Research progress on electrical impedance tomography in pulmonary perfusion / 生物医学工程学杂志

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging technology for real-time monitoring based on the impedance differences of different tissues and organs in the human body. It has been initially applied in clinical research as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. Lung perfusion refers to the blood flow perfusion function of lung tissue, and the occurrence and development of many diseases are closely related to lung perfusion. Therefore, real-time monitoring of lung perfusion is particularly important. The application and development of EIT further promote the monitoring of lung perfusion, and related research has made great progress. This article reviews the principles of EIT imaging, lung perfusion imaging methods, and their clinical applications in recent years, with the aim of providing assistance to clinical and scientific researchers.

Hyperosmotic stress and perfusion culture strategies increase the yield of recombinant adenoviral vector produced by HEK 293 cells / 生物工程学报

With various diseases ravaging internationally, the demands for recombinant adenoviral vector (Adv) vaccines have increased dramatically. To meet the demand for Adv vaccine, development of a new cell culture process is an effective strategy. Applying hyperosmotic stress in cells before virus infection could increase the yield of Adv in batch culture mode. Emerging perfusion culture can significantly increase the yield of Adv as well. Therefore, combining the hyperosmotic stress process with perfusion culture is expected to improve the yield of Adv at high cell density. In this study, a shake flask combined with a semi-perfusion culture was used as a scaled-down model for bioreactor perfusion culture. Media with osmotic pressure ranging from 300 to 405 mOsm were used to study the effect of hyperosmotic stress on cell growth and Adv production. The results showed that using a perfusion culture process with a hyperosmotic pressure medium (370 mOsm) during the cell growth phase and an isosmotic pressure medium (300 mOsm) during the virus production phase effectively increased the yield of Adv. This might be due to the increased expression of HSP70 protein during the late phases of virus replication. The Adv titer in a bioreactor with such a process reached 3.2×1010 IFU/mL, three times higher than that of the traditional perfusion culture process. More importantly, this is the first time that a strategy of combining the hyperosmotic stress process with perfusion culture is applied to the production of Adv in HEK 293 cells. It also reveals the reason why the hyperosmotic stress process increased the yield of Adv, which may facilitate the process optimization of for producing other Adv in HEK 293 cells.

Pulse pressure loss after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an independent predictor of ECMO weaning failure / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the predictors of successful weaning off extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 56 patients with cardiac arrest who underwent ECPR in Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University) from July 2018 to September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether ECMO was successfully weaning off, patients were divided into the successful weaning off group and the failed weaning off group. The basic data, duration of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR, the time from cardiopulmonary resuscitation to ECMO), duration of ECMO, pulse pressure loss, complications, and the use of distal perfusion tube and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for weaning failure of ECMO.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-three patients (41.07%) were successfully weaned from ECMO. Compared with the successful weaning off group, patients in the failed weaning off group were older (years old: 46.7±15.6 vs. 37.8±16.8, P < 0.05), higher incidence of pulse pressure loss and ECMO complications [81.8% (27/33) vs. 21.7% (5/23), 84.8% (28/33) vs. 39.1% (9/23), both P < 0.01], and longer CCPR time (minutes: 72.3±19.5 vs. 54.4±24.6, P < 0.01), shorter duration of ECMO support (hours: 87.3±81.1 vs. 147.7±50.8, P < 0.01), and worse improvement in arterial blood pH and lactic acid (Lac) levels after ECPR support [pH: 7.1±0.1 vs. 7.3±0.1, Lac (mmol/L): 12.6±2.4 vs. 8.9±2.1, both P < 0.01]. There were no significant differences in the utilization rate of distal perfusion tube and IABP between the two groups. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting the weaning off ECMO of ECPR patients were pulse pressure loss, ECMO complications, arterial blood pH and Lac after installation [pulse pressure loss: odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.39-8.17, P = 0.007; ECMO complications: OR = 2.88, 95%CI was 1.11-7.45, P = 0.030; pH after installation: OR = 0.01, 95%CI was 0.00-0.16, P = 0.002; Lac after installation: OR = 1.21, 95%CI was 1.06-1.37, P = 0.003]. After adjusting for the effects of age, gender, ECMO complications, arterial blood pH and Lac after installation, and CCPR time, showed that pulse pressure loss was an independent predictor of weaning failure in ECPR patients (OR = 1.27, 95%CI was 1.01-1.61, P = 0.049).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Early loss of pulse pressure after ECPR is an independent predictor of failed weaning off ECMO in ECPR patients. Strengthening hemodynamic monitoring and management after ECPR is very important for the successful weaning off ECMO in ECPR.

