Experiencia en trasplante pulmonar pediátrico en Chile / Experience with pediatric lung transplantation in Chile

El trasplante de pulmón (TP) es una opción para pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades pulmonares terminales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos trasplantados de pulmón. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de pacientes TP ≤ 15 años de Clínica Las Condes. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Nueve pacientes < 15 años de edad se han trasplantado. La edad promedio fue 12,7 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística (7 pacientes). El IMC promedio fue de 17,6 y todos estaban con oxígeno domiciliario. El 77% utilizó soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. Las principales complicaciones precoces fueron hemorragia y la disfunción primaria de injerto mientras que las tardías fueron principalmente las infecciones y la disfunción crónica de injerto. Cuatro pacientes han fallecido y la sobrevida a dos años fue de 85%. El trasplante les permitió una reinserción escolar y 3 lograron completar estudios universitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa para niños con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida.

Lung transplantation (TP) is a treatment option in children with terminal lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and survival of pediatrics lung transplant patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of lung transplantation of patients ≤ 15 years from Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post transplant lung function, early and late complications and survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients ≤ 15 years-old were transplanted. The average age at transplant was 12.7 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis (7 patients). The average BMI was 17.6 and all the patients were with home oxygen therapy. 77% used extracorporeal intraoperative support. Average baseline FEV1 was 25.2% with progressive improvement in FEV1 of 77% in the first year. The main early complications were hemorrhage and primary graft dysfunction, while late complications were infections and chronic graft dysfunction. Four patients have died and the estimated 2 years survival was 85%. They achieved school reinsertion and three managed to complete university studies. CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children with advanced lung diseases improving their survival and quality of life.

Discrepancias entre el diagnóstico Clínico y Anatomo-Patológico en el Hospital Escuela Universitario De Honduras / Discrepancies between the Clinical and Anatomy-Pathological diagnosis at the Hospital Escuela Universitario in Honduras

La calidad diagnóstica es el resultado de integrar el conocimiento médico y reconocimiento de los errores clínicos, se alcanza únicamente con la identificación de las causas de muerte; es la correlación clínico patológica la herramienta principal para dicha acción. El objetivo general de la investigación fue determinar la discrepancia clínico-patológica y su relación con otras variables en las autopsias realizadas en la institución. Se revisaron 159 protocolos de autopsia del período comprendido entre enero 2012 y junio 2016, elaborados por el Servicio de Patología del Hospital Escuela Universitario de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Se excluyeron 36 por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron la CIE-10 y la clasificación de Goldman et al. para clasificar las patologías y establecer las discrepancias diagnósticas, respectivamente. El sexo predominante fue el femenino (2,96:1), la edad media fue de 38 años; prevalecieron los diagnósticos de embarazo/parto/puerperio y enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias. Concluimos que en 46% de los casos existe discrepancia diagnóstica y la glomerulonefritis fue la principal causa de error, seguida de bronconeumonía. Se recomienda estandarizar el protocolo de autopsias y promover sesiones clínico-patológicas periódicas e integrales.

Diagnostic quality is the result of the integration of medical knowledge and recognition of clinical error, achieved only by identifying the cause of death; clinical pathological correlation is the primary tool for this action. The overall objective of this research was to determine clinical pathological discrepancy and its relationship with other variables within the autopsies performed at the institution. 159 autopsy protocols, elaborated by the Department of Pathology of Hospital Escuela Universitario in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, from January 2012 to June 2016, were reviewed. 36 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. ICD-10 and Goldman et al. modified by Battle criteria were used to classify diseases and establish diagnostic discrepancies, respectively. The majority of patients were female (2.96:1), the mean age was 38 years old; diagnoses of pregnancy/birth/puerperium and infectious and parasitic diseases prevailed. We conclude that diagnostic discrepancies exist in 46% of all cases and glomerulonephritis was the leading cause of error, followed by bronchopneumonia. It is recommended that autopsy protocols be standardized, and integrative clinical pathological sessions are promoted and integral.

Analysis of access to hypertensive and diabetic drugs in the Family Health Strategy, State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Análise do acesso ao tratamento medicamentoso para hipertensão e diabetes na Estratégia de Saúde da Família no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

To evaluate the access to drugs for hypertension and diabetes and the direct cost of buying them among users of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Avaliar o acesso a medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes e o gasto direto relacionado à aquisição destes insumos entre os usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), no estado de Pernambuco.

Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes associated with pulmonary hemorrhage in newborns / Prevalência, fatores de risco e prognóstico associados à hemorragia pulmonar em recém-nascidos

OBJECTIVES: to determine the prevalence of pulmonary hemorrhage in newborns and evaluate the associated risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: this was a retrospective case-control study involving 67 newborns who met the criteria for pulmonary hemorrhage. A control was selected for each case: the next-born child of the same gender, similar weight (± 200 g) and gestational age (± 1 week), with no previous pulmona ry hemorrhage and no malformation diagnosis. Factors previous to pulmonary hemorrhage onset, as well as aspects associated to the condition, were assessed. RESULTS: the prevalence was 6.7 for 1,000 live births, and the rates observed were: 8% among newborns < 1,500 g, and 11% among newborns < 1,000 g. Intubation in the delivery room (OR = 7.16), SNAPPE II (OR = 2.97), surfactant use (OR = 3.7), and blood components used previously to pulmonary hemorrhage onset (OR = 5.91) were associated with pulmonary hemorrhage. In the multivariate logistic regression model, only intubation in delivery room and previous use of blood components maintained the association. Children with pulmonary hemorrhage had higher mortality (OR = 7.24). Among the survivors, the length of stay (p < 0.01) and mechanical ventilation time were longer (OR = 25.6), and oxygen use at 36 weeks of corrected age was higher (OR = 7.67). CONCLUSIONS: pulmonary hemorrhage is more prevalent in premature newborns, and is associated with intubation in the delivery room and previous use of blood components, leading to high mortality and worse clinical evolution. .

