Tratamiento de las fracturas por herida de arma de fuego: revisión bibliográfica sistematizada / Treatment of gunshot wound fractures: systematic review of the literature / Tratamento de fraturas por arma de fogo: revisão bibliográfica sistematizada

Introducción: Las fracturas por heridas de arma de fuego son un motivo de consulta habitual en nuestro país. Existe gran variabilidad de conductas respecto a su tratamiento. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar los distintos tratamientos y sus indicaciones. Materiales: Se realizó una revisión sistematizada de la literatura en las bases de datos Pubmed y Scielo. Se incluyeron artículos con fracturas por herida de arma de fuego en miembros superiores e inferiores, excluyendo la mano. Se analizó: tratamiento (ortopédico o quirúrgico), debridamiento, antibioticoterapia y complicaciones. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 19 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los artículos tuvieron un Nivel de Evidencia tipo 2b, 3 y 4. Conclusiones: Los artículos analizados tienen un bajo nivel de evidencia. La fijación quirúrgica es variable y depende de la topografía ósea, la lesión de partes blandas y las lesiones asociadas. El debridamiento profundo está relacionado con mayores índices de infección. Las fracturas estables de tratamiento ortopédico no deberían debridarse ya que aumenta los índices de infección. Debería realizarse antibioticoterapia intravenosa inicial en todos los pacientes, la terapia posterior es discutida.

Introduction: Fractures due to gunshot wounds are a common reason for consultation in our country. There is great variability of conduct regarding its treatment. The main objective of this work is to analyze the different treatments and their indications. Materials: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the Pubmed and Scielo databases. Articles with fractures due to gunshot wounds in the upper and lower limbs (excluding the hand) were included. We analyzed: treatment (orthopedic or surgical), debridement, antibiotic therapy and complications. Results: 19 articles were obtained that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles had a Level of Evidence type 2b, 3 and 4. Conclusions: The articles analyzed have a low level of evidence. Surgical fixation is variable and depends on bone topography, soft tissue injury, and associated injuries. Deep debridement is associated with higher rates of infection. Stable orthopedically treated fractures should not be debrided as this increases infection rates. Initial intravenous antibiotic therapy should be performed in all patients, subsequent therapy is discussed.

Introdução: As fraturas por ferimentos por arma de fogo são motivo comum de consulta em nosso país. Há grande variabilidade de conduta quanto ao seu tratamento. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar os diferentes tratamentos e suas indicações. Materiais: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo. Foram incluídos artigos com fraturas por arma de fogo em membros superiores e inferiores, excluindo a mão. Foram analisados: tratamento (ortopédico ou cirúrgico), desbridamento, antibioticoterapia e complicações. Resultados: foram obtidos 19 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os artigos tinham Nível de Evidência tipo 2b, 3 e 4. Conclusões: Os artigos analisados ​​apresentam baixo nível de evidência. A fixação cirúrgica é variável e depende da topografia óssea, lesão de tecidos moles e lesões associadas. O desbridamento profundo está associado a maiores taxas de infecção. Fraturas estáveis ​​tratadas ortopedicamente não devem ser desbridadas, pois isso aumenta as taxas de infecção. A antibioticoterapia intravenosa inicial deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes, a terapia subsequente é discutida.

Aspects thérapeutiques et évolutifs des fractures diaphysaires de jambe au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar / Therapeutic and evolutive aspects of diaphyseal leg fractures at the Joseph Ravoahangy University Hospital Center Andrianavalona Madagascar