Effects of laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion chemotherapy combined with intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy treatment in patients with untreated gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion chemotherapy combined with intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy (HIPEC-IP-IV) in the treatment of peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer (GCPM). Methods: This was a descriptive case series study. Indications for HIPEC-IP-IV treatment include: (1) pathologically confirmed gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma; (2) age 20-85 years; (3) peritoneal metastases as the sole form of Stage IV disease, confirmed by computed tomography, laparoscopic exploration, ascites or peritoneal lavage fluid cytology; and (4) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1. Contraindications include: (1) routine blood tests, liver and renal function, and electrocardiogram showing no contraindications to chemotherapy; (2) no serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction; and (3) no intestinal obstruction or peritoneal adhesions. According to the above criteria, data of patients with GCPM who had undergone laparoscopic exploration and HIPEC from June 2015 to March 2021 in the Peking University Cancer Hospital Gastrointestinal Center were analyzed, after excluding those who had received antitumor medical or surgical treatment. Two weeks after laparoscopic exploration and HIPEC, the patients received intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy. They were evaluated every two to four cycles. Surgery was considered if the treatment was effective, as shown by achieving stable disease or a partial or complete response and negative cytology. The primary outcomes were surgical conversion rate, R0 resection rate, and overall survival. Results: Sixty-nine previously untreated patients with GCPM had undergone HIPEC-IP-IV, including 43 men and 26 women; with a median age of 59 (24-83) years. The median PCI was 10 (1-39). Thirteen patients (18.8%) underwent surgery after HIPEC-IP-IV, R0 being achieved in nine of them (13.0%). The median overall survival (OS) was 16.1 months. The median OS of patients with massive or moderate ascites and little or no ascites were 6.6 and 17.9 months, respectively (P<0.001). The median OS of patients who had undergone R0 surgery, non-R0 surgery, and no surgery were 32.8, 8.0, and 14.9 months, respectively (P=0.007). Conclusions: HIPEC-IP-IV is a feasible treatment protocol for GCPM. Patients with massive or moderate ascites have a poor prognosis. Candidates for surgery should be selected carefully from those in whom treatment has been effective and R0 should be aimed for.

Application of Three-dimensional Computed Tomography Bronchography and Angiography Combined with Perfusion Area Identification Technique in Uniport Thoracoscopic Complex Segmentectomy / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#With the extensive application of segmental lung resection in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer, how to complete segmentectomy more accurately and minimally invasively has become a research hotspot. The aim of this study is to explore the application of three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) combined with perfusion area recognition technique in single-hole thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy.@*METHODS@#From January 2021 to January 2022, the clinical data of 112 consecutive patients undergoing single-port thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. The three-dimensional reconstruction combined with perfusion area identification technique was used to perform the operation and the clinical data were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The average operation time was (141.1±35.4) min; the initial time of intersegmental plane display was (12.5±1.7) s; the maintenance time of intersegmental plane was (114.3±10.9) s; the intersegmental plane was clearly displayed (100%); the amount of bleeding was [10 (10, 20)] mL; the total postoperative drainage volume was (380.5±139.7) mL; the postoperative extubation time was (3.9±1.2) d; and the postoperative hospitalization time was (5.2±1.6) d. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The advantages of 3D-CTBA combined with perfusion area recognition technique are fast, accurate and safe in identifying intersegmental boundary in single-port thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy, which could provide guidances for accuratding resection of tumors, shortening operation time and reducing surgical complications.