OBJETIVOS : determinar a prevalência de hemorragia pulmonar entre os recém-nascidos internados no serviço e avaliar os fatores de risco e prognóstico associados. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo caso-controle com 67 recém-nascidos que preencheram os critérios pré-estabelecidos de hemorragia pulmonar. Para cada caso, foi selecionado um controle: a próxima criança nascida do mesmo sexo, com semelhantes peso (± 200 g), idade gestacional (± 1 semana) e sem hemorragia pulmonar ou malformações. Foram estudados fatores prévios à ocorrência da hemorragia pulmonar e aspectos decorrentes do evento. RESULTADOS: a prevalência foi de 6,7 a cada 1.000 nascidos vivos, sendo de 8% entre os recém-nascidos menores que 1.500 g e de 11% entre os recém-nascidos menores que 1.000 g. A necessidade de intubação (IOT) em sala de parto (OR = 7,16), uso de hemoderivados previamente à ocorrência de hemorragia pulmonar (OR = 5,91), uso de surfactante (OR = 3,7) e SNAPPEII > 30 (OR = 2,97) foram associados à hemorragia pulmonar. No modelo de regressão logística multivariado, a necessidade de IOT (OR = 5,12) e uso de hemoderivados (OR = 4,2) mantiveram essa associação. As crianças com hemorragia pulmonar apresentaram maior mortalidade (OR = 7,24), entre as sobreviventes, maior tempo de internação (p < 0,01), mais uso de oxigênio com 36 semanas (OR = 7,67) e maior duração da ventilação mecânica (OR = 35,6). CONCLUSÃO: a hemorragia pulmonar é uma doença de maior prevalência em recém-nascidos pré-termos, e está associada à intubação em sala de parto e ao uso prévio de hemoderivados, acarretando maior mortalidade e pior evolução clínica das crianças. .

Lesão renal aguda em pacientes com doença pulmonar: interação rim-pulmão / Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with lung disease: kidney-lung crosstalk

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores associados à lesão renal aguda e o prognóstico em pacientes com doença pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo com cem pacientes consecutivos admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva respiratória em Fortaleza (CE). Foram investigados fatores de risco para lesão renal aguda e mortalidade em um grupo de pacientes com doenças pulmonares. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 57 anos, sendo 50% do gênero masculino. A incidência de lesão renal aguda foi maior nos pacientes com PaO2/FiO2<200 mmHg (54% versus 23,7%; p=0,02). O óbito ocorreu em 40 casos. A mortalidade no grupo com lesão renal aguda foi maior (62,8% versus 27,6%; p=0,01). A relação PaO2/FiO2<200 mmHg foi fator independente associado à lesão renal aguda (p=0,01); PEEP na admissão (OR: 3,6; IC95%: 1,3-9,6; p=0,009) e necessidade de hemodiálise (OR: 7,9; IC95%: 2,2-28,3; p=0,001) foram fatores de risco independentes para óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Houve maior mortalidade no grupo com lesão renal aguda. Mortalidade aumentada foi associada com ventilação mecânica, PEEP alta, ureia e necessidade de diálise. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados para melhor estabelecer as inter-relações entre lesão renal e pulmonar e seu impacto no prognóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the factors associated with acute kidney injury and outcome in patients with lung disease. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 100 consecutive patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. The risk factors for acute kidney injury and mortality were investigated in a group of patients with lung diseases. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 57 years, and 50% were male. The incidence of acute kidney injury was higher in patients with PaO2/FiO2<200 mmHg (54% versus 23.7%; p=0.02). Death was observed in 40 cases and the rate of mortality of the acute kidney injury group was higher (62.8% versus 27.6%; p=0.01). The independent factor that was found to be associated with acute kidney injury was PaO2/FiO2<200 mmHg (p=0.01), and the independent risk factors for death were PEEP at admission (OR: 3.6; 95%CI: 1.3-9.6; p=0.009) and need for hemodialysis (OR: 7.9; 95%CI: 2.2-28.3; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a higher mortality rate in the acute kidney injury group. Increased mortality was associated with mechanical ventilation, high PEEP, urea and need for dialysis. Further studies must be performed to better establish the relationship between kidney and lung injury and its impact on patient outcome.

