Children's eating behavior: comparison between normal and overweight children from a school in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Comportamento alimentar infantil: comparação entre crianças sem e com excesso de peso em uma escola do município de Pelotas, RS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in children's eating behavior in relation to their nutritional status, gender and age. METHODS: Male and female children aged six to ten years were included. They were recruited from a private school in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, in 2012. Children´s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) subscales were used to assess eating behaviors: Food Responsiveness (FR), Enjoyment of Food (EF), Desire to Drink (DD), Emotional Overeating (EOE), Emotional Undereating (EUE), Satiety Responsiveness (SR), Food Fussiness (FF) and Slowness in Eating (SE). Age-adjusted body mass index (BMI) z-scores were calculated according to the WHO recommendations to assess nutritional status. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 335 children aged 87.9±10.4 months and 49.3% had normal weight (n=163), 26% were overweight (n=86), 15% were obese (n=50) and 9.7% were severely obese (n=32). Children with excess weight showed higher scores at the CEBQ subscales associated with "food approach" (FR, EF, DD, EOE, p<0.001) and lower scores on two "food avoidance" subscales (SR and SE, p<0.001 and p=0.003, respectively) compared to normal weight children. Differences in the eating behavior related to gender and age were not found. CONCLUSIONS: "Food approach" subscales were positively associated to excess weight in children, but no associations with gender and age were found. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar diferenças no comportamento alimentar infantil em função do estado nutricional, do sexo e da idade. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu crianças na faixa de seis a dez anos, de ambos os sexos, de uma escola privada em Pelotas (RS), em 2012. Para avaliar o comportamento alimentar usaram-se as subescalas do questionário Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ): resposta à comida (FR), prazer de comer (EF), desejo de beber (DD), sobreingestão emocional (EOE), subingestão emocional (EUE), resposta à saciedade (SR), seletividade (FF) e ingestão lenta (SE). Avaliou-se o estado nutricional por meio do escore-z do IMC/idade. RESULTADOS: Participaram 335 crianças de 87,9±10,4 meses. Apresentaram eutrofia 49,3% (n=163), sobrepeso 26% (n=86), obesidade 15% (n=50) e obesidade grave 9,7% (n=32). Crianças com excesso de peso tiveram maior pontuação nas subescalas de "interesse pela comida" (FR, EF, DD, EOE, p<0,001) e menor pontuação nas subescalas de "desinteresse pela comida" (SR e SE, p<0,001 e p=0,003, respectivamente), se comparadas com as crianças com peso adequado. Não foram observadas diferenças no comportamento alimentar segundo sexo e idade. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que comportamentos alimentares que refletem "interesse pela comida" estão associados positivamente ao excesso de peso, mas não foi encontrada associação com o sexo e a idade da criança. .

Cuidar da saúde do vizinho: atuação do antropólogo Charles Wagley no Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública* / Caring for the health of your neighbor: the work of anthropologist Charles Wagley with the Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública

Recupera a atuação do antropólogo Charles Wagley como alto funcionário do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, programa de cooperação estabelecido entre EUA e Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Convocado a colaborar nos esforços de guerra, atuou na política de migração do Programa da Borracha. À luz dessa experiência de intervenção, do contexto marcado pela promoção do desenvolvimento e por questões então prementes no campo da antropologia, este estudo propõe-se retomar a obra Uma comunidade amazônica. Trata-se de discutir o estudo de comunidade conduzido na localidade amazônica que Wagley conheceu ainda durante as missões do Serviço e cuja realidade considerou ilustrativa de uma região subdesenvolvida, levando-o a refletir sobre mudança social e o papel das ciências.

The article focuses on the work of Charles Wagley as a top staff member with Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (Special Public Health Service), a US-Brazil cooperation program established during World War II. Taking into consideration Wagley’s experience with migration policy under Brazil’s Rubber Program, as well as the context of development promotion and the issues then on the anthropological agenda, the article explores Wagley’s community study of the Amazon town he visited while on SESP missions, published in the book Uma comunidade amazônica (Amazon Town). Encountering a reality that he believed emblematic of underdevelopment, Wagley was led to reflect on social change and the role of science.