Application of a novel artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles in normothermic machine perfusion for porcine liver preservation after cardiac death / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy of a novel artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles in normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) for preservation of porcine liver donation after cardiac death.@*METHODS@#Artificial perfusate with perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles was prepared at 5% albumin (w/v) and its oxygen carrying capacity was calculated. The livers of 16 Landrace pigs were isolated after 1 h of warm ischemia, and then they were divided into 4 groups and preserved continuously for 24 h with different preservation methods: cold preservation with UW solution (SCS group), NMP preservation by whole blood (blood NMP group), NMP preservation by artificial perfusate without nanoparticles (non-nanoparticles NMP group) and NMP preservation by artificial perfusate containing nanoparticles (nanoparticles NMP group). Hemodynamics, tissue metabolism, biochemical indices of perfusate and bile were monitored every 4 h after the beginning of NMP. Liver tissue samples were collected for histological examination (HE and TUNEL staining) before preservation, 12 h and 24 h after preservation.@*RESULTS@#The oxygen carrying capacity of nanoparticles in 100 mL artificial perfusate was 6.94 μL/mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). The hepatic artery and portal vein resistance of nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group remained stable during perfusion, and the vascular resistance of nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that of blood NMP group. The concentration of lactic acid in the perfusate decreased to the normal range within 8 h in both nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group. There were no significant differences in accumulated bile production, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in perfusate between nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group (all P>0.05). After 24 h perfusion, the histological Suzuki score in blood NMP group and nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that in SCS group and non-nanoparticles NMP group (all P<0.05), and the quantities of TUNEL staining positive cells in blood NMP group and non-nanoparticles NMP group was higher than those in nanoparticles NMP group and SCS group 12 h and 24 h after preservation (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles can meet the oxygen supply requirements of porcine livers donation after cardiac death during NMP preservation, and it may has superiorities in improving tissue microcirculation and alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Microvascular perfusion and cardiac function after revascularization assessed by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction / 中华心血管病杂志

Objectives: To evaluate microvascular perfusion and left ventricular function in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after revascularization using myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), and to explore clinical influencing factors of abnormal microvascular perfusion in these patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The analysis was performed among patients admitted to Peking University People's Hospital for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from June 2018 to July 2021. All patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and completed MCE within 48 hours after PCI. Patients were divided into normal myocardial perfusion group and abnormal perfusion group according to the myocardial perfusion score. The echocardiographic indexes within 48 hours after PCI, including peak mitral valve flow velocity (E), mean value of early diastolic velocity of left ventricular septum and lateral mitral annulus (Em), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) and so on, were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors of myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Results: A total of 123 STEMI patients, aged 59±13 years with 93 (75.6%) males, were enrolled. There were 50 cases in the normal myocardial perfusion group, and 73 cases in the abnormal myocardial perfusion group. The incidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion was 59.3% (73/123). The left ventricular volume index ((62.3±18.4)ml/m2 vs. (55.1±15.2)ml/m2, P=0.018), wall motion score index (WMSI) (1.59 (1.44, 2.00) vs. 1.24(1.00, 1.47), P<0.001) and mitral E/Em (17.8(12.0, 24.3) vs. 12.2(9.2, 15.7), P<0.001) were significantly higher whereas left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) ((-10.8±3.4)% vs. (-13.8±3.5)%, P<0.001) was significantly lower in the abnormal myocardial perfusion group than those in the normal myocardial perfusion group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that left anterior descending (LAD) as culprit vessel (OR=3.733, 95%CI 1.282-10.873, P=0.016), intraoperative no/low-reflow (OR=6.125, 95%CI 1.299-28.872, P=0.022), and peak troponin I (TnI) (OR=1.018, 95%CI 1.008-1.029, P=0.001) were independent risk factors of abnormal myocardial perfusion. As for ultrasonic indexes, deceleration time of mitral E wave (OR=0.979, 95%CI 0.965-0.993, P=0.003), mitral E/Em (OR=1.100, 95%CI 1.014-1.194, P=0.022) and WMSI (OR=7.470, 95%CI 2.630-21.222, P<0.001) were independently related to abnormal myocardial perfusion. Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion after PCI is high in patients with acute STEMI. Abnormal myocardial perfusion is related to worse left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. LAD as culprit vessel, intraoperative no/low-reflow and peak TnI are independent risk factors of abnormal myocardial perfusion.

