Clinical signs associated with a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal / Sinais clínicos associados a um caso de envenenamento iatrogênico de um equino com três dias de idade por um produto comercial baseado em terebintina

The aim of this study is to report a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal and the successful treatment of this condition. A 3-day-old male foal presented with acute cardio-respiratory collapse, anaphylactic shock, severe respiratory distress, dyspnea and pulmonary edema. The animal's history included previous administration of a commercial veterinary product (UNITIPAN). Clinical examination revealed: temperature: (39.9 °C), pulse: 135 bpm, respiration: 51 bpm, mucous membranes: moist and congested, capillary refill time: 3 sec or less. The foal was treated with emergency hydration, duphalyte, steroidal anti-inflammatory, atropine sulphate and antibiotic. After 6 h of treatment, the foal was stabilized and vital signs were normalized 8 h after treatment start.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto comercial a base de terebentina em um potro de três días de idade e o sucesso do tratamento dessa condição. Um potro de três dias de idade foi apresentou um colapso cardiorrespiratório agudo, choque anafilático, desconforto respiratório grave, dispnéia e edema pulmonar. A história incluiu a administração prévia de um produto veterinário comercial (UNITIPAN). Ao exame clínico: temperatura: (39,9 °C), pulso: 135 bpm, respiração 51 bpm, membranas mucosas, congestionamento úmido, tempo de enchimento capilar: três segundos ou menos. O potro foi tratado com hidratação de emergência, duphalyte, anti-inflamatório esteroidal, sulfato de atropina e antibiótico. Após seis horas de tratamento, o potro foi estabilizado e os sinais vitais foram normalizados depois de oito horas do inicio do tratamento. O presente trabalho relata um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto à base de terebintina comercial em um potro de três dias de idade com rápido desenvolvimento de sinais de toxicidade aguda e uma resposta muito favorável ao tratamento sintomático.(AU)

Comparative Study on the Content and Cytotoxicity of Pseudolaric Acid B in the Five Plant Parts of Pseudolarix kaempferi

Pseudolaric acids of Pseudolarix kaempferi (Pinaceae) have been known as diterpenoids with potent anti-fungal-, anti-microbial, and cytotoxic activities. In the present study, the five MeOH extracts were prepared from the five plant part (root bark, stem bark, leaf, the inner part of root, and cone) to find the relation between the concentration of pseudolaric acids and cytotoxicity. Pseudolaric acids B and C were isolated from the root bark of P. kaempferi to use them as standard compounds. The five extracts were tested on cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines, A549 (lung), HCT116 (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast), SNU638 (stomach), and SK-hep-1 (liver) by SRB assay, but against K562 (leukemia) by SRB- or MTT assay. HPLC quantification were performed on a Shisheido Capcell PAK C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm) using 254 nm wavelength. The cytotoxicity (IC₅₀, 0.36 µg/ml on K562 cell lines) of the root bark extract was potent and the content (101.1 mg/g extract) of pseudolaric acid B was very high in the root bark. These results suggest that the MeOH extract obtained from the root bark could be developed as the anti-cancer agent with a high quantity of pseudolaric acid B.

Factores físicos que influyen en las relaciones florísticas de los piñonares (Pinaceae) de San Luis Potosí, México / Physical factors influencing the floristic relationships of pinyon pine (Pinaceae) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico

In plant communities, the species distribution patterns and their relationships with environmental factors are of central importance in ecology. In San Luis Potosi of Mexico, woodlands of Pinus cembroides and P. johannis are sympatric, but P. cembroides tends to be located in South and Southwest slopes, in more disturbed sites; unlike, P. johannis, is mostly distributed in mesic areas, in North and Northeast slopes. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of some physical factors on the floristic similarity of pinyon pine P. cembroides and P. johannis. The study area was located in the Sierra San Miguelito, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. We selected 40 sampling units spread over an area of 50km². In each unit, we laid out two 20m long lines perpendicular to each other, in which we recorded cover data of the plant species intercepted. We developed two data matrices, the first one including cover values of 91 species, and the second one, considering seven topographical, climatic, and solar radiation variables. We applied cluster analysis and ordination to explore the influence of environmental variables on the floristic differentiation of pinyon pine woodlands. Clustering showed six groups, the first three characterized by P. cembroides. The ordination showed that variance represented by the first three axes was 65.9%. Axis 1 was positively correlated with altitude and negatively with mean annual temperature; axes two and three, showed low correlation with the variables tested. P. cembroides woodlands and accompanying flora tend to be located in lower altitude, higher mean annual temperature, and mainly in South-Southwestern slopes. In contrast, stands of P. johannis, mixed stands of P. johannis-P. cembroides, and Quercus potosina, were usually founded in greater altitudes, mean annual temperature slightly lower, and North-Northeastern exposure. The sites of these monospecific and mixed woodlands with associated species, indicators of environmental variables, generates the pre-diagnosis of the situation of the communities and their condition, so that future actions can be planned in agreement with the natural balance of the ecosystem.

