Tumor pardo multifocal como manifestación inicial de carcinoma paratiroideo. Presentación de caso / Multifocal Brown Tumor as A Manifestation Of Primary Parathyroid Carcinoma. A Case Report

El carcinoma de paratiroides es una causa excepcional de hiperparatiroidismo primario. Los tumores pardos se desarrollan como manifestaciones esqueléticas de hiperparatiroidismo primario en el contexto de una enfermedad avanzada. Son lesiones óseas líticas, altamente vasculares con un proceso celular reparador en lugar de un proceso neoplásico. Pueden identificarse en las formas secundarias de la enfermedad; sin embargo, son más frecuentes en el hiperparatiroidismo primario. Se presenta el caso de múltiples tumores pardos secundarios a un carcinoma de paratiroides. La manifestación inicial del hiperparatiroidismo primario fue una fractura patológica secundaria a tumor pardo asociado con hipercalcemia y niveles elevados de hormona paratiroidea (PTH), lo cual es infrecuente debido a que en las últimas décadas la incorporación del calcio sérico en las pruebas de rutina de laboratorio detecta esta enfermedad en estadios asintomáticos o mínimamente sintomáticos. Por ultrasonido se detectó lesión sólida vascularizada en sitio anatómico de paratiroides inferior izquierda y nefrocalcinosis. Se sometió a resección quirúrgica de la lesión en hemicuello izquierdo y la biopsia reportó carcinoma de paratiroides. Los tumores pardos son lesiones no neoplásicas que no tienen potencial maligno por lo que se consideran granulomas reparadores.

Parathyroid carcinoma is an exceptional cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumors develop as skeletal manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism in the context of advanced disease. They are highly vascular, lytic bone lesions with a reparative cellular process instead of a neoplastic process. They can be identified in the secondary forms of the disease, however, they are more frequent in primary hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of multiple brown tumors secondary to parathyroid carcinoma. The initial manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism was a pathological fracture secondary to brown tumor associated with hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is rare due to the fact that in recent decades the incorporation of serum calcium in routine laboratory tests detects this disease in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic stages. Ultrasound detected a vascularized solid lesion in the anatomical site of the left lower parathyroid and nephrocalcinosis. The lesion was surgically resected in the left hemicolumn and the biopsy reported parathyroid carcinoma. Brown tumors are non-neoplastic lesions that do not have malignant potential and are therefore considered repairing granulomas.

Manejo quirúrgico de tumor pardo en metacarpo. Reporte de caso / Surgical management of Metacarpal brown tumor. A case report

El tumor pardo, también conocido como osteoclastoma ó como osteítis fibrosa quística, es un tumor lítico, que se presenta en hiperparatiroidismo (primario, secundario y terciario), aunque su presentación habitual es altamente invasiva, no tiene potencial de malignidad. Los tumores pardos en la mano son muy poco frecuentes y existen solo algunos reportes de casos. Presentamos un paciente masculino de 18 años con una tumoración dura, no móvil, adherida a planos profundos en región dorsal de la mano derecha sobre el cuarto metacarpiano, que además limita la flexión y extensión del cuarto dedo sin alterar su función neurovascular. El paciente fue sometido a resección de la tumoración que involucraba por completo al cuarto metacarpiano derecho, además se realizó un abordaje lateral directo en miembro pelvico izquierdo para tomar un injerto autólogo de peroné no vascularizado. Es importante la detección temprana de este tipo de tumores y se debe dar un adecuado seguimiento, ya que, al progresar, generan una destrucción ósea importante y el tratamiento se vuelve de mayor complejidad. En etapas tempranas, el manejo agresivo con resección y aporte óseo puede evitar secuelas funcionales. El uso de injerto no vascularizado de peroné de seis centímetros para la sustitución del cuarto metacarpiano por osteolísis secundaria a un tumor pardo es una alternativa adecuada de tratamiento que permite la preservación estético funcional de la mano.