CT perfusion combined with energy spectrum imaging to evaluate the short-term efficacy of bronchial arterial chemoembolization for lung cancer / 中华内科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of dynamic volumetric CT perfusion combined with energy spectrum imaging in bronchial arterial chemoembolization (BACE) in patients with lung cancer. Methods: The data of 31 patients with lung cancer confirmed by pathology and treated with BACE in Lishui Central Hospital from January 2018 to February 2022 were retrospectively collected, including 23 men and 8 women, aged 31-84 (67) years. All patients received perfusion scans of lesion sites within 1 week before surgery and 1 month after surgery. We collected and compared the changes in preoperative and postoperative perfusion parameters such as blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean through time (MTT), permeability surface (PS) and energy spectrum parameters including arterial phase CT value (CTA), venous phase CT value (CTV), arterial phase iodine concentration (ICA), venous phase of iodine concentration (ICV), arterial standardization iodine concentration (NICA), and intravenous standardized iodine concentration (NICV) to confirm the significance of these parameters in evaluating the short-term efficacy of BACE in the treatment of advanced lung cancer. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normally distributed measurement data are expressed here as mean ± standard deviation; the independent-samples t-test was used for comparisons between two groups. The measurement data that were not normally distributed are expressed as median (interquartile interval) [M (Q1, Q3)], and the comparison between the two groups used the Kruskal-Wallis test. Count data are expressed as cases (%), and comparisons between groups used the χ2 test. Results: The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) at 1 month after BACE were 54.8% (17/31) and 96.8% (30/31), respectively. CT perfusion parameters and energy spectrum parameters of patients before and after BACE treatment were compared. The results showed that BF, BV, MTT, ICA, ICV and NICV were significantly decreased after BACE treatment compared with before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant[58.06 (40.47,87.22) vs.23.57(10.92, 36.24) ml·min-1·100g-1,3.33(2.86,6.09) vs.2.12(1.96,3.61)ml/100g,2.70(2.19,3.88) vs.1.53 (1.12,2.25)s, 3.51 (3.11,4.14)vs.1.74 (1.26,2.50)mg/ml,2.00 (1.30,2.45) vs.1.32(0.92,1.76)mg/ml,0.51(0.42,0.57) vs.0.33(0.23,0.39)](all P<0.05). At the same time, compared with the non-remission group, the study results showed that the difference of parameters in remission group before and after BACE was more obvious, including ΔBF, ΔBV, ΔMTT, ΔPS, ΔCTA, ΔCTV, ΔICA, ΔICV, ΔNICA, ΔNICV were significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant [36.82(32.38, 45.34) vs.9.50(-1.43, 12.34) ml·min-1·100g-1,4.46(2.52, 5.79) vs.0.22(-0.76, 4.09) ml/100g,4.22(2.25, 6.77) vs.0.43(-2.53, 1.88) s,10.07 (2.89, 13.13) vs.-2.01(-6.77, 4.28) ml·min-1·100g-1,14.22(11.88, 20.57) vs.4.18(-5.25, 6.37) HU, 34.6(14.88, 43.15) vs.11.60(0.26, 25.05) HU,0.95(0.54, 1.47) vs.0.11(0.20, 0.59) mg/ml,1.57(1.10, 2.38) vs. 0.26(-0.21, 0.63) mg/ml,0.05(0.03, 0.08) vs.-0.02(-0.04, 0.01),0.18(0.13, 0.21)vs. 0.11(-0.06, 0.16)](all P<0.05). Conclusions: CT perfusion combined with spectral imaging could effectively evaluate the changes in tumor vascular perfusion in patients with advanced lung cancer before and after BACE treatment, which has important value in judging the short-term efficacy after treatment.

Predictive value of the proportion of hibernating myocardium in total perfusion defect on reverse remodeling in patients with HFrEF underwent coronary artery bypass graft / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of the proportion of hibernating myocardium (HM) in total perfusion defect (TPD) on reverse left ventricle remodeling (RR) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) by 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) combined with 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) gated myocardial imaging positron emission computed tomography (PET). Methods: Inpatients diagnosed with HFrEF at the Cardiac Surgery Center, Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2016 to January 2022 were prospectively recruited. MPI combined with 18F-FDG gated PET was performed before surgery for viability assessment and the patients received follow-up MPI and 18F-FDG gated PET at different stages (3-12 months) after surgery. Δ indicated changes (post-pre). Left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV) reduced at least 10% was defined as RR, patients were divided into reverse remodeling (RR+) group and the non-reverse group (RR-). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of RR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the cut-off value for predicting RR. Additionally, we retrospectively enrolled inpatients with HFrEF at the Cardiac Surgery Center, Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2021 to January 2022 as the validation group, who underwent MPI and 18F-FDG gated PET before surgery. Echocardiography was performed before CABG and after CABG (3-12 months). In the validation group, the reliability of obtaining the cut-off value for the ROC curve was verified. Results: A total of 28 patients with HFrEF (26 males; age (56.9±8.7) years) were included in the prospective cohort. HM/TPD was significantly higher in the RR+ group than in the RR- group ((51.8%±17.9%) vs. (35.7%±13.9%), P=0.016). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that HM/TPD was an independent predictor of RR (Odds ratio=1.073, 95% Confidence interval: 1.005-1.145, P=0.035). ROC curve analysis revealed that HM/TPD=38.3% yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (all 75%) for predicting RR and the AUC was 0.786 (P=0.011). Meanwhile, a total of 100 patients with HFrEF (90 males; age (59.7±9.6) years) were included in the validation group. In the validation group, HM/TPD=38.3% predicted RR in HFrEF patients after CABG with the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (82%, 60% and 73% respectively). Compared with the HFrEF patients in the HM/TPD<38.3% group (n=36), RR and cardiac function improved more significantly in the HM/TPD≥38.3% group (n=64) (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Preoperative HM/TPD ratio is an independent factor for predicting RR in patients with HFrEF after CABG, and HM/TPD≥38.3% can accurately predict RR and the improvement of cardiac function after CABG.

