Costes directos de atención médica del pie diabético en el segundo nivel de atención médica / Direct costs in the management of diabetic foot

Introducción: Una de las complicaciones frecuentes de la diabetes mellitus es el pie diabético; su manejo oportuno define el futuro funcional del paciente y disminuye el gasto en la atención de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Analizar los costos directos en la atención de pacientes con pie diabético con base en la escala de Wagner. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en pacientes con pie diabético en el que se analizaron los costes directos de la atención médica; se evaluaron días de hospitalización, estudios de laboratorio e imagen, debridaciones quirúrgicas, amputaciones menores y amputaciones mayores. En todo momento se conservó el anonimato de los participantes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 68 pacientes con pie diabético. De estos, 22 se eliminaron por tener expedientes clínicos incompletos, quedando finalmente 46 pacientes. Treinta y tres (72%) eran hombres, con una edad promedio de 59 años. Se observó incremento de los costos promedio/totales en forma ascendente desde el Wagner 1 al Wagner 5. Los costos directos más altos de hospitalización se atribuyeron a los costes día/cama y a las debridaciones quirúrgicas. Conclusiones: El incremento del coste de atención es directamente proporcional a la escala de Wagner. Este estudio constituye un punto de partida hacia la cuantificación de la carga económica del pie diabético en instituciones de seguridad social. La atención médica en estos pacientes es menor en el I nivel comparada con el II nivel de atención. El diagnóstico precoz disminuiría los costes de la atención de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Diabetic foot is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus, early management defines the functional future of the patient and reduces the cost in attention. Objective: To analyze the direct costs of patients diagnosed with diabetic foot based on Wagner Scale. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study, in patients with diabetic foot; direct costs of medical care were evaluated: days of hospitalization, laboratory and imaging tests, surgical debridations, minor and major amputations were evaluated. At all times the anonymity of the participants was preserved. Results: There were 68 patients with diabetic foot, of these 22 were removed for having incomplete medical records, being included 46 patients: 33(72%) men, mean age 59 years-old. Ascending increase in average and total costs was observed, from 1 to 5 Wagner Classification. Direct costs were higher in day hospitalization and debridations compared to others. Conclusions: This study is a starting point for the quantification of the economic burden of diabetic foot in Social Security Institutions. A guide based treatment for diabetic foot whould lower direct costs for these patients. Medical attention costs in these patients are less in I Level Medical Facility compared with II Level.

Estimativa do custo de tratar o pé diabético, como prevenir e economizar recursos / Estimate of cost for diabetic foot treatment; how to prevent it and save funds

Neste trabalho estimamos o custo do tratamento hospitalar do pé diabético e discutimos a literatura referente à profilaxia destas lesões. Para isto revisamos os prontuários dos pacien tes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico num período de 16 meses em um hospital público e revisamos os métodos de prevenção do pé diabético. Foram 44 internações com duração média de 11,93 dias (± 6,34), 61 procedimentos cirúrgicos, com amputações em 65% dos casos. Encontramos um custo médio de R$ 4.367,05 (± 9.249,01) e um custo total de R$ 192.150,40 para estes tratamentos hospitalares. O tratamento do pé diabético teve um alto custo e exigiu amputações na maioria dos casos. A revisão da literatura evidenciou diversos modelos possíveis de serem adotados para atuar na profilaxia de lesões associadas ao pé diabético, os quais podem evitar amputações e economizar recursos.

In this work the cost of hospital treatment for diabetic foot wounds was estimated and the literature regarding prophylaxis for these lesions was examined. For this purpose, the records of all patients with diabetic foot symptoms submitted to surgical treatment over a period of 16 months in a public hospital were reviewed. There were 44 admissions with an average hospitalization period of 11.93 days, (± 6.34), 61 surgical procedures, with amputations in 65% of the cases. An average cost of R$ 4,367.05 (± 9249.01) and a total cost of R$ 192,150.40 was calculated for the hospital treatment involved. Treatment of diabetic foot symptoms had a high cost and required amputation in the majority of cases. A review of the literature revealed many possible models to be adopted for action in the prophylaxis of wounds associated with the diabetic foot, which can avoid amputations and save funds.

Costo-efectividad de la ketanserina vs sulfadiazina de plata micronizada ehn el paciente con pie diabético / Cost-effectiveness of the ketanserin vs sulfadiazine on the patient with diabetic foot

Objetivo. Determinar el costo-efectividad de la ketanserina vs sulfadiazina en el paciente con pie diabético. Material y método. Estudio de costo efectividad en pacientes con pie diabético, se integraron dos grupos, los manejados con ketanserina (n=50) y los manejados con sulfadiazina (n=30), se incluyeron a todos los que acudieron al servicio. El costo contempló los insumos para la curación y el medicamento. La efectividad se midió con la reducción de la lesión medida en centímetros y el porcentaje de pacientes curados. Se realizó análisis incremental. Resultados. El costo del centímetro cuadrado de curación en ketanserina es de $22,43 US y en sulfadiazina $120,44 US. La proyección del costo a 5000 pacientes con una lesión de 10 centímetros es $1.121.651 US en ketanserina y $6.021.787 US en sulfadiazina de plata. Conclusión. En el manejo del pie diabético la relación costo-efectividad de la ketanserina es mejor que la sulfadiazina.