La prise en charge d'une fracture de jambe est fonction de la classification de la lésion, du plateau technique et de l'expérience du chirurgien. Le but de notre travail est de déterminer les aspects thérapeutique et évolutif des fractures diaphysaires de la jambe prises en charge au Service de Traumatologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHU-JRA) Madagascar. Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive de 74 patients hospitalisés dans le Service en 2017. Il y a une discrète prédominance des fractures ouvertes (52,7%) dont 41,01% étaient classés type II selon Gustilo Anderson. Les fractures concernaient les deux os dans 79,7%. Le traitement était orthopédique dans 74,7 % par un appareil plâtré cruro-pedieux précédé ou non d'une traction trans-calcanéenne. Parmi ceux qui ont été opérés, 47,4% ont bénéficié d'un enclouage centromédullaire type Kuntcher, 31,58% d'un fixateur externe et 21,02% d'une amputation transtibiale. L'évolution a été favorable dans 87,7%. Les complications étaient dominées par les infections (5,46%), lésions vasculo-nerveuses (4,09%) et les cals vicieux (1,36%). Le séjour hospitalier moyen étaient de 14 jours (1-86 jours). La prise en charge des fractures de jambe reste un challenge pour les chirurgiens dans les pays en voie de développement. L'optimisation de cette prise en charge passe par l'amélioration de l'accès aux soins et l'ajustement de la logistique hospitalière.

The management of a leg fracture depends on the classification of the lesion, the technical platform and the experience of the surgeon. The aim of our study is to determine the therapeutic and evolutive aspects of diaphyseal fractures of the leg treated at the Traumatology Department of the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona University Hospital Center (CHU-JRA) Madagascar. This was a descriptive study of 74 patients hospitalized in the Department in 2017. There is a slight predominance of open fractures (52.7%) of which 41.01% were classified as type II according to Gustilo Anderson. Fractures involved both bones in 79.7%. Treatment was orthopedic in 74.7% with a cruro-pedial cast, preceded or not by trans-calcaneal traction. Of those who underwent surgery, 47.4% received a Kuntcher intramedullary nailing, 31.58% an external fixator and 21.02% a transtibial amputation. The evolution was favorable in 87.7%. Complications were dominated by infections (5.46%), vascular nerve damage (4.09%) and malunion (1.36%). The average hospital stay was 14 days (1-86 days). The management of leg fractures remains a challenge for surgeons in developing countries. Optimizing this care involves improving access to care and adjusting hospital logistics

Cobertura de lesões em pé e terço inferior da perna com retalho fasciocutâneo reverso da panturrilha (Carriquiry) / Coverage of the lower third of the limb and foot injuries using reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap described by Carriquiry

Introdução: Lesões no terço distal dos membros inferiores, com exposição de ossos, articulações, tendões e vasos sanguíneos, não são passíveis do uso de enxertos de pele. Isto ocorre porque o leito vascular é exíguo e pela pobre granulação das feridas, podendo apenas ser corrigidas com retalhos musculares, miocutâneos, fasciocutâneos ou transferência microcirúrgica. Métodos: O retalho em seu limite inferior é demarcado a partir de 5 cm acima dos maléolos. Superiormente, é marcado num comprimento suficiente para cobertura total da lesão. Realizada incisão em demarcação prévia, e elevados pele e tecido subcutâneo juntamente com a fáscia muscular. O nervo sural é preservado em seu leito original. A elevação do retalho se dá até o ponto inferior marcado (o pedículo). Neste ponto, o retalho é transposto numa angulação suficiente para alcançar a lesão. Resultados: Oito casos foram operados utilizando o retalho descrito. Todos apresentavam exposição de ossos e tendões em região distal da perna, dorso do pé ou ambos, nos quais foram utilizados o retalho fasciocutâneo reverso da perna com a técnica proposta por Carriquiry. Os casos apresentaram resultados estético e funcional satisfatórios. Conclusão: O retalho utilizado se presta à correção de lesões do terço inferior da perna e do pé. É relativamente fácil de ser confeccionado, com bom suprimento vascular, e não há perda funcional do leito doador.