Role of Pv-aCO2 gradient and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 ratio during cardiac surgery: a retrospective observational study

Abstract Introduction: Arterial lactate, mixed venous O2 saturation, venous minus arterial CO2 partial pressure (Pv-aCO2) and the ratio between this gradient and the arterial minus venous oxygen content (Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2) were proposed as markers of tissue hypoperfusion and oxygenation. The main goals were to characterize the determinants of Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2, and the interchangeability of the variables calculated from mixed and central venous samples. Methods: 35 cardiac surgery patients were included. Variables were measured or calculated: after anesthesia induction (T1), end of surgery (T2), and at 6-8 hours intervals after ICU admission (T3 and T4). Results: Macrohemodynamics was characterized by increased cardiac index and low systemic vascular resistances after surgery (p < 0.05). Hemoglobin, arterial-pH, lactate, and systemic O2 metabolism showed significant changes during the study (p < 0.05). Pv-aCO2 remained high and without changes, Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was also high and decreased at T4 (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed globally and at each time interval, between Pv-aCO2 or Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 with factors that may affect the CO2 hemoglobin dissociation. A multilevel linear regression model with Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 as outcome variables showed a significant association for Pv-aCO2 with SvO2, and BE (p < 0.05), while Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was significantly associated with Hb, SvO2, and BE (p < 0.05) but not with cardiac output. Measurements and calculations from mixed and central venous blood were not interchangeable. Conclusions: Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 could be influenced by different factors that affect the CO2 dissociation curve, these variables should be considered with caution in cardiac surgery patients. Finally, central venous and mixed values were not interchangeable.

A rat model of dual-flow liver machine perfusion system

Purpose: As clinical liver perfusion systems use portal vein and artery flow, dual perfusion techniques are required even in small animal models in order to reproduce clinical setting. The aim of this study was to construct a new dual-flow perfusion system in rat model and optimized the oxygen supply to ensure the aerobic metabolization. Methods: The dual-flow circuit was fabricated using rat liver and whole blood samples as perfusates. The oxygen supply was controlled according to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the perfusate. Perfusate parameters and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were analyzed to evaluate organ function and metabolic energy state. Stored whole blood also tested the suitability as perfusate. Results: Stored blood showed decrease oxygen delivery and liver function compared to fresh blood. Using fresh blood as perfusate with air only, the dissolved oxygen levels remained low and anaerobic metabolism increased. In contrast, with oxygen control at living body level, anaerobic metabolism was well suppressed, and tissue ATP content was increased. Conclusions: We developed a new dual-flow system that enable to reproduce the clinical settings. The perfusion system showed the possibility to improve the energy metabolic state of the perfused organ under appropriate partial pressure of oxygen.

Resultados de la anestesia total intra venosa (TIVA) con perfusión controlada por objetivo (TCI) en pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal / Outcomes of Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) with Goal Controlled Perfusion (TCI) in Kidney Transplant Patients