El conocimiento de los patrones de distribución de especies en las comunidades vegetales y su relación con factores del medio es un objetivo fundamental en ecología. Las comunidades de Pinus cembroides y P. johannis coexisten en diversas regiones de México, pero P. cembroides tiende a distribuirse en laderas de exposiciones sur y suroeste en sitios deteriorados, a diferencia de P. johannis localizados en áreas mésicas en laderas con exposición norte y noreste. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de algunos factores físicos en la semejanza florística de los piñonares de P. cembroides y P. johannis. El área de estudio se ubica en la Sierra San Miguelito, San Luis Potosí, México. Se seleccionaron 40 unidades de muestreo, distribuidas en una superficie de 50km²; en cada una se trazaron dos líneas de 20m perpendiculares entre sí, donde se registró la cobertura de los individuos interceptados. Se elaboraron dos tipos de matrices de datos: la primera con los valores de cobertura de 91 especies y la segunda, con siete variables topográficas, climáticas y de incidencia solar. Se aplicaron análisis de agrupamiento y de ordenación para explorar la influencia de variables ambientales en la diferenciación florística de los piñonares. El agrupamiento diferenció seis grupos; los tres primeros caracterizados por bosques de P. cembroides. La ordenación mostró que la varianza representada por los tres primeros ejes fue de 65.9%. El eje uno se correlacionó positivamente con la altitud y negativamente con la temperatura media anual y la orientación; los ejes dos y tres mostraron bajos valores de correlación con las variables probadas. Se observó que los piñonares de P. cembroides y flora acompañante, tienden a localizarse en sitios de menor altitud, con mayor temperatura media anual y en laderas con orientación al sur y suroeste. En contraste, los sitios de P. johannis, los de P. johannis-P. cembroides y de éstos con Quercus potosina, por lo regular están ubicados en condiciones de mayor altitud, temperatura media anual baja y con orientación al norte-noreste. La localización de estos bosques monoespecíficos y mixtos junto con las especies asociadas, indicadoras de variables ambientales, genera el pre-diagnóstico de la situación de las comunidades y su condición, para que en el futuro se planifiquen acciones acordes con el balance natural ecosistémico.

Metabolic pathway and metabolites of total diterpene acid isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi / 药学学报

The preliminary metabolic profile of total diterpene acid (TDA) isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi was investigated by using in vivo and in vitro tests. Pseudolaric acid C2 (PC2) was identified as the predominant metabolite in plasma, urine, bile and feces after both oral and intravenous administrations to rats using HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI/MS(n), and demethoxydeacetoxypseudolaric acid B (DDPB), a metabolite proposed to be the glucoside of PC2 (PC2G), as well as pseudolaric acid C (PC), pseudolaric acid A (PA), pseudolaric acid A O-beta-D glucopyranoside (PAG), pseudolaric acid B O-beta-D glucopyranoside (PBG) and deacetylpseudolaric acid A (DPA) originated from TDA could also be detected. It was demonstrated by tests that the metabolism of TDA is independent of intestinal microflora, and neither of pepsin and trypsin is in charge of metabolism of TDA, TDA is also stable in both pH environments of gastric tract and intestinal tract. The metabolites of TDA in whole blood in vitro incubation were found to be PC2, DDPB and PC2G, which demonstrated that the metabolic reaction of TDA in vivo is mainly occurred in blood and contributed to be the hydrolysis of plasma esterase to ester bond, as well as the glucosylation reaction. These results clarified the metabolic pathway of TDA for the first time, which is of great significance to the in vivo active form and acting mechanism research of P. kaempferi.

Metabolic pathway and metabolites of pseudolaric acid B / 药学学报

The metabolic profile of pseudolaric acid B (PB) was investigated by using in vivo and in vitro tests. Pseudolaric acid C2 (PC2) was identified as the specific metabolite of PB in plasma, urine, bile and feces using HPLC and HPLC-ESI/MS(n) after both oral and intravenous administration to rats, and almost no prototype was detected in all kinds of samples. The metabolic behaviors of PB orally administered in rats treated with antibiotics to eliminate intestinal microflora were identical with those in untreated rats, demonstrating that the metabolism of PB is independent of intestinal microflora. PB was stable in 48 h respective incubation with artificial gastric juice and artificial intestinal juice, suggesting that neither pepsin nor trypsin is in charge of metabolism of PB, and also demonstrating that PB is stable in both pH environments of gastric tract and intestinal tract. In vitro research on metabolism of PB in rat liver microsomes incubation revealed that little PB was metabolized and that the proposed metabolites were the demethoxy and demethoxydecarboxy products of the prototype. The amount of metabolites was extremely low compared with the prototype, indicating that liver microsomes are not responsible for the metabolism of PB either. PB was gradually metabolized into PC2 during 1 h in whole blood incubation in vitro, and the metabolic process showed dynamically dependent manner with incubation time. Once absorbed into blood, PB was quickly metabolized into PC2, accordingly, little prototype was detected in all kinds of samples. The metabolism was attributed to the rapid hydrolysis of C-19 ester bond by plasma esterase. These results clarified the metabolic pathway of PB for the first time, which was of great significance to identify the in vivo active form and interpret acting mechanism of the active compounds of P. kaempferi.

