RESUMO
Los problemas éticos de las investigaciones sobre vacunas han crecido en las últimas décadas en frecuencia y magnitud debido a la posición dominante de la industria farmacéutica en el desarrollo de esos estudios. Las tradicionales cuestiones de seguridad y eficacia se han visto agravadas por el conflicto de intereses introducido por la competencia comercial en un mercado a escala global de miles de millones de dólares. La integridad profesional de los investigadores, la responsabilidad moral de los patrocinadores, y la regulación y control por parte de los Estados nacionales, se muestra cuestionada en varios ejemplos. Los resultados de estos cambios son las amenazas a la protección de los derechos de las personas incluidas en estas investigaciones y el discutible progreso que resulta para la salud pública.
The ethical problems in vaccine research have grown in frequency and magnitude in last decades, due to the dominant place of the pharmaceutical industry in the development of such studies. Traditional issues of security and efficacy have been aggravated by the conflicts of interests introduced by commercial competition in a global market worth billions of dollars. We present here a few examples in which the professional integrity of researchers, the moral responsibility of sponsors, and the public regulation and control by national States are put into question. The consequences of these changes represent serious threats to the rights of people included in these studies as well as disputable progress for public health.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Benzamidas/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/imunologia , Estresse Psicológico/enzimologia , Estresse Psicológico/imunologia , Análise de Variância , Formação de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Corticosterona/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Habituação Psicofisiológica/fisiologia , Hemocianinas/imunologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Restrição Física/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/sangueRESUMO
The history of the location of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine North Campus is derived from a farm of Pedro de Valdivia founder of the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura and governor of the Reyno de Chile. This work narrates succinctly the history of this particular location from the Spanish Conquest period to present days.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas CLOCK/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Ketamina/farmacologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/fisiologia , Proteínas CLOCK/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização do Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização do Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Criptocromos , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/efeitos dos fármacos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that occurs in both animal and plant cells. Protozoan parasites possess metacaspase and these caspase-related proteases could be involved in the PCD pathways in these organisms. Therefore we analyzed the activities of metacaspase and PARP genes in Leishmania infantum (MCAN/IR/96/LON49) treated with miltefosine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-leishmania activity of miltefosine was studied by treatment of cultured promastigotes with various concentration of miltefosine. MTT assay and Annexin-V FLUOS staining by using FACS flow cytometry methods were used. Cytotoxic potential of HePC on the amastigots of L.infantum was evaluated in J774 cell line. In addition, metacaspase and PARP genes expression of treated L. infantum were studied. RESULTS: Miltefosine led to dose-dependent death of L. infantumwith features compatible with apoptosis. Over expression of metacaspase and PARP was seen 6 hr after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that miltefosine exerts cytotoxic effect on L. infantum via an apoptotic-related mechanism.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspases/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmania infantum/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/genética , Colorimetria , Caspases/genética , Citometria de Fluxo , Formazans/metabolismo , Leishmania infantum/citologia , Leishmania infantum/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fosforilcolina/farmacologia , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/genética , Sais de Tetrazólio/metabolismoRESUMO
This in vitro study evaluated the detrimental effect of acute gamma (gamma)-irradiation on rat immature hippocampal neurons. Rat immature hippocampal neurons (0.5 day in vitro) were irradiated with 0~4 Gy gamma-rays. Cytotoxicity was analyzed using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay at 24 h after gamma-irradiation. Radiation-induced cytotoxicity in immature hippocampal neurons increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatments of pro-apoptotic caspase inhibitors and anti-oxidative substances significantly blocked gamma-irradiation-induced cytotoxicity in immature hippocampal neurons. The results suggest that the caspase-dependent cytotoxicity of gamma-rays in immature hippocampal cultured neurons may be caused by oxidative stress.