The brown tumour, also known as osteoclastoma, or as osteitis fibrosa cystica, is a lytic tumour, which occurs in hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary, and tertiary), although its usual presentation is highly invasive, has no potential for malignancy. Brown tumours of the hand are sporadic, and there are only few case reports. The case is presented of an 18-year-old male patient with a solid, non-mobile tumour, adhered to deep planes, in the dorsal region of the right hand over the fourth metacarpal. This also limited the flexion and extension of the fourth finger, but did not show alterations in the neurovascular function of the finger. The patient underwent a tumour resection that completely involved the right fourth metacarpal. A direct lateral approach was made in the left pelvic limb to perform a non-vascularised autologous fibular graft. Early detection of this type of tumour is important, and an adequate follow-up must be carried out, since when they progress, they generate significant bone destruction and the treatment becomes more complex. In early stages, aggressive management of resection and bone support can prevent functional sequelae.

Subchondral Bone Restoration of Supra-acetabular Brown Tumor Secondary to Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

The causes of osteolytic lesions found in radiological examinations are not quite certain. Therefore, to determine the appropriate treatment method, various approaches and analyzes are required to find the real cause. Hyperparathyroidism is one of the diseases which forms osteolytic bone lesions so-called brown tumor. A 55-year-old woman who had painful osteolytic bone lesions in both hip joint areas was diagnosed as parathyroid carcinoma after serial work-up. She underwent parathyroidectomy and follow-up imaging showed a decrease in brown tumor size and bone consolidation in the subchondral bone destruction area. Proper evaluation of osteolytic bone lesions helps to avoid unnecessary operative treatments and the first choice for the treatment of osteolytic bone lesions caused by parathyroid carcinoma is parathyroidectomy.

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the metacarpal: a case report / Displasia fibrosa monostótica em metacarpo - Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Fibrous dysplasia is a bone disease characterized by abnormal differentiation of fibrous tissue in the bones; it is often asymptomatic. It may affect one bone (monostotic) or several bones (polyostotic). The monostotic form primarily affects the ribs, but hardly ever affects the hand. It is important to make the differential diagnosis with malignant bone tumors. This article describes the treatment and outcome of a rare case of a patient admitted with a history of tumor growth in the right hand, diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia of the right second metacarpal. Male patient, 14 years of age, admitted to the Sarah Hospital with lesion on the dorsum of the right hand without pain complaints, previous history of trauma, nor local signs of inflammation. Physical examination revealed swelling on the dorsum of the second metacarpal, painless, with unaltered mobility and sensitivity. Radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging indicated the involvement of the entire length of the second metacarpal: only the distal epiphysis was preserved, with areas of bone lysis. After biopsy confirmation, the patient underwent surgery, using a long cortical graft for reconstructing the metacarpal. During the follow-up period of five years there were no signs of recurrence, and proper digital growth and functionality of the operated hand were observed.

RESUMO A displasia fibrosa é uma doença óssea que se caracteriza pela diferenciação anormal de tecido fibroso nos ossos e é muitas vezes assintomática. Pode acometer um osso (monostótica) ou vários ossos (poliostótica). A forma monostótica acomete principalmente as costelas, mas raramente acomete a mão. O diagnóstico diferencial com tumores ósseos malignos é importante. O artigo descreve o tratamento e evolução de um caso raro de paciente admitido com história de crescimento tumoral na mão direita, na qual foi diagnosticada displasia fibrosa do segundo metacarpo direito. Paciente do sexo masculino, 14 anos, admitido no Hospital Sarah com lesão no dorso da mão direita, sem queixa álgica, antecedente traumático ou alteração flogística local. No exame físico, apresentava aumento de volume no dorso do II metacarpo, indolor, mobilidade e sensibilidade inalteradas. Foram feitos exames de radiografia, tomografia e ressonância magnética, evidenciou-se o comprometimento de toda a extensão do segundo metacarpo; apenas a epífise distal estava preservada, com áreas de lise óssea. Fez-se tratamento cirúrgico após a biópsia de confirmação, com o uso de enxerto longo cortical para reconstrução do metacarpo. Durante o tempo de seguimento de cinco anos não foram verificados sinais de recidiva; adequado crescimento digital e funcionalidade da mão operada foram observados.

