury induced by crushing hindlimbs in rabbits / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the role of oxidative stress in acute liver injury during crushing hindlimbs in rabbit.@*METHODS@#The crushing injury model in rabbit was established by intermittent crushing the hind limbs of rabbit with standard weight. The ALT and AST activities were spectrophotometrically measured. The weight ratio (wet/dry,W/D) of livers was measured with scale, and the pathologic changes were observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) level were spectrophotometrically measured.@*RESULTS@#As compared with control rabbits, crushing hindlimbs of rabbits induced acute liver injury with the increase in ALT and AST activities in serum,which were 4.31 (P < 0.01) and 10.54 times (P < 0.01) of control group respectively, there were cellular swellings and slight congestion of hepatic sinuses. In addition,crushing hind-limbs elicited significant decrease in SOD,CAT,GSH-Px activity and T-AOC to 17%, 29%, 24% and 21% (P < 0.01) compared with control group respectively, whereas MDA level markedly enhanced.@*CONCLUSION@#Crushing hindlimbs of rabbits induced acute liver injury and significant decrease in anti-oxidant capacity, the latter maybe play an important role in crushing hind-limbs of rabbits-elicited the acute liver injury.

Expression of c-fos protein after muscle contusion in experimental rats / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the relationship between the expression of c-Fos protooncogene and skeleton muscle contusion of rats, and to search for a sensitive marker of timing for skeleton muscle contusion.@*METHODS@#Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into control group and experimental groups. The expression of c-fos was microscopically observed by immunohistochemical method.@*RESULTS@#With the time prolonged the c-fos positive intensity and area were increased. Positive expression of c-fos protein appeared at 15 min after skeleton muscle contusion, and reached to the peak at 1h after skeleton muscle contusion, then decreased gradually and returned to the normal level on 1d after skeleton muscle contusion.@*CONCLUSION@#The detection of the expression of c-fos protein could be a sensitive marker for timing skeleton muscle contusion.

Analysis of relationship between injury and disease by cardiac functional indicators in hypertension rat after trauma / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the changes of cardiac functional indicators in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR) suffered by struck injuries of soft tissues, form which to discuss the significance in relationship between injury and disease.@*METHODS@#SHRs were divided into four groups according to the degree, and whose thigh was struck with the homemade hit instrument. Then the blood pressure, heart rate as well as serum biochemical indicators (CK, CK-Mb, LDH, Cr, BUN, HBDH and AST) were examined. In addition, the morphological changes of heart, brain and kidney were also observed.@*RESULTS@#The observe values of heart rate and blood pressure of SHRs seemed have relation to the degree of damage, but there were no statistically significance between different hit degree groups. In terms of serum biochemical indicators, all seven indicators of the hit group had significant difference with that of the control group, and the AST CK, CK-MB levels were difference between the group of different strike degree.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Struck injuries of soft tissues can result in forepart damage of cardiac muscle. The biochemical indicators reflect the degree of injury, and they could be used as a type of objective enzymology indicators for analysis of the relationship between injury and disease in forensic practice.

Uso de correntes diadinâmicas de Bernard em edema agudo traumático em patas de ratas / Use of Bernard's diadynamics currents in paw of rats traumatic acute edema

Introdução: lesão traumática produz edema em razão de reações vasculares inflamatórias. Dentre as maneiras de tratar este edema, apresentam-se as correntes Diadinâmicas de Bernard. Objetivo: analisar o efeito das Diadinâmicas de Bernard na redução de edema em lesões traum áticas agudas em patas de ratos, variando-se o eltrodo ativo. Metodologia: foram utilizados 27 ratos Wistar divididos em três grupos: grupo 1 (pólo negativo); grupo 2 (pólo positivo); grupo 3 (controle). Os animais eram anestesiados e em seguida realizada a primeira mensuração do volume da pata por meio de volumetria; esta avaliação era repetida cinco minutos após o trauma, depois da aplicação e cinco minutos pós eletroestimulação. Ocorrida edema por trauma direto, com energia de 0,40 j na pata posterior esquerda. A aplicação das correntes DF, MF e CP ocorria três minutos cada, com densidade de 2mA. Resultados: observou-se que o edema não aumentava (p=378) quando aplicado o pólo positivo e, com o passar do tempo havia estabilização do processo (p=1). O mesmo não aconteceu tanto com os animais do grupo controle quanto com os que receberam aplicação do pólo negativo, verificando-se um aumento no grau de edema em ambos; sendo que: nos animais que receberam a aplicação do pólo negativo, o edema aumentou de maneira estatisticamente significativa (p=0,013) após a utilização das correntes. Conclusão:o pólo positivo das correntes Diadinâmicas de Bernarde age, favoramelmente, na redução da progressão de edema traumático agudo em ratos, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o pólo negativo.

Efeitos da crioterapia e laser 904nm na redução de edema traumático em patas de ratas / Effect of the cryotherapy and laser 904nm in reduction of traumatic edema in rat´s paws

O edema inflamatório agudo é considerado um problema para a reabilitação, porque contribui para a dor, diminuição de movimento e futura formação de fibrose tecidual. Sendo, portanto, importante a sua diminuição, após processos traumáticos. Este trabalho objetivou comparar a analisar os efeitos da crioterapia e do laser em edema traumático agudo em patas de ratas wistar. O experimento incluiu o estudo de 15 ratas wistar com 176,25+-19,74g, divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos. Inicialmente o volume da pata posterior esquerda foi avaliado por hidropletismografia, e, depois foram submetidas à lesão traumática. Após cinco minutos da lesão foi novamente medido o volume da pata, evidenciando-se a formação de edema. Para G1 a pata esquerda foi posicionada durante dez minutos em crioterapia, num recipiente com água e gelo a 5 grau C. No G2 realizou-se aplicação a laser 904nm,3J/cm2 sobrea a lesão. O G3 foi o grupo controle. Houve reavaliações em 15 e 20 minutos depois da lesão Durante todo o experimento as ratas permaneceram sedadas. Para o G1, o volume deslocado inicialmente foi de 1,18+-0,11ml; após cinco minutos 1,34+-0,11; após 15 minutos 1,22+-0,13; e, após 20 min 1,30+-0,24. Para o G2 foi 1,3+-0,08; após 5 minutos 1,45+-0,17; depois de 10 minutos 1,40+-0,14; e, após 15 minutos 1,40+-0,14. Para o G3 os valores foram 1,3+-0,16; 1,52+-0,04; 1,58+-0,08; e 1,70+-0,007. Apesar da inexistência de diferença estatística, observou-se tendência de diminuição e estabilização do edema depois das aplicações nos dois grupos, sendo mais acentuado em G1.