Testes de função pulmonar e mortalidade após o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas: pulmonary function tests and post-transplant mortality / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

OBJETIVO: Verificar se os resultados dos testes de função pulmonar realizados em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) estão associados com a mortalidade após o procedimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo no qual foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 15 anos submetidos a TCTH alogênico, entre janeiro de 2007 e março de 2008, no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte (MG), e que realizaram espirometria, medida de volumes pulmonares e medida de DLCO antes do TCTH. Os testes foram repetidos seis meses, um ano e dois anos após TCTH. Para a análise de sobrevida, foram utilizados o método de Kaplan-Meier e testes de log-rank bicaudal. O risco relativo (RR) e IC95 por cento foram calculados por meio do ajuste do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. O modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizado na análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Dos 54 pacientes incluídos, 40 (74,1 por cento) apresentaram resultados normais de função pulmonar antes do TCTH. Ocorreram 23 óbitos (42,6 por cento) em dois anos após o TCTH, sendo que 19 aconteceram antes de 100 dias. Dos 23 óbitos, 11 (47,8 por cento) foram por septicemia e 10 (43,4 por cento) por insuficiência respiratória aguda associada à septicemia. As únicas variáveis que mostraram associação significativa com mortalidade após TCTH foram alteração na espirometria antes do TCTH (RR = 3,2; p = 0,016) e doador não aparentado (RR = 9,0; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES:A realização da espirometria antes do TCTH fornece valores basais para comparações futuras. Alterações nesses resultados indicam um maior risco de mortalidade após o TCTH, embora esses não contraindicam o procedimento.

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether the results of pulmonary function tests carried out in patients subsequently submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are associated with post-HSCT mortality. METHODS: This was a prospective study involving patients older than 15 years of age who were submitted to allogenic HSCT between January of 2007 and March of 2008 at the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, located in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Prior to HSCT, all of the patients underwent spirometry, determination of lung volumes, and determination of DLCO. Those same tests were repeated six months, one year, and two years after HSCT. Kaplan-Meier curves and two-tailed log-rank tests were used for survival analysis. The relative risk (RR) and 95 percent CI were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. The Cox regression model was used in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS:The pre-HSCT pulmonary function results were normal in 40 (74.1 percent) of the 54 patients evaluated, 19 (35.2 percent) of whom died within the first 100 days after HSCT. By the end of the two-year follow-up period, 23 patients (42.6 percent) had died, the most common causes of death being septicemia, observed in 11 (47.8 percent), and septicemia-related respiratory insufficiency, observed in 10 (43.4 percent). The only variables significantly associated with post-HSCT mortality were alterations in spirometry results prior to HSCT (RR = 3.2; p = 0.016) and unrelated donor (RR = 9.0; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Performing spirometry prior to HSCT provides baseline values for future comparisons. Although alterations in spirometry results reveal a higher risk of post-HSCT mortality, such alterations do not contraindicate the procedure.

A computed tomography scoring system to assess pulmonary disease among premature infants / Um sistema de escore por tomografia computadorizada para avaliação da doença pulmonar em lactentes prematuros

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is considered to be the best method for detailed pulmonary evaluation. The aim here was to describe a scoring system based on abnormalities identified on HRCT among premature infants, and measure the predictive validity of the score in relation to respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cohort study in Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. METHODS: Scoring system based on HRCT abnormalities among premature newborns. The affected lung area was quantified according to the number of compromised lobes, in addition to bilateral pulmonary involvement. Two radiologists applied the score to 86 HRCT scans. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were analyzed. The score properties were calculated in relation to predictions of respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. RESULTS: Most of the patients (85 percent) presented abnormalities on HRCT, and among these, 56.2 percent presented respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. Scores ranged from zero to 12. There was good agreement between observers (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.86, confidence interval, CI: 0.64-0.83). The predictive scores were as follows: positive predictive value 81.8 percent, negative predictive value 56.3 percent, sensitivity 39.1 percent, and specificity 90.0 percent. CONCLUSION: The scoring system is reproducible, easy to apply and allows HRCT comparisons among premature infants, by identifying patients with greater likelihood of respiratory morbidity during the first year of life. Its use will enable HRCT comparisons among premature infants with different risk factors for respiratory morbidity.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) é considerada o melhor método para avaliação pulmonar detalhada. O objetivo foi descrever um sistema de escore baseado em alterações identificadas nas TCAR de lactentes prematuros e medir a validade preditiva do escore em relação à morbidade respiratória no primeiro ano de vida. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte prospectiva no Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. MÉTODOS: Sistema de escore baseado em alterações nas TCAR de lactentes prematuros. A área pulmonar alterada foi quantificada conforme o número de lobos alterados, acrescido do comprometimento pulmonar bilateral. Dois radiologistas aplicaram o escore em 86 TCAR. Foram analisadas as confiabilidades intraobservador e interobservador e calculadas as propriedades do escore em relação à predição da morbidade respiratória no primeiro ano de vida. RESULTADOS: A maioria (85 por cento) dos pacientes apresentou TCAR anormal, e dentre estes, 56,2 por cento apresentaram morbidade respiratória no primeiro ano de vida. Valores do escore variaram de zero a 12. Houve boa concordância entre os observadores (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, CCI = 0,86, intervalo de confiança, IC: 0,64-0,83). Os valores preditivos do escore foram: valor preditivo positivo 81,8 por cento, valor preditivo negativo 56,3 por cento, sensibilidade 39,1 por cento e especificidade 90,0 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O sistema de escore é reprodutível, de fácil aplicação e permite a comparação de TCAR de pacientes prematuros, identificando pacientes com maior probabilidade de morbidade respiratória no primeiro de vida. Seu uso permitirá a comparação de TC de lactentes prematuros com diferentes fatores de risco para morbidade respiratória.