Effect of JJYMD-C, a novel synthetic derivative of gallic acid, on proliferation and phenotype maintenance in rabbit articular chondrocytes in vitro

Tissue engineering encapsulated cells such as chondrocytes in the carrier matrix have been widely used to repair cartilage defects. However, chondrocyte phenotype is easily lost when chondrocytes are expanded in vitro by a process defined as “dedifferentiation”. To ensure successful therapy, an effective pro-chondrogenic agent is necessary to overcome the obstacle of limited cell numbers in the restoration process, and dedifferentiation is a prerequisite. Gallic acid (GA) has been used in the treatment of arthritis, but its biocompatibility is inferior to that of other compounds. In this study, we modified GA by incorporating sulfamonomethoxine sodium and synthesized a sulfonamido-based gallate, JJYMD-C, and evaluated its effect on chondrocyte metabolism. Our results showed that JJYMD-C could effectively increase the levels of the collagen II, Sox9, and aggrecan genes, promote chondrocyte growth, and enhance secretion and synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix. On the other hand, expression of the collagen I gene was effectively down-regulated, demonstrating inhibition of chondrocyte dedifferentiation by JJYMD-C. Hypertrophy, as a characteristic of chondrocyte ossification, was undetectable in the JJYMD-C groups. We used JJYMD-C at doses of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 µg/mL, and the strongest response was observed with 0.25 µg/mL. This study provides a basis for further studies on a novel agent in the treatment of articular cartilage defects.

Utility of hydrazonoyl halides as precursors for synthesis of novel antitumor pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives

Novel substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-dione [5a-j] have been prepared by reacting 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid 1 with hydrazonoyl chloride [2a-j].The cytotoxicity [SRB assay using tumor cells] of compounds 5c,e against liver [HEPG2] and breast carcinoma [MCF7] cell lines revealed that 5c was more efficient than the standard drug [Doxorubicin]

Microwave mediated facile synthesis of some novel pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine and triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine pendant to pyrrole

The synthetic potency of E-3-[dimethylamino]-1-[1H-pyrrol-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one towards some nitrogen nucleophiles was investigated under microwave irradiations as a convenient route for the synthesis of some novel pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine and Triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives

3-cyanoacetylindole as a building block in the synthesis of nonfused and fused pyridine, pyrimidine, diazepine and pyranone derivatives

The reaction of 3-cyanoacctylindole I with trichloroacetonitrile afforded trichloroll1cthylpropen-1-one derivative 3 which upon the reaction with an excess of trichloroacetonitrilc yielded the ditrichlorome-thylpyrimidine derivative 5. It was converted to a variety of pyrazolo 7, dihydrazino 9. and isoxazolo pyrimidine II derivatives. The enaminonitrile 2 was used as a substrate to form the pyridine 13, 14, 16, diazepine 20 and pyranone 22 as well as 1, 2, 4-triazolo-25. 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrazolo-27, and benzimidazolo-pyrimidine 29 derivatives

Synthesis of novel annulated and annelated heterocycles based on pyridine derivative

The formation of novel annulated and annelated heterocyles rings is an important task for heterocyclic chemists from various points of view. Furthermore, many condensed heterocyclic systems especially when linked to pyrimidine ring, play an important role as analgesic [1], antihypertensive [2], antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs [4], also as pesticides [5], herbicides[6] and plant growth regulator [7] In addition, the pyrido[2, 3-d]pyrimidine ring system is of biological interest due to the relationship between this ring and purine which is an essential part of DNA and RNA, the first is the molecule responsible for the storage of genetic information and the latter is prominently involved in the synthesis of enzymes. In continuation of our work[8, 9] aimed at developing new approachs for the synthesis of some new pyridopyrimidine products with expected biological activity