Pathologic Fracture of the Femur in Brown Tumor Induced in Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Brown tumor refers to a change of skeletones that develops as a complication of hyperparathyroidism. As osteoclast is activated to stimulate reabsorption and fibrosis of bone, it causes a cystic change of the bone. Parathyroid carcinoma is being reported as a tumor that induces primary hyperparathyroidism. It causes excessive secretion of the parathyroid hormone and increases the blood parathyroid hormone and calcium. Bone deformation due to brown tumor is known to be naturally recovered through the treatment for hyperparathyroidism. However, there is no clearly defined treatment for lesions that can induce pathological fractures developing in lower extremities. We experienced a case where brown tumor developed in the proximal femur of a 57-year-old female patient due to parathyroid carcinoma. In this case, spontaneous fracture occurred without any trauma, and it was cured by performing intramedullary nailing fixation and parathyroidectomy. We report the treatment results along with a literature review.

Brown Tumor of the Cervical Spines: A Case Report with Literature Review

To report a rare case of axis brown tumor and to review literature of cervical spine brown tumor. Brown tumor is a rare bone lesion, incidence less than 5% in primary hyperparathyroidism. It is more common in secondary hyperparathyroidism with up to 13% of cases. Brown tumor reactive lesion forms as a result of disturbed bone remodeling due to long standing increase in parathyroid hormones. Cervical spine involvement is extremely rare, can be confused with serous spine lesions. To date, only four cases of cervical spine involvement have been reported. Three were due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Only one was reported to involve the axis and was due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. This is the first reported case of axis brown tumor due to primary hyperparathyroidism. A case report of brown tumor is presented. A literature review was conducted by a Medline search of reported cases of brown tumor, key words: brown tumor, osteoclastoma and cervical lesions. The resulting papers were reviewed and cervical spine cases were listed then classified according to the level, cause, and management. Only four previous cases involved the cervical spine. Three were caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism and one was by primary hyperparathyroidism which involved the C6. Our case was the first case of C2 involvement of primary hyperparathyroidism and it was managed conservatively. Brown tumor, a rare spinal tumor that presents with high PTH and giant cells, requires a high level of suspicion.

Bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism / Doença óssea no hiperparatiroidismo primário

Bone disease in severe primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is described classically as osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC). Bone pain, skeletal deformities and pathological fractures are features of OFC. Bone mineral density is usually extremely low in OFC, but it is reversible after surgical cure. The signs and symptoms of severe bone disease include bone pain, pathologic fractures, proximal muscle weakness with hyperreflexia. Bone involvement is typically characterized as salt-and-pepper appearance in the skull, bone erosions and bone resorption of the phalanges, brown tumors and cysts. In the radiography, diffuse demineralization is observed, along with pathological fractures, particularly in the long bones of the extremities. In severe, symptomatic PHPT, marked elevation of the serum calcium and PTH concentrations are seen and renal involvement is manifested by nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis. A new technology, recently approved for clinical use in the United States and Europe, is likely to become more widely available because it is an adaptation of the lumbar spine DXA image. Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a gray-level textural analysis that provides an indirect index of trabecular microarchitecture. Newer technologies, such as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), have provided further understanding of the microstructural skeletal features in PHPT.

A doença óssea no hiperparatiroidismo primário grave é representada pela osteíte fibrosa cística (OFC). Dor óssea, deformidades esqueléticas e fraturas patológicas são achados comuns na OFC. A densidade mineral óssea está, usualmente, extremamente diminuída na OFC, mas é reversível após a cura cirúrgica. Os sinais e sintomas da doença óssea grave incluem dor óssea, fraturas patológicas e fraqueza muscular proximal com hiper-reflexia. O comprometimento ósseo é tipicamente caracterizado pela aparência em “sal-e-pimenta” nos ossos do crânio, erosões ósseas e reabsorção das falanges, tumores marrons e cistos. Na radiografia, observam-se desmineralização difusa e fraturas patológicas especialmente nos ossos longos das extremidades. No hiperparatiroidismo primário (HPTP) sintomático grave, as concentrações séricas de cálcio e PTH estão usualmente bem elevadas e o comprometimento renal se caracteriza pela presença de urolitíase e nefrocalcinose. Uma nova tecnologia, recentemente aprovada para uso clínico nos Estados Unidos e na Europa, torna-se provável se difundir rapidamente, pois utiliza as imagens geradas pela densitometria DXA. O escore trabecular ósseo (TBS), obtido por meio da análise do nível da textura cinza das imagens dos corpos vertebrais, fornece informações indiretas sobre a microarquitetura trabecular. Novos métodos, como a tomografia de alta resolução quantitativa periférica computadorizada (HRpqCT), têm proporcionado conhecimentos adicionais sobre os achados da microarquitetura esquelética no HPTP.