Lista de espera para transplante pulmonar no Estado de São Paulo: características dos pacientes e preditores de mortalidade / Lung transplantation waiting list in State of São Paulo: patients'characteristics and predictors of death

Introdução: Atualmente, a alocação de pulmões no Brasil baseia-se, sobretudo, no tempo de espera em lista (li) para transplante pulmonar (TxP). Objetivos: (1) Determinar o perfil dos pacientes em Li, e (2) identificar preditores de mortalidade em lista (PMLi). Casuística e métodos: Analisamos os prontuários de 164 pacientes inscritos na Li por nosso serviço, de 2001 até 2008...

Introduction: Nowadays, lung allocation in Brazil is based mainly on waiting time while on list (Li) for lung transplantion (LTx). Objectives: (1) to determine the profile of the patients on Li; (2) To identify predictors of death on list (PDLi). Casuistic and methods: We analysed medical records of 164 patients inscribed on Li by our service, from 2001 to 2008...

Analyzing the influence of air temperature on the cardiovascular, respiratory and stroke mortality in Tehran

The quantification of the relationship between daily mortality and air temperature, as a fundamental policy is essential to enhance the accuracy of the warning system of decrease and increase of temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperature and death rate in Tehran during the period [2002-2005] by combining statistical and geographic information system methods. The Results of this study indicate that there is a strong and meaningful correlation between air temperature and death rate especially between monthly averages ones. The highest rate of mortality has occurred in the cold months of the year [December, January and February]. and as the temperature decrease, the death rate increase. The increase in death rate caused by cardiovascular, respiratory and stroke diseases in the cold months of the year, bears proof to this matter. Among 22 zones of Tehran, zones 9, 6 and 12 have got the highest number of death occurrence. The correlation between daily death rate and daily temperature averages was V-shaped. Results of this study confirm some previous findings such as those in Moscow, United States, Hong Kong, Madrid, Athens and Shanghai. Temperature minimum mortality for Tehran was calculated as 28.5°C. The obtained results also indicate that the higher was the temperature difference from the Temperature minimum mortality, the more the death rate increased. Finally, the optimum policies for the mitigation of mortality in Tehran are presented

Infiltrados pulmonares en pacientes con cáncer / Pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients

La aparición de infiltrados pulmonares en los pacientes con cáncer representa un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico. Con el objeto de evaluar la etiología, utilización de métodos diagnósticos, admisión en Terapia Intensiva (UTI) y letalidad intrahospitalaria de estos pacientes, realizamos un estudio prospectivo observacional donde se incluyeron todos los pacientes con cáncer y nuevos infiltrados pulmonares internados en el Instituto Alexander Fleming entre marzo 2003 y agosto 2006. Los métodos diagnósticos fueron categorizados en 3 etapas (1ª etapa: patrón radiológico de los infiltrados pulmonares, hemocultivos, cultivo de esputo, pruebas serológicas y respuesta al tratamiento empírico inicial; 2ª etapa: lavado broncoalveolar (LBA), aspirado traqueal y mini-LBA; 3ª etapa: biopsias pulmonares o extrapulmonares). La etiología de los infiltrados pulmonares se clasificó como infección, complicación del tratamiento, progresión de enfermedad, cardiovascular o mixta. Los diagnósticos fueron clasificados en diagnóstico de certeza o diagnóstico probable. Se incluyeron 106 casos en 103 pacientes. La etiología fue: infección en 61 casos, progresión de enfermedad en 4, complicación del tratamiento en 6, cardiovascular en 6 y mixta en 7. Se obtuvo diagnóstico de certeza en 33 casos y diagnóstico probable en 51. Se clasificaron como sin diagnóstico 22 casos. Nueve de las 10 micosis diagnosticadas fueron en pacientes oncohematológicos. Setenta casos se detuvieron en la 1ª etapa diagnóstica, 32 en la 2ª etapa y 4 necesitaron biopsias. Requirieron internación en UTI 44 casos. La letalidad intrahospitalaria fue 30.2%. En nuestro estudio, la infección fue la etiología más frecuente y las micosis fueron predominantes en los pacientes oncohematológicos. Se obtuvo diagnóstico de certeza o diagnóstico probable en 84 (79.2%) casos. En 53.7% de los casos no se requirieron métodos diagnósticos invasivos.

Pulmonary infiltrates remain as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in cancer patients. In order to evaluate the etiology, diagnostic methods used, Intensive Care Unit admission and in-hospital mortality, we conduced an observational, prospective study which included all patients with cancer and recent pulmonary infiltrates admitted to the Instituto Alexander Fleming between August 2003 and March 2006. Diagnostic methods were categorized in sequential steps of complexity: 1st step: radiological pattern of the pulmonary infiltrates, blood and sputum cultures, serological tests and empirical treatment response; 2nd step: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), non bronchoscopic tracheal aspirate and mini-BAL; 3rd step: pulmonary or extrapulmonary biopsies. Pulmonary infiltrate etiology was classified as: infection, treatment complication, disease progression, cardiovascular or mixed. Diagnosis was classified as proved or probable. A total of 106 samples from 103 patients were included. The etiologies were infection in 61 cases, disease progression in 4, treatment complication in 6, cardiovascular in 6 and mixed in 7. Proved diagnosis was obtained in 33 cases and probable diagnosis in 51 while 22 cases could not be diagnosed. Nine of the 10 diagnoses of mycoses were in oncohematologic cases. Seventy cases did not go further than procedures included in the 1st step. Thirty two cases stopped after diagnostic procedures of the 2nd step and 4 required biopsies. Forty four cases required Intensive Care Unit admission. In-hospital mortality was 30.2%. In our study, infection was the most frequent etiology. Mycoses were more frequent in oncohematologic cases. A proved or probable diagnosis was obtained in 84 (79.2%) cases. In 53.7% of the cases only non-invasive diagnostic methods were required.