Thioxopyridinecarbonitrile as a precursor for thieno- and pyrazolopyridines

Pyridinethione 1 reacted with alkyl halides or with aliphatic alpha halocarbonyl to yield the corresponding alkylthio- derivatives 4[a-e], which underwent ring closure to form derivatives 5[a-e] Pyridinethione 1 reacted with bromomalononitrile, to give the thieno [2,3-b] pyridine-2,2-dicarbonitrile derivatives 6. Compound 1 reacted with bromomalononitrile to yield structure 7, which was elucidated by the reaction of bromomalononitrile with 8 to furnish compound 9. Treatment of each of 4[b] and 11[13] with hydrazine hydrate, respectively, afforded 3-amino-4-[4-chlorophenyl]-6-phenyl-1 H-pyrazolo [3,4-b] pyridine-5-carboxanilide [12] and ethyl 3-amino-4-[4-chlorophenyl]-6-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine-5-carboxylate [13], respesctively

Development of pharmacophoric model of condensed pyridine and pyrimidine analogs as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) has been established on a series of thirty-eight compounds of four different sets of condensed pyridine and pyrimidine analogs, for their hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor activity, in order to understand the essential structural requirement for binding with receptor, in terms of common biophoric and secondary sites employing APEX-3D software. Among several 3D pharmacophoric models with different sizes and arrangements, one model was selected based on r2 = 0.8, chance<0.001, match equivalent to 0.38 and all the 38 compounds were considered. The results suggest that hydrophobicity, hydrogen acceptor and optimum steric refractivity play a dominant role in the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. The information obtained from the present study can be used to design and predict more potent molecules as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, prior to their synthesis.

Synthesis of thieno, pyrazolo and isothiazolo-pyrimidine derivatives based on o-mercaptoacetylpyrimidine derivative

Mercaptopyrimidine 4 was prepared and transformed into methylmercaptopyrimidine 5. Compound 5 was transformed into pyrazolopyrimidine 6, and cinnamoylpyrimidine 7. Compound 4 reacted with halomethylene to produce thienopyrimidines 9, 10. Pyrimidine 4 was converted into pyrimidine derivative 12a,b, upon treatment with H2O2 in acetic acid and NaOH, respectively. Oxidation of 4 leads to disulfide 13. Heterocyclization of 4 using NaOCL in the presence of NaOH/NH [4]OH afforded isothiazolopyrimidine 15. Heterocyclization of 4 using aromatic aldehydes gives thiopyranopyrimidines 17a,b. Chlorination of 4 afforded chloropyrimidine 18, which was transformed into pyrrolopyrimidine 20 and pyrimidine derivatives 21a,b,c,d

Synthsis, antimicrobial and antifungal activities of some pyrimidine derivatives

Several chalcones derivatives [1] were prepared from 2, 4-dimethoxyacetophenone, when beta-[4-substituted phenyl]-2, 4-dimethoxyacrylophenone [1] reacted with guanidine hydrochloride, thiourea and urea afforded aminopyrimidine [2], pyrimidinethione [7] and oxopyrimidine [8], respectively. Furthermore, compounds [2], [7] and [8] were subjected to different reactions yielding different pyrimidine derivatives. Representative members of these compounds were subjected to preliminary antimicrobial and antifungal screening and most of these compounds showed significant activities

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of certain pyrimidine derivatives

Hydrazinolysis of 3 gave compounds 4, 5 and 6 according to reaction conditions. Certain fused pyrimidine derivatives such as triazolo compound [7] and tetrazolo [8] were obtained from the reaction of 4 with CS2/NaOH and NaNO2/HCL, respectively. Refluxing 4 with chloroacetyl chloride yielded compounds 13 and 15 according to reaction conditions. On the other h and, reacting 3, 5 and 6 with some aldehydes gave 9a-e, 17a-e and 22a-g. Treating 5 with acetyl acetyl acetone and isothiocyanates afforded compounds 18 and 19a, b, respectively. Condensation of 1, 4, 5 and 6 with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride furnished 11, 12, 16 and 21, respectively. The benzyl derivative [23] was converted into the chloroderivative [24] which was reacted with some amines to yield 25. Also, compound 26 was obtained from 23. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity

Synthesis of some new pyrimidine derivatives as potential anticancer and anti-HIV agent.

Several 2,4-diaminopyrimidines have been synthesized and tested for their anticancer and anti-HIV activities. Out of these, eight compounds displayed significant activity against leukemia, melanoma, non-small cell and CNS cancer. Two compounds were active against leukemia P388. One compound has been found to be moderately active as compared to AZT.