Characterization of diterpenoids in the bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi by HPLC-ESI/MSn / 药学学报

Fragmentation behavior of diterpenoids was investigated by ESI/MSn and the qualitative analysis of diterpenoids in the bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography/ multi-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MSn). The characteristic fragmentation behaviors of the diterpenoids are the cleavages of the lactone ring and C4-O bond. Furthermore, the eliminations of substituent groups at C-18, C-7 and C-8 can also be observed in the MS" (n = 3-4) spectra. For C-4 acetoxy subsititued diterpenoids, [M+Na-60]+ and [M-H-104] are the base peaks of MS2 spectra in the positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. For C-4 hydroxyl subsititued diterpenoids, [M+Na-44]+ and [M-H-62] are the base peaks of MS2 in the positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. For C-18 glucosylated or esterized diterpenoids, [M+Na-44]+ is the base peak of MS2 spectra in positive ionization mode. These fragmentation rules were successfully exploited in the identification of diterpenoids in methanol/water (6:4) extract of P. kaempferi by LC-MS in positive ionization mode. A total of 9 diterpenoids were identified or tentatively characterized, and one of them is reported here for the first time. The described method could be utilized for the sensitive and rapid qualitative analysis of P. kaempferi.

Experimental research on molluscicidal effect of endophyte JJ18 from Pseudolarix amabilis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To research molluscicidal effect activity, active components and stable passage of endophyte JJ18 from Pseudolarix amabilis and examine the possibility for practical application.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Molluscicidal effect test was performed according to the immersion test method suggested by WHO.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Immersion test with JJ18 broth showed that the active components were extracellular moiety of the broth and that 10% concentration solution could kill nearly 90% snail immersed after 72 h, the salified broth has favourable thermostabily and photostability and showed that JJ18 has stable passage and its active components concentrate in the extract of n-butanol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The metabolite of endophyte JJ18 has activity for molluscicidal effect and potential for application.</p>

Study on fast screening antifungus activity of endophytes from Pseudolarix kaempferi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To screen antifungal activity of endophytes from Pseudolarix kaempferi.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Endophytes from P. kaempferi were separated. By means of microdilution method, antifungal active endophytes were fast screened by Pyricularia oryzae P-2b model, and activity of endophytes against pathogenic fungus was studied.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>44.8% of endophytes showed activity against P. oryzae P-2b in Pseudolarix kaempferi. Among them JJ314, JJ323 introduced formation of characteristic beads and swellings on the growing hyphae, JJ324 inhibited the conidia germination. They all showed activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Endophytes from P. kaempferi are a potential resource for the development of antifungal agent.</p>

Pseudolaric acid B induces human melanoma A375-S2 cell apoptosis in vitro / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the mechanisms of pseudolaric acid B-induced apoptosis on A375-S2 cells.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>MTT, fluorescence microscope observation, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis wereused.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Pseudolaric acid Binduces A375-S2 cell apoptosis in a time and dose-dependent manner. Apoptotic bodies and DNA ladder were observed in 5 micromol x L(-1) pseudolaric acid B-treated A375-S2 cells for 36 h. The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and ICAD was reduced time dependently, whereas the expression of Bax was increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The major cause of pseudolaric acid B induced cytotoxicity on A375-S2 cells was apoptosis. Mitochondria proteins and ICAD might be involved in the apoptotic pathways of pseudolaric acid B-treated A375-S2 cells.</p>

Ocorrência e flutuação populacional de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) em áreas de plantio de Pinus taeda (L. ) (Pinaceae) no sul do Paraná / Occurrence and population fluctuation of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) on Pinus taeda (L. ) (Pinaceae) in Southern Paraná

The lacewings are very voracious predators of aphids. The objective of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of adult chrysopids in areas of Pinus reforestation where the giant conifer aphid Cinara spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is causing severe damages. A total of 47 specimens were collected during one year and identified as: Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861), Leucochrysa (Nodita) intermedia (Scheneir, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Nodita) vieirana (Navás, 1913). The captures in the area where the plants were one year old represented about 75 percent of the adults probably due to the high Cinara infestation on the trees in this area. The chrysopids were recorded mostly during the summer, possibly influenced by temperature.