Programa de trasplante pulmonar en Uruguay: Nuestra experiencia con un centro regional de referencia / Lung transplant program in Uruguay: our experience with a regional reference center

El Uruguay es un país con 3 millones de habitantes que no cuenta con un programa de trasplante pulmonar propio. En este contexto se ha optado por generar un acuerdo para su realización en un centro de referencia regional como la Fundación Favaloro de la República Argentina. En este trabajo se muestra la experiencia de este programa durante 4 años. Hasta el momento se han trasplantado 20% de los pacientes alistados y la mortalidaden lista de espera ha sido elevada. La principal limitante ha sido la dificultad para obtener donantes pulmonares óptimos para el implante. La flexibilización en la selección, con la utilización de donantes marginales o la utilización de donantes en asistolia pueden en el futuro mejorar esta situación.

Uruguay, a country with three million- inhabitants does not have its own lung transplant program. Therefore an agreement has been reached for transplants, to be performed in the regional reference center called Favaloro Foundation in Argentine. The experience of the program for the first four years is presented in this paper. Twenty percent of the waiting list patients have been transplanted so far; the mortality of the patients on the waiting list was high. The main limitation of the program has been the difficulty to get optimal lung donors.The selection of donors who either meet marginally the transplant requirements or are in asystolic arrest will make the program more flexible and may improve current results.

Mortalidad en prematuros tratados con surfactante exógeno / Mortality in premature infants treated with exogenous surfactant

Objective: Characterize mortality and associated factors in Chilean prematures born < 32 weeks of gestational age (GA) and treated with exogenous surfactant. Method: Cohort of newborns (n = 2 868) registered between 1998-2005 in the database of the Surfactant National Program. The association of gestational and neonatal variables with mortality was estimated through survival analysis and logistic regression. Results: Global mortality was 35 percent, varying by GA from 86.7 percent (< 25 weeks) to 12.6 percent (32 weeks). There was a clear decrease of mortality during the study period, along with a fall in the gestational age and birth weight (BW) of the patients who died (1 021 g +/- 295 to 854 g +/- 258) and GA (27.7 +/- 2.1 to 26.5 +/- 23) during this period. Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) was the most important factor associated to mortality, so we decided to stratify the analysis by this condition. In children with PH, the mortality estimated risk lower as the GA increased (OR= 0.73; CI95 0.57-0.93) and every 100 g of additional BW (OR= 0.74; CI95 0.63-0.88). Children not affected by PH also had their OR diminished with major GA (OR= 0.82; CI95 0.76-0.90) and more BW (OR= 0.84; CI95 0.79 - 0.89). In addition, the OR decreased with better Apgar 5 min score (OR= 0.80; CI95 0.75-0.85), use of prenatal corticoids (OR= 0.71; CI95 0.56-0.90) and was higher in boys (OR= 1.36; CI95 1.08-1.71). Conclusions: Mortality in premature newborns decreased 15 percent during this period. Inmaturity and extreme low birth weight factors constitute a challenge to improve survival and avoid further complications like PH.

Objetivo: Caracterizar la mortalidad y factores asociados en prematuros chilenos < 32 semanas de edad gestacional (EG) receptores de surfactante exógeno. Pacientes y Métodos: Cohorte de neonatos 1998-2005 (n = 2 868) de la base de datos del Programa Nacional de Surfactante. Se estimó la mortalidad y su relación con variables maternas, del embarazo y neonatales mediante análisis de sobrevida y regresión logística. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue 35 por ciento, variando por EG entre 86,7 por ciento (< 25 semanas) y 12,6 por ciento (32 semanas). La mortalidad descendió en el período, reduciéndose también el peso de nacimiento (PN) de los fallecidos (1 02 lg +/- 295 a 854 g +/- 258) y su EG (27,7 +/- 2,1 a 26,5 +/- 2,3). La hemorragia pulmonar (HP) fue el factor más importante asociado a mortalidad, por lo que se estratificó el análisis por esa condición. En niños con HP, cada semana adicional de EG disminuye el riesgo de morir (OR: 0,73; IC95 0,57-0,93), así como por cada 100 g de peso adicional (OR: 0,74; IC95 0,63-0,88). Sin HP, el riesgo disminuye con mayor EG (OR: 0,82; IC95 0,76-0,90), mayor PN (OR: 0,84; IC95 0,79-0,89), mejor puntuación Apgar 5 minutos (OR: 0,80; IC95 0,75-0,85) y uso de corticoide prenatal (OR: 0,71; IC95 0,56-0,90), siendo significativamente mayor en varones (OR: 1,36; IC(95)1,08-1,71). Conclusiones: En el período, la mortalidad en prematuros disminuyó en 15 por ciento. La inmadurez y extremo bajo peso de niños actualmente viables, plantean importantes desafíos para mejorar su sobrevida y evitar complicaciones, entre ellas, la HP.