Introduction: Skin grafts are not effective to cover lesions in the distal third of the lower limbs that expose the bones, joints, tendons, and blood vessels due to a limited vascular bed and poor granulation of the wounds. These lesions can only be corrected with microsurgical transfer or muscle, myocutaneous, or fasciocutaneous flaps. Methods: The lower border of the flap was marked 5 cm above the malleolus. The upper border was marked after providing sufficient length for complete coverage of the lesion. The incision was performed at the marked upper border, and the skin and subcutaneous tissue were elevated together with muscle fascia. The sural nerve was preserved in its original bed. The flap was lifted to the marked lower border (the pedicle). At this point, the flap was transposed at a sufficient angle to cover the lesion. Results: Eight cases of surgery were conducted using the flap described above. All cases had exposed bones and tendons in the distal region of the limb, back of the foot, or both, in which the reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with the technique proposed by Carriquiry was used. The cases showed satisfactory esthetic and functional results. Conclusion: The used flap can correct lesions of the lower third of the limbs and foot. It is relatively easy to make, with good vascular supply, and there is no functional loss of the donor area.

The Efficacy of Percutaneous Lateral Hemiepiphysiodesis on Angular Correction in Idiopathic Adolescent Genu Varum

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous lateral hemiepiphysiodesis of the lower extremity is a simple and excellent method to correct the angular and length problems cosmetically. However, the efficacy of percutaneous lateral hemiepiphysiodesis is not well established in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous lateral hemiepiphysiodesis for angular corrections in adolescent idiopathic genu varum patients with proximal tibia vara and identify the factors affecting the amount of deformity correction of the lower limb in the coronal plane. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients (40 lower limbs) who had percutaneous lateral hemiepiphysiodesis on the proximal lateral tibia between 1997 and 2010. Radiographic evaluations were made using (1) the hip-knee-ankle angle and (2) the length of the tibia. Furthermore, the intercondylar distance was evaluated at the level of the knee joint. Preoperative factors (gender, age, body mass index, intercondylar distance, preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, remaining growth of tibia, and calculated correctable angle) were analyzed, as well as their correlation with the degree of the actual correction angle. RESULTS: The amount of coronal deformity of the lower limb was improved from its preoperative state. The median average of hip-knee-ankle angle improved from 8.0degrees (interquartile range [IQR], 7.0degrees to 10.0degrees) preoperatively to 3.0degrees (IQR, 2.5degrees to 4.0degrees) at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). The median percent ratio of the angular correction was 60% (IQR, 50% to 71.3%). The correlation coefficients were -0.537, 0.832, 0.791, and 0.685 for the bone age, preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, the remaining growth of tibia, and calculated correctable angle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the excellent cosmetic outcome of percutaneous lateral hemiepiphysiodesis on the proximal lateral tibia in adolescent idiopathic genu varum, the effect was limited in most cases. For optimum results, surgery a few months earlier is recommended, rather than at the calculated operation time.

Mid-term outcomes of primary constrained condylar knee arthroplasty for severe knee deformity / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study aimed to examine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of primary total knee arthroplasy (TKA) with use of NexGen® Legacy® Constrained Condylar Knee (CCK) prosthesis for severe knee deformity. Clinical data of 46 patients (48 knees in total, aged 61 years on average) with severe knee deformity who underwent TKA with NexGen® Legacy® CCK prosthesis between December 2007 and February 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 34 knees with severe valgus with incompetent medial collateral ligament, 11 knees with severe flexion contracture with inability to achieve knee balancing in flexion and extension by posterior soft tissue release, 2 knees with Charcot arthritis with severe varus and bone loss, and 1 with traumatic osteoarthritis with severe varus and ligamentous instability. The mean duration of follow-up was 71 months (range 40-90 months). The New Knee Society scoring (NKSS) system and the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score were used to evaluate the functional and clinical outcomes. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used for pain measurement and Knee Society criteria for evaluation of radiological images. The results showed that, in the total 48 knees, 1 case of loosening due to short-stem tibial component at 3 months post-operatively underwent revision. The 6-year prosthesis survival rate in this cohort was 97.9%. There was no component infection occurring within 6 years. Significant post-operative improvements were found in NKSS and HSS scores. Patient satisfaction was significantly increased. Pain score was decreased significantly. Total functional score was improved from 31.46±11.43 to 86.42±8.87, range of motion (ROM) from 42.42°±23.57° to 95.31°±23.45° and the flexion contracture from 5.31°±7.87° to 0.92°±1.80°. Preoperative radiographic study showed excessive valgus (≥7°) in 37 knees, and varus deformity in 3 knees. Post-operative femorotibial alignment was valgus 3.88°±1.76° in 48 knees. Antero/posterior (A/P) view of X-ray films showed 4 radiolucent lines (RLL) in 48 tibial components. It was concluded that TKA with CCK is effective for the treatment of the severe unstable knee that cannot be balanced by soft tissue.