Objective. Determine the cost-efectiveness of the ketanserin vs. sulfadiazine on the patient with diabetic foot. Methodology. Study of the cost efectiveness on patients with diabetic foot, there were integrated two groups; the ones managed with ketanserin (n=50), and the ones managed with sulfadiazine (n=30), all that came to the service were included. Te cost contemplates the inputs for the cure and the medication. Te efectiveness was measured with the reduction of the injury measured in centimeters and the cured patient’s percent. Sensitivity and incremental analysis was performed. Results. Te cost of square centimeter of healing in ketanserin is $22.43 US and in the sulfadiazine $120.44 US. Te cost of 5000 patients whit an 10 centimeter injury is $1,121,651 US in ketanserin and $6,021,787 US in sulfadiazine. Conclusion. Te relation cost-efectiveness of the ketanserin is better than the sulfadiazine one in the management of the diabetic foot.

Pé diabético: um estudo do custo do tratamento de pacientes internados em hospital público da cidade de Recife / Dibetic foot: a study of the cost of treating patients in a public hospital in Recife

Estudo com o objetivo de verificar o custo do tratamento hospitalar de portadores de pé diabético. Foram analisados prontuários e formulários de autorização de internamento de 144 pacientes. Verificou-se uma relação entre: o tempo de internamento e os serviços hospitalares, serviços profissionais e taxa de exames, através do teste qui-quadrado. Os resultados mostram que as despesas totais com a internação desses pacientes representam um alto custo para os cofres públicos, sugerindo que as medidas preventivas constituem a melhor alternativa para o enfrentamento deste problema.

Internações por pé diabético: comparação entre o custo direto estimado e o desembolso do SUS / In hospital care for diabetic foot: a comparison between the estimated cost and the SUS reimbursement

Foram seguidas 109 internações de pacientes com diabetes e ulcerações nos pés na rede do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Sergipe, com o objetivo de estimar o custo direto hospitalar e comparar com os valores do desembolso do SUS. Os dados foram coletados desde a admissão até a alta ou o óbito dos casos incluídos, sendo anotadas as características clínicas dos pacientes e os desfechos das internações. Foram calculados o custo direto estimado e o desembolso do SUS. Todos eram portadores de diabetes tipo 2 e a maioria das ulcerações (64,2 por cento) foram classificadas como Wagner 4 ou 5. Evoluíram com alta sem amputação 43 pacientes (39,4 por cento) e 52 (47,7 por cento) com alta após amputação. Evoluíram para óbito 14 pacientes (12,8 por cento). O custo estimado variou de R$ 943,72 a R$ 16.378,85, com média de R$ 4.461,04. O valor do desembolso do SUS variou de R$ 96,95 a R$ 2.410,18, com média de R$ 633,97, cerca de sete vezes inferior. As menores defasagens entre os custos ocorreram nos pacientes assistidos no Hospital Beneficente e as maiores naqueles tratados com amputações menores.

This study aimed to analyze costs for treating patients with diabetic foot cared by the public Brazilian Health System (SUS), comparing the estimated cost with the amount of SUS reimbursement. A cohort prospective study carried out in hospitals that provide services for the Unified Health System in Sergipe, involving 109 hospitalization episodes of patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. We follow these patients day by day and estimated the hospital direct cost and the SUS reimbursement. All patients had type 2 diabetes and the majority of ulcers (64,2 percent) were classified as Wagner 4 or 5. Forty-three (39,4 percent) healed without amputation and fifty-two (47,7 percent) healed with amputation. Fourteen (12,8 percent) patients died. Hospital direct cost ranged from R$ 943.72 to R$ 16,378.85; with an average of R$ 4,461.04. The SUS reimbursement varied from R$ 96.95 to R$ 2,410.18, with an average of R$ 633.97, usually seven times low. Smaller difference between costs occurred in patients from the Beneficent hospital and higher rates occurred in those treated with minor amputation.