A Case of Parathyroid Carcinoma Presenting as Brown Tumors / 대한이비인후과학회지

Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland has been reported as a rare disease occurring in 0.5 to 4% of patients with the primary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumor is characterized as the terminal stage of remodeling processes during the primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumor induced by the primary hyperparathyroidism can commonly occur in the ribs, clavicle, and pelvic bone. We experienced a case of a 29-year old female patient, who had parathyroid carcinoma leading to primary hyperparathyroidism, followed by multiple Brown tumor. We present this case of parathyroid carcinoma with Brown tumors with a brief review of literature.

Brown tumor in a patient with ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma: a case report

Brown tumors are uncommon focal giant-cell lesions that arise as a direct result of the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone tissue in some patients that have hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism could be caused by ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. The occurrence of lesions is explainable on embryologic basis. We present a 55-year-old Saudi woman with a rare case of brown tumor of the maxilla due to ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma.

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica Mistaken for Malignant Disease

A 65-year-old man with back pain had plain radiographs that showed multiple osteolytic bone lesions of the pelvis, femur and L-spine; an magnetic resonance imaging scan of the L-spine showed extensive bony resorption with a posterior epidural mass involving the L1 spinous process; these findings suggested multiple myeloma or bony metastasis. However, all serology testing was negative. The parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels were found to be abnormally elevated. A fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested that the L-spine lesion was consistent with the diagnosis of osteitis fibrosa cystica. A pathological fracture of the spine compressed the spinal cord, and surgical intervention was required. The neck computed tomography and Tc-99m sestamibi scan showed a solitary parathyroid mass. A minimally invasive parathyroidectomy using intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring was performed and two enlarged parathyroid glands identified. This case illustrates the importance of the consideration of a rare brown tumor associated with primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with the bone lesions suggestive of a malignancy.

Parathyroid cancer presenting with Brown tumours mimicking bone metastasis

Bone metastasis is the most common diagnosis considered for lytic lesions in the bone. Parathyroid cancer presenting as overt bone disease with diffuse lytic lesions secondary to untreated hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare entity nowadays. We report the case of a 50-year-old Chinese lady who presented with diffuse bone lesions consistent with Brown tumours, vertebral body collapse and hypercalcaemia mimicking bone metastasis and was later diagnosed with parathyroid cancer.

Tumores pardos múltiples en un paciente con hiperparatiroidismo primario / Multiple brown tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism: report of one case

Brown tumors are an uncommon manifestation of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report a 38 years old male consulting for generalized bone pain and prostration caused by multiple osteolytic lesions. Diagnostic work up disclosed a primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to a right parathyroid adenoma. The patient was subjected to a parathyroidectomy. After one year of follow up, symptoms have decreased considerably, laboratory parameters are normal and bone lesions are disappearing.