Tratamento da exposição óssea de membro inferior utilizando terapia por pressão negativa na fase aguda seguida de retalho livre na fase subaguda / Treatment of bone exposure of the lower limb using negative-pressure wound therapy in the acute phase followed by free flaps in the subacute phase

Fractures of the distal third of lhe leg, ankle, and foot frequently present with exposed boné, requiring specialized teams to accomplish skin coverage. These teams are often not readily available, which can prevent the standard treatment of extensive debridement, fracture fixation, and use of flaps, which is termed the "fix and flap" method. Methods: The author proposes a 2-stage treatment method for such cases: negative pressure is imposed during debridement and bone exposure by the orthopedic team, followed by the elective prepararion of free flaps for definitive coverage. Five patients were treated with a total of 6 free flaps, including I latissimus dorsi muscle and 5 of anterolateral thigh flaps. There was 1 total flap loss. Thus, the success rate was 83.34%. Results: The patients had good outcomes with limb salvage, preserved function, and no osteomyelitis. Conclusions: Negative-pressure wound therapy is an option for the emergency treatment of open fractures of the lower limb, allowing the survival of elective free flaps without resulting in impairment as a final outcome.

Trauma do terço distal da perna, do tornozelo e do pé cursam frequentemente com exposição óssea demandando equipes especializadas para realizar a cobertura cutânea definitiva. Muitas vezes, essas equipe não estão prontamente disponíveis, o que pode impedir o tratamento padrão que consiste em amplo desbridamento, fixação das fraturas e utilização de retalhos (fix and flap) Método: Neste trabalho, o autor propõe tratamento em duas etapas sendo a primeira a instituição de terapia por pressão negativa quando do desbridamento e exposição óssea pela equipe da ortopedia, seguida pela realização de retalhos livres para cobertura definitiva, de forma eletiva. Foram tratados 5 pacientes, com realização de 6 retalhos livres, sendo 1 do músculo grande dorsal e outro 5 da face ântero- lateral da coxa. Houve perda total de um retalho, com índice de sucesso de 83,34%. Resultado: Os pacientes apresentaram boa evolução, com salvamento do membro, função preservada e sem osteomielite. Conclusões: A terapia por pressão negativa é uma opção no tratamento de urgência das exposições ósseas do membro inferior permitindo a realização de retalhos livres de forma eletiva, sem prejuízo no resultado final para o paciente.

Treatment of refractory sinus in the lower leg with modified VSD technique / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of modified vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) technique in treating refractory sinus in the lower leg.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2010 to December 2011, 11 patients with refractory sinus in the lower leg, including 7 males and 4 females, with an average age of 34.5 years (ranged,23 to 56). These patients were treated with modified VSD technique after thorough cleaning sinus and continuous washing. After 14 to 21 days of treatment, removed VSD and re-debrided the sinus and sutured wound.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Infections got control after operation, sinus in the lower leg healed. All patients were followed up from 6 to 14 months with an average of 10 months, no recidivations were found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Modified VSD technique is an effective method in the treatment of stubborn sinus in the lower leg.</p>

Stature estimation of teenagers by limb long bones with computerized radiography / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#Relative parameters of upper limb bones, tibia and fibula were measured with computed radiography and used to establish the mathematical models for stature estimation of teenagers (from 14 to 18 years old) of Han population in Sichuan Province.@*METHODS@#The upper limb bones, tibia and fibula of 194 subjects were taken computerized radiography on normal position and were measured the lengths between relative landmarks. The body height of each subject was recorded. Linear regression equations for stature estimation between body height and the lengths of upper limb bones, tibia and fibula were established.@*RESULTS@#Forty-two single linear regression equations and 4 multiple regression equations were obtained. The coefficients of correlation(r) were 0.689-0.917 and the standard errors of estimate(SE) were between 3.075 and 5.485 cm. All of the equations were statistically tested and diagnosed with good applicability.@*CONCLUSION@#These equations could be used to estimate the body height of Sichuan Han population aged from 14 to 18. The lengths of the upper limb bones, tibia and fibula measured on the CR films could be useful to stature estimation of the adolescence and the forensic personal identification.