Complicaciones respiratorias en trasplante de médula ósea: nuestra experiencia / Respiratory complications in bone marrow transplantation

Las complicaciones respiratorias (CR) en pacientes con trasplante de médula ósea (TMO) se presentan con una frecuencia del 40-60% y constituyen la principal causa de muerte. Presentamos el análisis retrospectivo de un grupo de 150 pacientes con TMO realizados en el Hospital Privado (Córdoba) entre 1999 y 2004, para determinar incidencia, tipo, presentación y factores de riesgo asociados a CR, frecuencia del diagnóstico etiológico, mortalidad específica e impacto sobre la mortalidad total de los trasplantados. La incidencia de CR en TMO fue del 27% (40/150), siendo más frecuentes las de causa infecciosa (77%-43/56 eventos). La presentación más común fue fiebre, tos, disnea e infiltrados pulmonares alveolo-intersticiales. El TMO de tipo alogénico fue la única variable significativa como factor de riesgo para la aparición de CR. (p = 0,012). Sexo, edad, neutropenia, presentación precoz y espirometría anormal previa al trasplante no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El diagnóstico etiológico se confirmó en 47%. La mortalidad del grupo con CR 43% (17/40) superó a la del grupo sin CR 18% (20/110) (p= 0,004). El TMO alogénico (p = 0,017), la neutropenia postrasplante (p = 0,019) y la asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasiva (ARM) (p= 0,030) fueron las variables más significativamente asociadas a mortalidad.

Respiratory complications (RC) in patients wlth bone marrow transplantation (BMT) occur with a frequency from 40 to 60% and constitute the main cause of death. We retrospectively analyzed a group of 150 patients with BMT performed at Hospital Privado (Córdoba - Argentina), between 1999 and 2004, to determine incidence, type, presentation and risk assoclated factors to RC. Etiologic diagnosis, specific mortality and overall mortality were also determined. Incidence of RC was 27% (40/150), being more frequent those from infectious origin (77% ,43/56 events). More common presenting findings were fever, cough, dyspnea and alveolo-interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. Allogenic type BMT was the onlv significant factor associated to development of RC (p = 0,012). Sex, age, early presentation, neutropenia and previous abnormal lung function test before transplant were not significantly associated. Specific etiologic diagnosis of RC was obtained in 47% of cases. Mortality rate of patients with RC 43% (17/40) widely surpassed mortality of uncomplicated patients 18% (20/110) (p=0,030). Allogenic BMT (p=0,017), postranplant neutropenia (p=0,019) and invasive mechanical ventilation (p=0,037) were factors significantly associated to mortality.

Semiquantitative assessment of surgical lung biopsy: predictive value and impact on survival of patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrate

PURPOSE: Surgical lung biopsy has been studied in distinct populations, mostly going beyond clinical issues to impinge upon routine histopathological diagnostic information in diffuse infiltrates; however, detailed tissue analyses have rarely been performed. The present study was designed to investigate the prognostic contribution provided by detailed tissue analysis in diffuse infiltrates. METHODS: Medical records and surgical lung biopsies from the period of 1982 to 2003 of 63 patients older than 18 years with diffuse infiltrates were retrospectively examined. Lung parenchyma was histologically divided into 4 anatomical compartments: interstitium, airways, vessels, and alveolar spaces. Histological changes throughout these anatomical compartments were then evaluated according to their acute or chronic evolutional character. A semiquantitative scoring system was applied to histologic findings to evaluate the intensity and extent of the pathological process. We applied logistic regression to predict the risk of death associated with acute and chronic histological changes and to estimate the odds ratios for each of the independent variables in the model. RESULTS: Impact on survival was found for male gender (P = 0.03), presence of diffuse alveolar damage (P = 0.001), and chronic histological changes (P = 0.0004) on biopsy. Thus, being male was associated with a slightly lower risk (O.R. = 0.18; P=0.03) of dying than being female. Death risk was increased 17 times in the presence of acute histological changes such as diffuse alveolar damage and 2.5 times in the presence of chronic histological changes. CONCLUSION: Detailed analysis of histological specimens can provide more than a nosological diagnosis: this approach can provide valuable information concerning prognosis.

PROPOSIÇÃO: A biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica tem sido estudada em populações distintas, geralmente abordando aspectos histopatológicos puramente diagnósticos em infiltrados pulmonares difusos, além de dados clínicos. Contudo, análises teciduais detalhadas em tais casos têm sido pouco exploradas. O presente estudo foi delineado com o intuito de se investigar a contribuição prognóstica fornecida pela análise histológica detalhada em infiltrados difusos. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados retrospectivamente os prontuários e biópsias pulmonares cirúrgicas de 63 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, com infiltrados difusos, de 1982 a 2003. O parênquima pulmonar foi dividido em 4 compartimentos histológicos: interstício, vias aéreas, vasos e espaços alveolares. Alterações histológicas de cada compartimento histológico foram então avaliadas de acordo com seu caráter evolutivo agudo ou crônico. Um escore semiquantitativo foi aplicado a achados histopatológicos com o intuito de se avaliar a intensidade e a extensão do processo patológico. Aplicamos regressão logística para predizer o risco de morte para alterações histológicas agudas e crônicas e para estimar a razão de probabilidades para cada uma das variáveis independentes do modelo. RESULTADOS: O impacto sobre a sobrevida foi observado para o gênero masculino (p=0.03), para a presença de dano alveolar difuso (p=0.001) e para alterações histológicas crônicas (p=0.0004) em biópsias. Assim, homens apresentariam menor chance (O.R. = 0.18; P=0.03) de morrer do que mulheres. O risco de morte foi 17 vezes maior na presença de alterações histológicas agudas como dano alveolar difuso e 2,5 vezes na presença de alterações histológicas crônicas. CONCLUSÃO: A análise detalhada de espécimes histológicos pode proporcionar maiores e mais valiosas informações de valor prognóstico do que o simples diagnóstico nosológico.