Bisfosfonatos podem minimizar a fome óssea após paratireoidectomia em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário e osteíte fibrosa cística / Bisphosphonates can reduce bone hunger after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa cystica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos bisfosfonatos na hipocalcemia pós-paratireoidectomia em pacientes com osteíte fibrosa cística. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários de seis pacientes que fizeram uso pré-operatório de bisfosfonatos. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 35,6 ± 10,5 anos; cálcio sérico 13,51 ± 0,87 mg/dL; PTHi 1.389 ± 609 pg/mL. O valor médio de deoxipiridinolina urinária (UDPD) de três pacientes foi de 131 ± 183 nmol/mmol Cr; e do C-telopeptídeo (CTX) de 2.253 ± 1.587 pg/mL. Densitometria óssea (escore T) obteve média de 0,673 ± 0,150 g/cm² (-4,42 ± 1,23) em coluna lombar (CL); 0,456 ± 0,149 g/cm² (-5,58 ± 1,79) em colo de fêmur (CF) e 0,316 ± 0,055 g/cm² (-5,85 ± 0,53) em rádio 33 (RD). Um paciente recebeu alendronato oral 30 mg/dia por 4 semanas; o cálcio diminuiu de 14 para 11,6 mg/dL e UDPD de 342 para 160 nmol/mmol Cr. Outro usou alendronato oral 20 mg/dia por 6 semanas; o cálcio baixou de 14 para 11,0 mg/dL e UDPD de 28,8 para 14 nmol/mmol Cr. Um paciente recebeu pamidronato 90 mg endovenoso antes da cirurgia. Um paciente usou alendronato oral 140 mg/semana por 6 semanas; o cálcio diminuiu de 13,7 para 12,3 mg/dL e o CTX de 2.160 para 1.340 pg/mL. Outro usou alendronato VO 140 mg/semana por 6 semanas; o cálcio baixou de 14,3 para 14,1 mg/dL; o CTX não reduziu. Um paciente fez ibandronato 150 mg 10 dias antes da cirurgia; o CTX caiu em 62 por cento. Nenhum paciente desenvolveu hipocalcemia grave na primeira semana do pós-operatório. Um ano após a cirurgia, houve aumento de 40 ± 29 por cento em CL, 86 ± 39 por cento em CF e 22 ± 11 por cento em RD. CONCLUSÃO: O uso pré-operatório de bisfosfonatos parece atenuar a fome óssea sem impedir o marcante aumento de massa óssea no seguimento da paratireoidectomia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of bisphosphonates on post-parathyroidectomy hypocalcemia in patients with osteitis fibrosa cystica. METHODS: Review of the medical records of six patients using bisphosphonates preoperatively. RESULTS: Mean age was 35.6 ± 10.5 years; serum calcium = 13.51 + 0.87 mg/dL; iPTH = 1,389 + 609 pg/mL. The mean value of urine deoxypyridinoline (UDPD) of three patients was 131 ± 183 nmol/mmol Cr, and of C-telopeptide (CTX), 2,253 ± 1,587 pg/mL. The mean values of bone densitometry (T score) were as follows: 0.673 ± 0.150 g/cm² (-4.42 ± 1.23) in lumbar spine (L2-L4); 0.456 ± 0.149 g/cm² (-5.58 ± 1.79) in the femoral neck; and 0.316 ± 0.055 g/cm² (-5.85 ± 0.53) in radius 33. Patient 1 received oral alendronate, 30 mg/day for four weeks; his calcium decreased from 14 to 11.6 mg/dL, and his UDPD from 342 to 160 nmol/mmol Cr. Patient 2 received oral alendronate, 20 mg/day for six weeks; his calcium decreased from 14 to 11.0 mg/dL and his UDPD from 28.8 to 14 nmol/mmol Cr. Patient 3 received intravenous pamidronate, 90 mg prior to surgery. Patient 4 received oral alendronate, 140 mg/week for six weeks; her calcium decreased from 13.7 to 12.3 mg/dL and her CTX from 2,160 to 1,340 pg/mL. Patient 5 received oral alendronate, 140 mg/ week for six weeks; her calcium levels dropped from 14.3 to 14.1 mg/dL; her CTX did not change. Patient 6 received ibandronate, 150 mg, ten days prior to surgery; his CTX reduced by 62 percent. No patient developed severe hypocalcemia in the first postoperative week. One year after surgery, the mean gain in bone mineral density was 40 percent ± 29 percent in L2-L4, 86 ± 39 percent in the femoral neck, and 22 percent ± 11 percent in radius 33. CONCLUSION: The preoperative use of bisphosphonates seems to attenuate bone hunger without preventing a significant increase in bone mass in the follow-up of parathyroidectomy.

Primary hyperparathyroidism in children and adolescents.