Lesiones de ligamento cruzado anterior en niños con cartilagos abiertos: tecnica quirurgica sugerida: investigacion bibliografica / Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children with open physis: suggested surgical technique: bibliographic survey

Se describe el mecanismo de acción, historia natural, presentación clínica y distintos tipos de tratamiento de las lesiones de LCA en niños con cartílago s abiertos y sus complicaciones. La verdadera incidencia de lesión de LCA en niños con cartílagos abiertos es desconocida en Argentina. En el pasado estas lesiones eran subdiagnosticadas, en los últimos años se ha observado un mayor número de estos pacientes. Este aumento ha sido atribuido a un mejor diagnóstico, mejor comprensión de la patología en este grupo etario y a un incremento en la exigencia y participación de los niños en deportes de riesgo. Es importante establecer el potencial de crecimiento ya que tanto éste como el cierre fisiológico de la fisis es variable y deben ser tenidos en cuenta para una adecuada planificación de la técnica quirúrgica y para determinar los eventuales riesgos del compromiso de la fisis. El diagnóstico de lesión de LCA se basa principalmente en el antecedente traumático previo y el examen fisico. La RMN es de utilidad como estudio complementario sobre todo en casos donde la presentación clínica no es clara. El tratamiento de las lesiones de LCA en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros es controvertido. El manejo tradicional de estas lesiones ha sido conservador debido al riesgo de lesión de la fisis y desarrollo de alteraciones del crecimiento (discrepancia de miembros inferiores y deformidades angulares). Sin embargo, la bibliografia actual demuestra que la reconstrucción intraarticular precoz y agresiva, permite restaurar la estabilidad articular, retomar al nivel previo de actividad deportiva, disminuir el riesgo de lesiones meniscales secundarias y patología intraarticular degenerativa, con un riesgo mínimo de daño del cartílago de crecimiento con la técnica adecuada. Las distintas opciones quirúrgicas incluyen reparación primaria del ligamento, reconstrucciones extraarticulares, reconstrucción combinada intra y extra articular y reconstrucciones intraarticulares ...

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Either an Occult or Missed Fracture of an Extremity in Pediatric-Aged Children

OBJECTIVE: To report and assess the usefulness of ultrasound (US) findings for occult fractures of growing bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For six years, US scans were performed in children younger than 15 years who were referred with trauma-related local pain and swelling of the extremities. As a routine US examination, the soft tissue, bones, and adjacent joints were examined in the area of discomfort, in addition to the asymptomatic contralateral extremity for comparison. Twenty-five occult fractures in 25 children (age range, five months-15 years; average age, 7.7 years) were confirmed by initial and follow-up radiograms, additional imaging studies, and clinical observation longer than three weeks. RESULTS: The most common site of occult fractures was the elbow (n = 9, 36%), followed by the knee (n = 7, 28%), ischium (n = 4, 16%), distal fibula (n = 3, 12%), proximal femur (n = 1, 4%), and humeral shaft (n = 1, 4%). On the retrograde review of the routine radiographs, 13 out of the 25 cases showed no bone abnormalities except for various soft tissue swelling. For the US findings, cortical discontinuity (direct sign of a fracture) was clearly visualized in 23 cases (92%) and was questionable in two (8%). As auxiliary US findings (indirect signs of a fracture), step-off deformities, tiny avulsed bone fragments, double-line appearance of cortical margins, and diffuse irregularity of the bone surfaces were identified. CONCLUSION: Performing US for soft tissue and bone surfaces with pain and swelling, with or without trauma history in the extremities, is important for diagnosing occult or missed fractures of immature bones in pediatric-aged children.