Introducción: La anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA) con perfusión controlada por objetivo (TCI) es una técnica de anestesia general que usa una combinación de fármacos administrados exclusivamente por vía intravenosa sin usar fármacos por vía inhalatoria. Objetivos: Determinar los resultados del uso de TIVA TCI en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, donantes y receptores, entre noviembre de 2014 y julio de 2018, en el Hospital de Clínicas. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico a criterio. La serie se agrupó en donantes y receptores. Los datos se expresan en medias y proporciones, se analizó el Odds Rattio y el R2. Se consideró una p< 0,05 como significativa. Resultados: se incluyeron a 198 intervenciones anestésicas, 131 (66,2%) fueron receptores. El rango de edad fue de entre 5 y 66 años (35,8±13 años) y 114 (57%) fueron masculinos. En el post operatorio inmediato, el tiempo en despertar, la PAS, PAD, PAM, frecuencia cardiaca y saturación de oxígeno no tuvieron diferencias significativas, en la comparación de los grupos (donante y receptor). Se observó cefalea en 3 (1,5%) del grupo de donantes y ninguna en los receptores. La diuresis fue tardía en 18 (9,1%) pacientes (p= 0,084 R2=29). Conclusión: La TIVA TCI demostró ser una técnica muy efectiva en el trasplante renal, con pronta recuperación y despertar inmediato tras la extubación, con lucidez absoluta en todos los pacientes.

Introduction: Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with goal-controlled perfusion (TCI) is a general anesthesia technique that uses a combination of drugs administered exclusively intravenously without using inhalational drugs. Objectives: To determine the results of the use of TIVA TCI in kidney transplant patients, donors and recipients, between November 2014 and July 2018, at the Hospital de Clínicas. Patients and methods: Observational, cross-sectional analytical study, with non-probabilistic sampling at the discretion. The series was grouped into donors and recipients. The data is expressed in means and proportions, the Odds Rattio and the R2 were analyzed. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: 198 anesthetic interventions were included, 131 (66.2%) were recipients. The age range was between 5 and 66 years (35.8±13 years) and 114 (57%) were male. In the immediate postoperative period, time to awakening, SBP, DBP, MAP, heart rate and oxygen saturation did not show significant differences when comparing the groups (donor and recipient). Headache was observed in 3 (1.5%) of the donor group and none in the recipients. Diuresis was late in 18 (9.1%) patients (p= 0.084 R2=29). Conclusion: TIVA TCI proved to be a very effective technique in kidney transplantation, with prompt recovery and immediate awakening after extubation, with absolute clarity in all patients.

Influence of Acupuncture on Microcirculation Perfusion of Pericardium Meridian and Heart in Acute Myocardial Ischemia Model Rats / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the influence of acupuncture on microcirculation perfusion of the pericardium meridian and heart in acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rats and evaluate whether acupuncture can simultaneously affect the meridians and corresponding viscera. Additionally, acupoints at different meridians were compared and whether they exert the same effects was discussed.@*METHODS@#Totally 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) ligation to develop an AMI model. Rats were divided into 4 groups, including AMI, acupuncture Neiguan (PC 6), Lieque (LU 7) and Qiansanli (LI 10) groups (n=8). Eight rats received only thoracotomy (sham-operated group). The rats in the acupuncture groups received manual acupuncture at PC 6, LU 7 and LI 10 acupoints for 15 min, respectively. The microcirculation perfusion of pericardium meridian and heart was monitored by laser speckle perfusion imager (LSPI) before, during and after acupuncture manipulation for 15 min. Subsequently, the perfusion unit (PU) was calculated and analyzed by PSI System.@*RESULTS@#After LAD, compared to pre-acupuncture stage, the heart microcirculation perfusion (HMP) in the AMI group decreased continuously at during-acupuncture (P>0.05) and post-acupuncture stages (P0.05). Compared to pre-acupuncture stage, the PMP and HMP in PC 6 group significantly increased during acupuncture manipulation (both P0.05); however, they were significantly reduced after acupuncture manipulation (both P<0.05). Additionally, HMP of LI 10 group was decreased significantly during acupuncture, especially compared to pre-acupuncture stage (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Acupuncture at PC 6 obviously increased the PMP and HMP in AMI rats, and the effects were superior to at LU 7 and LI 10 acupoints. It was further confirmed that acupuncture promoted qi and blood circulation, indicating that acupoint specificity exists and features a meridian-propagated effect.