Impacto de biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto na insuficiência respiratória aguda refratária / Impact of open lung biopsy on refractory acute respiratory failure

OBJETIVO: Verificar o impacto dos resultados da biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto nas decisões que determinem mudanças nas estratégias de tratamento de pacientes críticos, com infiltrados pulmonares difusos e insuficiência respiratória aguda refratária, bem como na melhora de seu quadro clínico. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 12 pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda e sob ventilação mecânica, que foram submetidos à biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto (por toracotomia) após a ausência de resposta clínica ao tratamento padrão. RESULTADOS: A maior causa isolada de insuficiência respiratória aguda foi a infecção viral, identificada em 5 pacientes (40 por cento). A avaliação pré-operatória da causa da insuficiência respiratória foi modificada em 11 pacientes (91,6 por cento), e um diagnóstico específico foi feito em 100 por cento dos casos. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 50 por cento, a despeito das mudanças no regime terapêutico. Seis pacientes (50 por cento) sobreviveram e obtiveram alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes que obtiveram alta sobreviveram por pelo menos um ano após a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto, totalizando uma taxa de sobrevida em um ano de 50 por cento dentre os 12 pacientes estudados. Quanto aos pacientes que faleceram no hospital, o tempo de sobrevida após a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto foi de 14 + 10,8 dias. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto é uma ferramenta útil no controle da insuficiência respiratória aguda quando não se observa melhora clínica após o tratamento padrão, já que pode resultar em um diagnóstico específico que requeira tratamento distinto, provavelmente diminuindo a taxa de mortalidade desses pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact that open lung biopsy findings have on decisions regarding changes in the treatment strategies employed for critically ill patients presenting diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and suffering from refractory acute respiratory failure, as well as on their clinical improvement. METHODS: This study involved 12 mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure who were subjected to open lung biopsy (by thoracotomy) after not presenting a clinical response to standard treatment. RESULTS: The single most common cause of the acute respiratory failure was viral infection, which was identified in 5 patients (40 percent). The pre-operative evaluation of the cause of respiratory failure was modified in 11 patients (91.6 percent), and a specific diagnosis was made in 100 percent of the cases. Regardless of changes in treatment regimen, the mortality rate was 50 percent. Six patients (50 percent) survived to be discharged from the hospital. All of the discharged patients survived for at least one year after the open lung biopsy, for an overall one-year survival rate of 50 percent among the 12 patients studied. For the patients who died in the hospital, the time of survival after open lung biopsy was 14 + 10.8 days. CONCLUSION: We conclude that open lung biopsy is a useful tool in the management of acute respiratory failure when there is no clinical improvement after standard treatment, since it can lead to a specific diagnosis that requires distinct treatment, which probably lowers the mortality rate among such patients.

Conventional ventilation in neonates: experience from Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical profile and immediate outcome of inborn neonates receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at the neonatal intensive care unit of Civil Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia, a level II nursery. METHODS: 78 liveborn neonates who had received IPPV over a 20 months period from January 1999 to August 2000 were reviewed from their charts and nursery registers. The indications for IPPV and the immediate outcome including complications were studied with respect to various weight groups (1 kg or less, > 1-1.25 kg, > 1.25-1.5, > 1.5-2 kg and > 2 kg) and gestation groups (28 weeks or less, 29-32 weeks, 33-36 weeks and full term). RESULT: Hyaline Membrane disease (n = 31, 39.7%) and perinatal asphyxia (n = 29, 37.2%) were the major indications for IPPV. 67.9% (53 of the 78) ventilated neonates survived. The chances for survival showed a statistically significant increase with increasing birthweight (P = 0.0006) and with increasing gestational age (P = 0.002). (80%) (44 of 55) of neonates weighing more than 1.25 kg survived vs 39.1% (9 of 23) of those 1.25 kg or less, P = 0.0011. Similarly, 79.3% (46 of 58) of neonates of 29 or more weeks of gestation survived vs 35% (7 of 20) of those 28 weeks or less, P = 0.0007. The complications seen in the study group included blood culture positive sepsis (n = 7), pulmonary hemorrhage (n = 6), air leak syndromes (n = 4), endotracheal tube related problems (n = 5), chronic lung disease (n = 3) and retinopathy of prematurity (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Gestational age of less than 28 weeks and birth weight less than 1.25 kg can be recommended as the cut off weight and gestation criteria for in utero transfer in this centre and upgradation of existing facilities are urgently called for to improve the survival rates further.