Extremity fractures in children: a hospital based study in Tehran / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Although long bone fracture in children is not life-threatening, it may cause major disability, loss of working days and severe psychological distress. We conducted this study to determine the pattern of extremity fracture due to trauma in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>During one year in six general hospitals in Tehran, trauma patients who were hospitalized for more than 24 hours and sustained injuries within seven days before admission were included in the study. The records of children (< or = 16 years old) hospitalized in six general hospitals in Tehran due to trauma were reviewed prospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the study period, 1 274 children had sustained extremity fractures. Male to female ratio was 3.6/1, with the mean age of (10.3+/-4.2) years. Falls and traffic crashes were the main causes of injuries, with the percentages of 57.3% and 37.1%, respectively. Simple fall (falling on the ground) consisted 60% of patients that sustained fall-related injuries. Pedestrians and bicycle riders comprised most of the cases that were injured due to traffic crashes. Of our cases, 56.8% sustained fractures in the upper extremities and 43.2% in the lower extremities. Forearm was the most common fracture site (34.1%). Comparing our results in preschool and school-age children, falls were the main cause of injuries in both groups, but fractures of lower extremities were significantly more common in preschool children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Improvement of physical condition of sidewalks and crossings in roads will be necessary for prevention of injuries. More attention to safety of home environment should be paid for control of preschools'injury at home. Education of children and adults is necessary to reduce injuries resulting from road traffic crashes.</p>

Clinical analysis of preoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) complicated lower extremity close fractures / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the instance of deep venous thrombosis(DVT) complicated by preoperative lower extremity close fracture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 54 patients with DVT (through color Doppler to final diagnosis) complicated by preoperative lower extremity close fracture from March 2008 to February 2009, and explored the concomitant reason of DVT. There were 23 males and 31 females with age for 23-95 years old.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>DVT including thrombus of ilio-venae external, thrombus of femoral vein, thrombus of popliteal vein, thrombus of posterior tibial veins and thrombus of soleus venae. The instance of DVT complicated by preoperative lower extremity close fracture: (1) The age of 23 cases (42.59%) more than 70 years. (2) 11 cases (20.37%) combined with syndrome, 2 cases had hypertension, 3 cases had hypertension and diabetes, 2 cases hypertension and cerbral infarction, 4 cases had hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease. (3) 10 cases (18.51%) were multi-fractures. (4) 28 cases (51.85%) occurred DVT at 7-14 days after lower extremity close fracture.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Advanced age, complicating hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerbral infarction, multi-fractures may be lead to DVT. Multitudinous DVT occurred at 7-14 days after fracture, as early as possible operation has important significance on prevention DVT to decrease risk of pulmonary embolism.</p>

Osteosarcoma convencional: a propósito de un caso / Conventional osteosarcoma: a purpose of a case

El Osteosarcoma Convencional es un tumor maligno caracterizado por la formación directa de tejido óseo u osteoide en gran cantidad por las células tumorales, habitualmente muy agresivo, invade los tejidos que le rodean. Predomina en la primera y segunda décadas de la vida (70 por ciento); existe un leve predominio en varones. Respecto a su localización la extremidad distal del fémur y la proximal de tibia constituyen el 60 por ciento de los casos. El dolor constante e insidioso en el sitio del tumor suele ser el primer síntoma; la tumoración palpable, los trastornos vasculares e impotencia funcional se observan más tardíamente. La Tomografía Computarizada y la Resonancia Magnética son indispensables para evaluar la extensión tumoral, el compromiso extraóseo y el nivel de invasión. Las metástasis pulmonares, vía hematógena (siempre subpleurales), son las que marcan el desarrollo de la enfermedad, y su pronóstico. Paraclínicamente, la elevación de la fosfatasa alcalina es constante. La Biopsia debe ser realizada por el cirujano que va a intervenir al paciente y luego emular todos los estudios previos junto al oncólogo. La célula tumoral presenta distintas diferenciaciones que producen tejido fibrosarcomatoso, condrosarcomatoso y otros, particularmente tejido óseo y osteoide tumoral. El tratamiento es combinado con quimioterapia y cirugía. En aquellos casos amenazados en donde la magnitud del tumor, la extensión o los procesos infecciosos sobreagregados, hacen imposible o insegura la resección oncológica, la amputación (Cirugía Radical) es la indicación. La perspectiva global de supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los cinco años con el empleo de quimioterapia es entre 50 y 70 por ciento. Se presenta caso de masculino de 19 años de edad ingresado en el Hospital Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz-IVSS San Cristobal, a quien posterior a realización de biopsia en pierna derecha, se le diagnostica Osteosarcoma Convencional.