Objective. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in children and adolescents is a rare condition. Awareness should improve in order to lower threshold for screening and allow intervention before serious and permanent sequelac occur. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 15 children and adolescents with PHPT (age <20 yr) seen in our clinic between 1993 and 2006. Results. Mean age of patients was 17.73 yr (Range - 13-20, Male-3: Female-12). Average duration of symptoms was 18.87 (range: 0-48) mo. Clinical features at presentation included bone pain (86.67%), proximal myopathy (46.67%), bony deformities (53.33%), fractures (60%), palpable osteitis fibrosa cystica (33.3%), renal calculi (40%), palpable neck swelling (13.3%) and acute pancreatitis (6.67%). None had positive family history or features suggestive of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN). After biochemical confirmation, tumor was localised in all prior to surgery. Histopathology confirmed adenoma in all cases. Post-operative hungry bone syndrome occurred in 33.3%. Conclusion. PHPT is more common in females. Presentation of the disease is similar to their adult counterparts except for more severe bone disease and less severe renal disease. MEN and familial non-MEN PHPT do not constitute a major cause of pediatric PHPT as against to worldwide data. The incidence of hyperplasia as a cause of PHPT is rare in our pediatric population.

Multiple brown tumors of the jaws in primary hyperparathyroidism / 대한구강악안면방사선학회지

Brown tumor is usually diagnosed at the terminal stage of hyperparathyroidism. Diagnosis of this tumor is confirmed by endocrinologic investigations along with clinical and radiographic examination. Radiographical differential diagnosis of this tumor includes central giant cell granuloma, aneurysmal bone cyst, metastatic tumor, multiple myeloma, and Paget disease. This report presents a rare case of multiple brown tumors occurring at the maxilla and mandible, which was initially misdiagnosed as central giant cell granuloma. Plain radiographs demonstrated multiple well-defined multilocular radiolucency. CT images showed soft tissue mass with low attenuated lesions, perforation of the lingual cortical plate, and a heterogeneous mass at the right thyroid lobe. These findings were consistent with parathyroid adenoma. The patient had hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated alkaline phosphatase level. Surgical excision of the tumor was performed. No recurrence was observed during a 28-month follow-up.

Spinal compression by brown tumor in two patients with chronic kidney allograft failure on maintenance hemodialysis

Brown tumors with non-neoplastic process are noticed in patients with end-stage renal disease suffering from a severe form of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Herein, we report a patient with chronic kidney allograft failure returned back to hemodialysis who experienced manifestations of cauda equina compression secondary to a lumbar brown tumor. Also, we had another patient on hemodialysis with a demineralized lesion affecting the cervical vertebrae. Although brown tumor is a rare complication, these two cases highlighted the importance of neurological symptoms in uremic patients. Spinal decompression surgery, in order to alleviate pressure on neurological structures, together with subtotal parathyroidectomy, were highly indicated

Prevalence of radiological findings among cases of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism / Prevalência de achados radiológicos em pacientes com grave hiperparatireoidismo secundário

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT2) are prone to develop heterotopic calcifications and severe bone disease. Determination of the sites most commonly affected would decrease costs and patients' exposure to X-ray radiation. The aim here was to determine which skeletal sites produce most radiographic findings, in order to evaluate hemodialysis patients with HPT2, and to describe the most prevalent radiographic findings. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was cross-sectional, conducted in one center, the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Whole-body radiographs were obtained from 73 chronic hemodialysis patients with indications for parathyroidectomy due to severe HPT2. The regions studied were the skull, hands, wrists, clavicles, thoracic and lumbar column, long bones and pelvis. All the radiographs were analyzed by the same two radiologists, with great experience in bone disease interpretation. RESULTS: The most common abnormality was subperiosteal bone resorption, mostly at the phalanges and distal clavicles (94 percent of patients, each). "Rugger jersey spine" sign was found in 27 percent. Pathological fractures and deformities were seen in 27 percent and 33 percent, respectively. Calcifications were presented in 80 percent, mostly at the forearm fistula (42 percent), abdominal aorta and lower limb arteries (35 percent each). Brown tumors were present in 37 percent of the patients, mostly on the face and lower limbs (9 percent each). CONCLUSION: The greatest prevalence of bone findings were found on radiographs of the hands, wrists, lateral view of the thoracic and lumbar columns and femurs. The most prevalent findings were bone resorption and ectopic calcifications.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPT2) à insuficiência renal crônica são propensos a desenvolver calcificações ectópicas e grave doença óssea. A determinação dos sítios mais revelantes pode diminuir o custo e a exposição do paciente a radiação desnecessária. O objetivo foi determinar quais locais radiológicos apresentam mais achados radiográficos para avaliar o HPT2 em pacientes em hemodiálise, assim como os achados mais prevalentes. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, realizado no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Radiografias de corpo inteiro foram obtidas de 73 pacientes em hemodiálise crônica que tiveram indicação de paratireoidectomia devido a HPT2 grave. As regiões estudadas foram crânio, mãos e punhos, clavículas, coluna torácica e lombar, ossos longos e pélvis. Todas as imagens foram analisadas pelos mesmos dois radiologistas, com grande experiência na interpretação de doenças do osso. RESULTADOS: A alteração mais comum foi reabsorção óssea subperiosteal, principalmente nas falanges distais e clavículas (ambos em 94 por cento de pacientes). Sinal de "rugger jersey" foi descoberto em 27 por cento. Fratura patológica e deformidades foram visualizadas em 27 por cento e 33 por cento, respectivamente. As calcificações foram encontradas em 80 por cento dos pacientes, principalmente na fístula de antebraço (42 por cento), aorta abdominal e artérias dos membros inferiores (ambos 35 por cento). Tumores marrons estavam presentes em 37 por cento dos pacientes, principalmente na face e nos membros inferiores (ambos 9 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: As radiografias com achados mais prevalentes foram mãos e punhos, radiografia lateral da coluna torácica e lombar e fêmur. Os achados mais prevalentes foram reabsorção óssea e calcificação ectópica.