Evaluación de gravedad en pacientes agudos / Evaluation of severity in acute patients

Severity meaning the risk of adverse outcomes, death or disability, varies along disease's characteristics and patient related factors. Its evaluation is complex and besides subjective perception several, more objective, clinical tools exist along with laboratory data that independently or used in combination, allows the clinician to approach severity of a given patient's condition or a particular disease. We will review several aspects of the evaluation of severity, clinical and laboratory based in addition of some scoring systems, emphasizing perfusion and organ dysfunction evaluation as key elements to assess severity particularly in critical situations. (AU)

Reemplazo de aorta ascendente con paro circulatorio con hipotermia sistémica moderada y perfusión cerebral retrógrada / Total replacement of the ascending aorta with moderate systemic hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion

Resumen: Antecedentes: El daño neurológico es una complicación devastadora de la cirugía con paro circulatorio del cayado aórtico y aorta ascendente. La perfusión anterógrada del encéfalo permite disminuir la incidencia de esta complicación, pero es un procedimiento engorroso que interfiere el campo quirúrgico. Para procedimientos más simples que requieran de paro circulatorio de menor duración, la Perfusión Cerebral Retrógrada (PCR) es una alternativa válida. Objetivo: Evaluar nuestros resultados en la cirugía del reemplazo total de la aorta ascendente tubular con paro circulatorio con hipotermia sistémica moderada y PCR. Material y Método: Entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2020 se identificaron los pacientes en la Base de Datos del Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca de nuestra institución, se revisaron los protocolos operatorios, registros de perfusión y epicrisis, para obtener datos demográficos, clínicos y quirúrgicos pertinentes. La supervivencia alejada se certificó a través del "Servicio Registro Civil e Identificación de Chile". Resultados: En el periodo en estudio, 27 pacientes (21 hombres) tuvieron un reemplazo total de la aorta ascendente tubular con paro circulatorio con hipotermia moderada y PCR. Ocho pacientes tenían una cirugía previa; 7 de estos un reemplazo valvular aórtico. El 75% de los otros 20 pacientes tenía una válvula aórtica bicúspide. El diámetro máximo de la aorta ascendente fue en promedio 53,7 mm (45 a 67), y fue reemplazada en el 52% de los casos con un tubo protésico de 34 mm (promedio:32,4 mm; margen:30 a 34 mm). En 20 pacientes se efectuó un reemplazo valvular aórtico (15 con prótesis biológica). El tiempo promedio de circulación extracorpórea fue 174,6 min (97 a 243) y la temperatura sistémica mínima promedio fue 21ºC (18 a 25). El tiempo promedio de paro circulatorio fue 22,3 min (12 a 40) y de PCR 13 min (6 a 27). No hubo mortalidad operatoria. La morbilidad más frecuente fue la fibrilación auricular (33%). Una paciente presentó un episodio convulsivo aislado y otro fue reoperado por hemorragia postoperatoria. Una paciente falleció a los 48 meses de su operación. Conclusión: El paro circulatorio con hipotermia sistémica moderada y PCR para la cirugía de reemplazo total de la aorta ascendente facilitó la operación, con baja mortalidad y morbilidad en este grupo de pacientes.

Abstract: Background. Neurological damage is a devastating complication of aortic arch and ascending aorta surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Antegrade cerebral perfusion significantly decreases the incidence of this complication, but it is a cumbersome procedure that interfere the surgical field. For more simple procedures, requiring a shorter period of circulatory arrest, retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) would be a valid alternative. Objective. To evaluate the results of total surgical replacement of the tubular ascending aorta with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP). Methods. Patients operated between January 2015 and January 2020 were included.Demographic, clinical and surgical information was obtained from the operatives notes, perfusion registry and discharge reports. Long-term survival was certified by the "Chilean Civil and Identification Registry". Results. 27 patients (21 men) underwent a total replacement of the tubular ascending aorta with circulatory arrest with moderate hypothermia and RCP. Eight patients had been previously operated on;7 of them had a previous aortic valve replacement. Of the remaining 20 patients, 75% had a bicuspid aortic valve. Average maximum diameter of the ascending aorta was 53.7 mm (45 - 67). Average size of the ascending aorta replacement graft was 32.4 mm (30 -34). In 20 patients a concomitant aortic valve replacement was performed (15 with a biological valve). Mean extracorporeal circulation time was 174.6 min (97 - 243) and mean minimal systemic temperature was 21ºC (18 - 25). Mean circulatory arrest time was 22.3 min (12 - 40) and mean RCP time was 13 min (6 - 27), There was no operative mortality. Atrial fibrillation was the most frequent post-operative morbidity (33%). One patient presented an isolated convulsive episode and another was re-operated due to postoperative hemorrhage. One patient died, 48 months after her operation. Conclusion. Moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with RCP simplifies total tubular ascending aorta replacement, with low mortality and morbidity.