Analysis on complications of elastic nail treating children's long bone fractures / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the reasons on complications of treatment with elastic nail in children's long bone fracture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-six cases (75 parts of long bone fratures) were treated by elastic nail including 49 male and 17 female. The age ranged from 3 to 17 years, mean 7.8 years. There were 35 femur fractures (2 cases were hibateral), 20 tibia and fibula fractures (12 cases were tibia fractures), 8 radial fractures (1 case was ulna fracture) and 3 humerus fractures. The cases included 4 open fractures and 62 closed fractures. All cases were fresh fractures, no multi-segmental fractures. Three cases associated with brain and chest injuries. These cases were treated by open or closed reduction and internal fixaion with elastic nail. A cast or brace had been used after operation for a month. Following-up included the function of the joint,the bottom of the nail and the callus. Complications were timely recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed-up for 12 to 29 months, averaged 17 months. The cases occurrenced compilications including 2 cases of nonunion, 2 of new fracture, 1 of displacment, 4 of joint dysfunction, 3 of irritation of the bottom of the nail and 1 malunion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Strict indication, well design,canonical operation is a good way to avoid compliacations. At the same time,early treatment can reduce the sequela.</p>

Septal endocarditis, bone infection and severe leg ischemia detected in Tc-99m labelled monoclonal anti granulocyte scan

Patient 28 years old has continued to have a persistent fever (39.2°C), despite ten days treatment by specific antibiotics for bacterial endocarditis associated to a recent claudication of the right lower leg. The persistent fever has motivated a 99mTc-labelled monoclonal anti granulocyte scan which has showed an important uptake in the myocardial septum, and other infection locations in temporal bone and in right tibial arteries. Two days after, a nanocolloids-99mTc WBS showed no uptake in the heart area, a total absence of uptake of the nanocolloids in the bone marrow of right tibia b and cranial SPECT views confirmed the infectious site in the right temporal bone. New antibiotic strategy was adopted successfully associated with surgical amputation of the right lower leg.

Treatment of fractures of long bones with flixible intramedullary nailing [minimal invasive technique]

Intramedullary nailing to fix femoral shaft fractures have been described by Rush [Rush, 1968], who used the rods he designed. The technique was made popular by Ender and Simon-Weidner [Ender et al. 1970] in Europe and by Pankovitch [Pankovitch, 1987] in the United States. The principle of osteosynthesis with intramedullary fixation is a biomechanic idea that aims at developing the bridging of external callus; traction forces are transformed to compression forces on the fracture by two bent pins that cross each other and touch the bone at three points. The flexibility of the pins allows microscopic oscillating movements, putting changing compression on the different parts of the fracture line. Under radiographic control, fractures of the femur, tibia and humerus were stabilized with multiple pins according to the diameter of the medulla of the shaft. Forearm fractures were splinted with a single pin each in radius and ulna. The method is safe in elective trauma surgery and will especially be useful in poly traumatized patients with minimal x-ray exposure in a short time. During a 2-year period [2002-2003], 58 patients were treated with intramedullary stabilization with Ender nails. Thirty patients with trochanteric fractures had a median age of 65 years and fourteen patients with tibial fractures had a median age of 30 years. Four patients with humeral shaft fractures had a median age of 45 years and ten patients with fractures of the forearm had a median age of 20 years. In our results, trochanteric fractures united in 26 cases [86.6% excellent results] and penetration of the pins and varus deformity in 4 cases [13.4%]. Tibial fractures united in 12 cases [85.6% excellent results] and varus deformity less than 30 degrees in one case [7.2%] and posterior angulation in one case [7.2%]. Forearm fractures united in 8 cases [80% excellent results] and delayed union in 2 cases [20%]. Humeral shaft fractures united in 3 cases [75% excellent results] and delayed union in 1 case [25%].In conclusion, nailing with flexible prebent Ender nails reduces the operating period, x-ray exposure, and allow minimal surgical wound especially in trochanteric fractures. The use of this technique is not ideal in unstable fractures because the nails fail to control external rotation and shortening