Hypercalcemia. An evidence-based approach to clinical cases

Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are responsible for greater than 90% of all cases of hypercalcemia. Compared with the hypercalcemia of malignancy, hyperparathyroidism tends to be associated with lower serum calcium levels [< 12 mg/dL] and a longer duration of hypercalcemia [more than 6 months]. The hypercalcemic symptoms are usually fewer and subtle. Hyperparathyroidism tends to cause kidney calculi, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and the characteristics of metabolic bone disease osteitis fibrosa cystica, but no anemia. In contrast, hypercalcemia of malignancy is typically rapid in onset, with higher serum calcium levels, and more severe symptoms. Patients so affected show marked anemia, but they never have kidney calculi or metabolic acidosis. Parathyroid hormone assay is the most useful test for differentiating hyperparathyroidism from malignancy and other causes of hypercalcemia. In hyperparathyroidism, serum parathyroid hormone levels will be elevated. In other cases, the high serum calcium concentration usually results in suppression of parathyroid hormone. Treatment of hypercalcemia should be started with hydration. Loop diuretics may be required in individuals with renal insufficiency or heart failure to prevent fluid overload. Calcitonin is administered for the immediate short-term management of severe symptomatic hypercalcemia. For long-term control of severe or symptomatic hypercalcemia, the addition of biphosphonate is typically required. Among intravenous bisphosphonates, zoledronic acid or pamidronate are the agents of choice. Glucocorticoids are effective in hypercalcemia due to lymphoma or granulomatous diseases. Dialysis is generally reserved for those with severe hypercalcemia complicated with kidney failure

Paratireóides: estrutura, funções e patologia / Parathyroid glands: structure, functions and pathology

Os autores tecem considerações sobre a estrutura e funções normais das glândulas paratireóides como introdução à patologia e as repercussões clinico - patológicas tanto do excesso como da redução do paratormônio. Maior ênfase é dedicada ao hiperparatireoidismo primário quanto às causas, a fisiopatologia das alterações, os aspectos anatomopatológicos macro e microscópicos das lesões e sua patogenia, na "Osteite fibrocistica" ou "doença de von Recklinghausen dos ossos" com a correlação aos aspectos radiográficos. Apresentam caso de paciente, cuja história clinica demonstra as dificuldades encontradas para o diagnóstico da doença. Referem-se ainda às alterações e patogenia das formas de hiperparatireoidismo secundário e terciário e ao hipoparatireoidismo.

The authors present a summary on the normal anatomy and function of the parathyroid glands as well as a brief review of clinical and pathological repercussions of higher and lower parathyroid hormone production. The emphasis is given on the causes, physiopathology, anatomy, macroscopy and microscopy of the lesions and their role in the genesis of fibrocystic osteitis, also known as Von Recklinhausen disease of the bones. Radiological correlation is also given. The authors show the challenges for the diagnosis in the same cases. We also write about secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, as well as hypoparathyroidism.