Synthesis of thienopyrimidotriazines, a new fused heterocyclic ring system

Benzothieno [2, 3: 4', 5'] pyrimido [2, l-c] [1, 2, 4] triazines 2, 4 and 6 which represent a new fused heterocyclic ring system were synthesized by reacting 2-hydrazino-5, 6, 7, 8-tertrahydrobenzothieno [2, 3-d]-pyrimidin-4 [3H]-one [1] with phenacyl bromide, bromomalononitrile or chloroacetyl chloride, respectively. Condensation of 6 with aromatic aldehydes produced arylmethylene derivatives 7a, b. Reaction of 1 with phthalic anhydride afforded the phthalazine derivative 8. Also, compound 1 reacted with beta- diketones and with ethyl acetoacetate to produce the pyrazolyl 9a-c and pyrazolinone derivatives 11, respectively. Compound 11 condensed with aromatic aldehydes and coupled with diazotized aromatic amines to afford the corresponding arylmethylene and arylazo derivatives 12 and 13, respectively. All compounds were confirmed by IR, HNMR and analytical data

Studies on ketene s,s,acetals. Part 1. synthesis of new pyrazol [1, 5 - 1] - pyrimidines and pyrazolo [1,5-a] triazines utilizing ketene s,s, acetals

In the present work, the new 3 [p-haloarylamino]4-methoxycarbonyl-5- aminopyrazole [3a-c] were obtained by using ketene S,S,acetal derivatives [1] as good precursors for the synthesis of p- haloarylaminomethoxycarbonyl methyl mercaptal [2a-c], which were prepared through displacement reaction of cyanomethoxycarbonyl ketene dithioacetal [1] with amines. The results of the study were given

Reactions with 2-hydrazinobenzothieno-pyrimidinone: synthesis of benozthienotriazolopyrimidines

The material used in this work was 2-hydrazino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- benzothieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine-4[3H] one 1. So, compound 1 reacted with some electrophiles, such as formic acid or carbon disulfide to yield 1,2,4-triazalo [4,3-a] pyrimidine derivatives 2 and 3, respectively. Treatment of compound 1 with the proper aldehydes led to formation of the corresponding hydrazones 4, which cyclized and spontaneously aromatized into 5. Furthermore, photooxidation of some derivatives with the same system was studied

Reactions with hydrazonoyl halides, XVIII: synthesis of pyrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazole, pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyridazine, imidazo [1,2-a] pyrimidine, pyrasolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine and other heterocyclic derivatives

A synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazine, 1,4-benzoxazine, 1,4-quinoxaline, imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine, imidazol [1,2-a] pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives was accomplished from the reaction of hydrazonoyl bromide I with 2-aminothiophenol, 2-aminophenol, 1,2-phenylenediamine, 2- aminopyridine, 2-aminopyrimidine and some active methylene. Also, compound 1 reacted with some dipolorophile to give pyrazolines and pyrrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazolines. All structures were elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data

Synthesis and antitumor activity of certain thienopyridine and pyridothienopyrimidine derivatives

A series of cyclopenteno[b] or tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophenes, tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridines and tetrahydropyrido[4',3' :4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines was synthesized as antitumor agents. Most of the tested compounds showed cytotoxic effect [GI[50] < 10 [micro]M] against the growth of P388 leukemia cells. Ethyl2-phenylsulphonamido-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-carboxylate [lla], Ethyl 2-[4- bromo-phenylsulphonamido]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-carboxylate [llb], Ethyl 2-[4-methylphenyl-sulphonamido]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-carboxylate [IIc], Ethyl 2-[4-methoxybenzamido]-4,5,6,7 -tetrahydro[b]thiophen-3-carboxylate [IIIc] and N-[4-methylphenyl] N-[3-carbo-ethoxy-6-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c] pyridin-2-yl] thiourea [lVc] showed strong potency [GI [50]; 0.8, 1.15,2.09, 1.3,2.25 [micro]M; respectively]. The detailed synthesis, spectroscopic and biological data are reported