comparative study between the use of local muscle flap and open cancellous bone grafting in management of infected bone cavities

A comparative study between the use of local muscle flaps versus cancellous bone grafting in management of infected bone cavities, Knowing that osteomyelitis is a disease once established, is extraordinarily difficult to cure even with long term antibiotic treatment. The study included 24 patients, divided into two groups. Group I, included 12 patients for which, cancellous bone grafts were used to fill in the bone defects after adequate debridement. While group II included another 12 patients for which local transposition muscle flaps were used to fill in the bone defects. Both methods were emphasized as regards; the technique, prerequisites and stages. A comparison between the results of both techniques is highlighted with special emphasis to the advantages and disadvantages of each. It was concluded that the use of muscle flap was found to be advantageous over cancellous bone grafting regarding the improvement in the local environment following proper debridement of all necrotic bone as well as better control of infection

Caraterísticas de los diámetros e índices para estimar la contextura: en un grupo de adultos mayores institucionalizados y de vida libre en Venezuela / Characteristics of breaths and indexes to estimate the frame size: in a group of institutionalized and free living elderly in Venezuela

En 307 ancianos, divididos en dos grupos: 187 institucionalizados y 120 de consulta externa, 163 mujeres y 144 hombres con edades entre 60 y 99 años. Se midió el peso, talla, diámetros de: húmero, muñeca, fémur y biacromial y se construyeron los índices de contextura siguiendo la ecuación general: diámetro (mm)/talla (cm)*100. En los diámetros e índices de contextura, no se encontraron diferencias significativas al 99 y 95 por ciento entre el hemicuerpo derecho e izquierdo de acuerdo al sexo, la edad y el estilo de vida. Se encontró dimorfismo sexual con predominio masculino (p menor o igual que 0,001) para la mayoría de los diámetros e índices de contextura, destacándose que en el índice diámetro de húmero/talla no se encontró diferencias significativas entre género. Por edad y sexo se observó que en las mujeres existen diferencias significativas (p menor o igual que 0,01) entre las de 60-79 años y las mayores de 80 años, sólo para el diámetro del húmero. El sexo masculino no mostró diferencias significativas ente el grupo de 60-79 años y el de 80 y más. En cuanto a la condición de vida, no se observaron diferencias significativas (p menor o igual que 0,01) entre los institucionalizados y los de vida libre, tanto en hombres como en mujeres

Surgical management of infected bone cavities

Thirty patients with chronic bone infection and infected bone cavities in different skeletal sites were treated surgically by radical debridement and obliteration of the dead space either by cancellous bone grafting or by local muscle transposition, together with specific antibiotic therapy after proper identification of the infecting bacteria. These cases were done in the period from 1994 to 1997. Half of the cases [group I] [fifteen cases] were treated surgically by radical debridement and obliteration of the dead space by cancellous bone grafting. The other fifteen cases [group II] were treated by radical debridement and obliteration of the dead space by local muscle transposition. Results were evaluated both clinically and statistically. Clinically local muscle transposition for obliteration of bone cavities gave better results [93% eradication of infection] than cancellous bone grafting [80% eradication of infection]. Statistically there are no significant differences between both methods of treatment