The cost of diabetic foot conditions.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cost of management of diabetic foot ulcers and the standards of foot-care practices. METHODS: Patients admitted with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) to the University Surgical Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital during 6 months were audited. Costs were obtained from the Medical Supplies Division, Central Blood Bank, Director General of Laboratory Services and 3 leading private hospitals. RESULTS: 144 (4.3% of admissions) diabetic patients occupied 10.1% of hospital beds. Average stay was 10.9 days. 55 daily-paid workers lost Rs.1076.36 for each admission. Each family has spent Rs.1811.60. The State has spent Rs.14 936 during the hospital stay of each patient. Majority of 61.8%, DFUs started as preventable minor trauma. 48% knew the importance of foot-care but practices remained poor. Worst affected were the patients followed up at peripheral units. Only 11.1% feet were completely assessed by a doctor. CONCLUSIONS: DFUs have a serious impact on patients and the State. Standards of foot-care remain poor among patients. A well planned foot-care program will be highly cost-effective.

Pé diabético: avaliaçäo da evoluçäo e custo hospitalar de pacientes internados no Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba / Diabetic foot: evaluation of evolution and hospital cost of hospitalized patients in Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba

O pé diabético é uma dos principais complicaçöes do diabetes mellitus (DM), sendo causa freqüente de internaçöes hospitalares. Os custos destas internaçöes e o ônus social constituem um grave problema de saúde. Com o objetivo de avaliar diabéticos portadores de lesöes podais internados, estudamos 23 pacientes (14M, 9F; 39-80 anos de idade), no período de abril a novembro de 1999. Todos tinham DM tipo 2 e 48 por cento deles foram internados com glicemia <200mg/dL. As lesöes estavam assim distribuídas (segundo classificaçäo de Wagner): grau 1:26 por cento; grau 2:17 por cento; grau 3:13 por cento; grau 4:35 por cento; grau 5: 9 por cento. Evoluíram para amputaçäo 65 por cento dos pacientes, sendo 30 por cento de coxa. O tempo mediano de internaçäo foi de 14 dias. O custo mediano das internaçöes foi de R$1.004,59 e em 24 por cento delas foi superior a R$2.000,00. Somado ao custo médio de próteses (R$1.900,00), totaliza-se um ônus próximo a R$3.000,00. Na amostra, 9 pacientes estavam na faixa etária economicamente ativa. Os pacientes portadores de lesöes nos pés säo responsáveis por internaçöes prolongadas e de custo elevado, o que näo é compatível com o sistema público de saúde do nosso país. Assim, a prevençäo é um dos pontos fundamentais para melhorar o prognóstico desta patologia.

Foot care economics--cost burden to diabetic patients with foot complications: a study from southern India.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct cost burden of diabetic patients with foot complications. METHODS: An illustrative sample of 270 subjects with type two diabetes were seen at the clinic selected for the study. Among them 164 were without any complication (Group I) and 106 patients were with foot complications (Group II). In the latter group 83 (Group IIA) required in-patient (IP) care and 23 (Group IIB) required out-patient (OP) care. Annual expenses on medical care were estimated by a questionnaire method. Validation of the questionnaire data was verifying the amount spent by checking up the bills. RESULT: Group I spent Rs.4373 (US $ 104 Approx.), Group II spent Rs.15450 (US $ 343 Approx.), Group IIA spent Rs.7200 (US $ 171 Approx.) and Group IIB spent Rs.16910 (US $ 403 Approx.) in the study year. In the total sample of 270 subjects 61% were without foot problems, 22% had foot problems requiring OP treatment only (Group IIA), and 78% had foot problems requiring IP treatment (Group IIB). CONCLUSION: Group IIB spent significantly greater percentage of their income than Group IIA, and both groups spent greater percentage of their income than Group I. All differences were statistically significant.

Cost burden to diabetic patients with foot complications--a study from southern India.

AIM: To study the economic burden of management of diabetes in patients with foot complications, as a large number of them suffer from foot complications of varying severity. This study relates to direct cost to diabetic patients with foot complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An illustrative sample of 270 Type 2 diabetic subjects, 164 without foot complications (Control group, Group 1) and 106 with foot complications (Group 2) were studied. They were available for the study during a six month period from January to June 1998. Group 2 had two sub-groups, i.e., those who needed out-patient (OP) treatment only (n = 23) and those who needed treatment in the hospital (HP) (n = 83). The study subjects were interviewed personally by the educator to collect demographic data and treatment expenditure. RESULTS: Total median expenditure incurred by the diabetic subjects without foot complications (Group 1) was Rs. 4373/- and by those with foot complications (Group 2) was Rs. 15,450/-. Patients who required hospitalised treatment incurred higher expenses than the OP patients, towards doctor's fees and hospitalisation (P < 0.0001). The percent of total income spent by the HP patients was higher than by the OP patients (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic subjects with foot problems incur very heavy expenditure in the treatment process. Most of the direct costs of diabetes treatment results from its complications. The hospitalisation costs for the complications of diabetes are particularly heavy. This underscores the need to reduce complications and also their economic burden.