Gran feto acardio: diagnóstico tardío de gestacion gemelar monocorial biamniótica complicada por secuencia TRAP: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Great acardiac fetus: late diagnosis of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy complicated by sequence TRAP: case report and review of the literature

OBJETIVOS: reportar el caso de una paciente con gestación gemelar monocorial-biamniótica complicada por secuencia TRAP que dio lugar al nacimiento de un feto bomba de 1932 gramos sin malformaciones anatómicas y de un feto acardio anceps de 1800 gramos, y realizar una revisión sobre esta patología y la importancia de su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se presenta el caso de un feto acardio en una gestante con embarazo sin control estricto en el Hospital San Pedro de Logroño en el año 2019, de interés por su diagnóstico tardío y elevado peso al nacimiento del feto acardio. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, OVID, Embase y SciE-LO con las palabras clave DeCS y términos MeSH. Como criterios de inclusión se consideraron artículos tipo series y reportes de casos y artículos de revisión desde enero de 1950 hasta enero de 2020. RESULTADOS: la búsqueda incluyó 39 referencias bibliográficas sobre las que se repasaron las principales cuestiones teóricas a exponer. El peso del feto acardio de nuestro caso fue muy elevado sin provocar repercusión en el feto sano, en comparación con la bibliografía, lo que aporta singularidad al caso, siendo sólo equiparable la serie de casos de Brassard et al (1999), con pesos de los fetos acardio por encima de 1700 gramos y diferenciándose en 100 gramos del feto bomba. CONCLUSIONES: el feto acardio es una complicación infrecuente de embarazos gemelares monocoriales. Se requiere la presencia de anastomosis vasculares placentarias entre ambas circulaciones. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para disminuir la morbilidad y usar, en la medida de lo posible, técnicas terapéuticas no invasivas.

OBJECTIVES: to report the case of a patient with a monochorionic-biamniotic twin gestation complicated by TRAP sequence that gave rise to the birth of a pump fetus without anatomical malformations (1932 g) and an acardiac anceps fetus (1800 g), and to review this pathology and the importance of its early diagnosis and management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the case of an acardiac fetus is presented in a pregnant woman without strict control at the Hospital San Pedro de Logroño in 2019, worthwhile because of its late diagnosis and high birth weight. A search of the literature was carried out in the Medline databases via PubMed, OVID, Embase and SciELO with the MeSH terms. As inclusion criteria, we considered series-type articles and case reports, cohorts and review articles from January 1950 to January 2020. RESULTS: 39 bibliographic references were included with the main theoretical questions to be reviewed. Our acardiac fetus weight was very high comparing with the bibiography and without causing repercussion in the healthy fetus, which contributes to the uniqueness of the case, only the series report by Brassard et al (1999) is comparable, with weights of the acardiac fetus above 1700 grams and differing by 100 grams from the pump fetus. CONCLUSIONS: the acardiac fetus is an infrequent complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies. The presence of placental vascular anastomoses between both circulations is required. Early diagnosis is important to decrease morbidity and to use, as far as possible, non-invasive therapeutic techniques.

Trasplante pulmonar ex vivo: primera experiencia en Chile y Latinoamérica / Lung transplant with ex vivo lung perfusion, Chilean and Latin American first experience

Background: The number of patients waiting for a lung transplant worldwide greatly exceeds the number of available donors. Ex vivo lung perfusion is a useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be evaluated and reconditioned for a successful lung transplantation. Aim: To describe the first Chilean and Latin American experience in ex vivo lung perfusion for marginal donor lungs before transplantation. Material and Methods: Descriptive analysis of all ex vivo lung perfusion conducted for marginal donor lungs at a private clinic, from April 2019 to October 2020. High risk donor lungs and rejected lungs from other transplantation centers were included. The "Toronto Protocol" was used for ex vivo lung perfusion. Donor lung characteristics and recipient outcomes were studied. Results: During the study period, five ex vivo lung perfusions were performed. All lungs were reconditioned and transplanted. No complications were associated. There were no primary graft dysfunctions and only one chronic allograft dysfunction. There was no mortality during the first year. The median arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen ratio increased from 266 mm Hg in the donor lung to 419 after 3 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion (p = 0.043). Conclusions: ex vivo lung perfusion is a safe and useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be reconditioned and successfully transplanted.