Bioética frente al paciente moribundo / Bioethics and the dying patient

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal en el Servicio de Cuidados Intermedios del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" de Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de analizar la aplicación de la bioética frente al paciente moribundo. El universo estuvo constituido por 42 fallecidos en el segundo semestre de 1996. Las principales causas de muerte fueron las neumopatías inflamatorias y los accidentes vasculares encefálicos, con predominio de los varones mayores de 60 años; la mayoría de los enfermos al fallecer tenía pérdida de la conciencia, no siempre afectada por enfermedad; en uno de ellos por indicación facultativa al estar acoplado a ventiladores artificiales. La participación de la enfermera y la relación activopasiva, que es la fundamental en relación con el cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos, resultó positiva en todos los casos. Se actuó con beneficencia y justicia al respetar la autonomía del moribundo, donde el consentimiento informado desempeñó un papel importante, sin llegar a la práctica de la eutanasia en ninguna de sus variantes, ya que este proceder en nuestra sociedad implicaría un delito de homicidio(AU)

A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Service of Intermediate Care of the "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" Clinical and Surgical Hospital, in Santiago de Cuba, aimed at analyzing the application of bioethics in the dying patient. The universe was composed of 42 persons that died in the second semester of l996. The main causes of death were the inflammatory lung diseases and the cerebrovascular accidents, with predominance of males over 60. On dying, most of the patients had lost conciousness, which was not always affected by the disease. One of them was coupled to artifical ventilators by facultative indication. The participation of the nurse and the active-passive relation , that is the fundamental in connection with the fulfillment of the bioethical principles, was positive in all cases. The moribund?s autonomy was respected and the reported consent played an important role. Euthanasia was not applied in any of its variants, since this procedure in our society will be considered as a homicide(AU)

Aplicabilidade da escala de Torrington e Henderson / Applicability of the Torrington and Henderson scale

OBJETIVO: Validar a escala de Torrington e Henderson na estratificação do risco cirúrgico da nossa população, fornecendo a quantificação do mesmo. Tipo de estudo: coorte prospectivo longitudinal. Duração do estudo: 30 meses. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 1162 pacientes no pré-operatório de cirurgia geral eletiva no Ambulatório de Risco Cirúrgico da Disciplina de Pneumologia da EPM/Unifesp. De acordo com a escala de Torrington e Henderson os pacientes foram classificados no período pré-operatório em portadores de baixo (n=785), moderado (n=317) e alto risco (n=60) para a ocorrência de complicações pulmonares e óbito, no período pós-operatório. No pós-operatório realizou-se avaliação clínica diária dos mesmos até alta hospitalar ou óbito verificando-se a ocorrência das seguintes complicações pulmonares neste período: infecção respiratória aguda (pneumonia ou traqueobronquite),atelectasia, insuficiência respiratória aguda, entubação orotraqueal ou ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas e broncoespasmo. RESULTADOS: Complicações pulmonares no pós-operatório ocorreram em 6,1 por cento dos pacientes de baixo risco, 23,3 por cento nos de moderado e 35 por cento nos de alto risco (p < 0,05). O risco relativo de ocorrer complicações pulmonares foi de 3,8 vezes para os pacientes de moderado risco e de 5,7 vezes para os de alto risco em relação aos de baixo risco. A incidência de óbito de causa pulmonar no pós-operatório foi, respectivamente, de 1,7 por cento , 6,3 e 11,7 por cento entre os pacientes de baixo, moderado e de alto risco (p < 0,001). O risco relativo de óbito pulmonar foi de 3,7 vezes para os pacientes de moderado risco e de 6,9 vezes para aqueles de alto risco em relação aos de baixo risco. CONCLUSÃO: A escala de Torrington e Henderson é útil na estratificação do risco cirúrgico nesta população estudada.

Valoración de APACHE II. Experiencia en dos grupos con patología neumológica / APACHE II assessment. Experience with two groups with pulmonary diseases

Un grupo de pacientes que fueron sujetos a procedimientos quirúrgicos de tórax y uno más con patología toracopulmonar diversa no quirúrgica, fueron estudiados en una unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Respiratorios (UCIR), y valorados con la escala de Evaluación Fisiológica Aguda y Crónica del Estado de Salud (APACHE II, por su siglas en inglés), a su ingreso y salida. Se registraron la mortalidad esperada (Knauss) y la observada. En los quirúrgicos la mortalidad fue de 11.8 por ciento (11/93) y en los no quirúrgicos de 50.9 por ciento (53/104) p< 0.01. Cuando la calificación inicial de APACHE II estaba elevada (más de 10.14), la mortalidad fue mayor. Las condiciones de admisión son determinantes para el pronóstico de sobrevida. APACHE II es una escala práctica para la valoración de los pacientes admitidos en una UCIR

O recém-nascido de baixo peso: morbidade e mortalidade hospitalares, Maternidade de Campinas, 1994 / Low weight newborn children: morbity and mortality, Maternity of Campinas, 1994

Com o objetivo de identificar as intercorrências e óbitos hospitalares entre os recém-nascidos de baixo peso e compará-los com os daqueles de peso suficiente, foi realizado um estudo, na Maternidade de campinas entre os nascidos vivos de agosto de 1994 a janeiro de a995. Foram examinados 708 RNs nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, sendo 354 menores de 2.500 gramas e 354 com peso de 3.000g ou mais. Destes, foram observados durante a internaçäo, 340 RNs do primeiro grupo e 338 do segundo. A prematuridade esteve presente em 56 por cento dos recém-nascidos de baixo peso e 29 por cento de retardo intra-uterino foi identificado. Entre os RNBP 53,53 por cento apresentaram alguma intercorrência, enquanto que isto ocorreu em 15,38 por cento daqueles com peso de nascimento maior ou igual a 3.000g...