El control de la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en las instituciones psiquiátricas españolas: entre el cuidado y la censura, 1852-1987 / Monitoring the correspondence of the mentally ill in Spanish psychiatric institutions: from care to censorship, 1852-1987

Resumen Este trabajo pretende aproximarse a la legislación que ha permitido retener la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en los hospitales psiquiátricos. Amparándose en el cuidado, las cartas eran leídas por médicos y administradores. Se ha realizado una búsqueda de los reglamentos que avalaban esta práctica en diferentes instituciones españolas desde el siglo XIX, medida ejercida por el personal subalterno por orden de sus superiores. Esta arbitraria decisión ha provocado que numerosa correspondencia permanezca en archivos de establecimientos psiquiátricos de diferentes latitudes, de modo que, actualmente, se pueden utilizar como valiosos documentos clínicos para conocer la vida cotidiana de dichas instituciones y, sin duda, la experiencia subjetiva de los enfermos mentales ante el internamiento.

Abstract This article examines the legislation allowing confiscation of the correspondence of the mentally ill in psychiatric hospitals. Arguing a duty of care, patients' letters were read by physicians and administrators. A study was performed of the regulations governing this practice in different Spanish institutions from the nineteenth century on; the measure was implemented by staff members under orders from their superiors. This arbitrary decision meant that a great deal of correspondence remains in the archives of psychiatric establishments in different locations; nowadays, these letters can be used as valuable clinical documents that help us to understand daily life in those institutions and, obviously, mental health patients' subjective experience of their confinement.

Regulamentação da internet: perspectiva comparada entre Brasil, Chile, Espanha, EUA e França / Regulating the internet: a comparative analysis of Brazil, Chile, Spain, the US, and France

A governança global ocupa lugar privilegiado na agenda de debates sobre o funcionamento da rede mundial de computadores, e o Brasil assumiu um papel de destaque nesse processo, principalmente após a aprovação do Marco Civil da Internet (lei n.12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014), que contém princípios, garantias, direitos e deveres para internautas e provedores no país. O estudo comparado foi desenvolvido a partir da seleção de categorias consideradas fundamentais para a análise: a neutralidade de rede, o direito à privacidade dos cidadãos internautas e a discussão sobre direitos autorais sob a lógica da propriedade intelectual. Foram esses os aspectos centrais que utilizamos para a análise das regulamentações em cinco países, Brasil, Chile, Espanha, EUA e França.

Global governance is of key concern in the current debate over the workings of the world’s computer network, and Brazil has played a notable role in this process, especially after approval of the Marco Civil da Internet (law 12.965, april 23, 2014), which defines Brazil’s regulatory framework for the internet. Dubbed the internet bill of rights, this law sets out the principles, guarantees, rights, and duties of internet users and providers in Brazil. Based on the fundamental categories of net neutrality, internet users’ right to privacy, and copyright discussions from the perspective of intellectual property, the article offers a comparative analysis of regulations in five countries: Brazil, Chile, Spain, the US, and France.

Intimidad y propiedad intelectual en las redes sociales: el caso colombiano / Privacy and intellectual property in the social networks:the colombian case

Los abusos que se hace del derecho a la información en internet y especialmente en las Redes Sociales Virtuales (en adelante RSV) son constantes y la posibilidad de restringirlos es mínima. Todo parecería indicar que en el mundo virtual no existirá la censura, pero se evidencia todo lo contrario. Muchos grupos de presión, entre ellos quienes buscan la defensa de intereses económicos, han instado a los gobiernos, como el colombiano, y a las empresas de la web (incluidas las RSV) para que constituyan mecanismos de control de todo lo que se difunde por internet y evitar atentados contra el honor, la intimidad y la propiedad intelectual, pero los métodos (legales o de facto) que se han implementado se convirtieron en una forma de censura de las expresiones creativas que reduce la disponibilidad de información y paradójicamente la libertad individual. Para demostrar lo anterior, en escrito se utilizó técnicas de estudio documental en los que se pudiera constatar la influencia de las RSV en el Derecho.

Abuses of the right to information on the Internet and especially in virtual social networks (VSN from now on) are constant and the possibility of restricting them is minimal. Everything would seem to indicate that in the virtual world there is no censorship, but there is evidence of the opposite. Many groups, including those who seek the defense of economic interests, have urged Governments, such as the Colombian one, and the Web companies (including the RSV) so that they constitute control mechanisms of everything that is spread via the Internet and prevent the attacks against honor, privacy, and intellectual property, but the (legal or de facto) methods that have been implemented have become a form of censorship of creative expressions that reduces the availability of information and paradoxically the individual freedom. In order to prove this, techniques of documentary study were used, in which the influence of the VSN in the Law, could be established.

El espectáculo de la intimidad. raíces históricas de la comunicación centrada en el yo / The privacy show: historical roots of communication focused on the ego

El presente artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que gira en torno a la sociedad de la información hoy, las fuertes tensiones a las que está sometida, al tradicional consenso social sobre la modestia y el pudor. La comunicación se centra en el yo íntimo, en los sentimientos, mientras se hace cada vez más frecuente la exhibición descarada de la propia interioridad y una curiosidad morbosa, libre de culpa y castigo. Los medios de comunicación social [=MCS] explotan sin reparos el filón de la intimidad, pisoteando con frecuencia el derecho a la privacidad. Los programas de telerrealidad (reality shows) figuran entre los preferidos por la audiencia.

This article presents the results of a research that revolves around the Information Society today, the strong tensions to which it is subject, the traditional social consensus on modesty and decency. Communication focuses on the intimate ego and feelings, while it is much more often the blatant exhibition of the own interiority and a morbid curiosity, free of guilt and punishment. The social media [SM] exploit without objection, the gold mine of privacy, often trampling on the right of privacy. Reality T.V. programs (reality shows) are among the preferred by the audience.

Privacy and the Right to Information Act, 2005.

Privacy is a key component of individual autonomy, and a voluminous literature has established both its practical value in healthcare contexts and its status as a fundamental, but not absolute ethical right. Because the Right to Information Act (2005) permits citizens to gain information under government control, it might be thought to threaten the privacy of patients and research subjects, especially those in government institutions. It is important for clinicians, administrators, information officers, patients, and research subjects to understand that the RTI Act generally does not require or permit disclosure of personal health information to third parties. Only under unusual circumstances when the larger public interest is properly certified to warrant it, would information shared or created within the fiduciary relationships of clinical care or research be required to be disclosed. Against this background concerning the right to privacy and the RTI Act, we consider a 2007 legal case that used the RTI Act to expose patient information of a public official and argue that the "public interest" claimed in this case did not justify disclosure of the official's private health information. We conclude that the provisions of the RTI Act, when properly interpreted, are compatible with the important value of safeguarding patient privacy.

Aborto e eutanásia: dilemas contemporâneos sobre os limites da vida / Abortion and euthanasia: contemporary issues on the limits of life

Este artigo analisa a polêmica em torno da determinação dos limites da vida, a partir do pressuposto de que a demarcação das fronteiras entre vida e morte envolve questões culturais, sociais, religiosas e políticas referentes à gestão da pessoa. Debates acerca do aborto e da eutanásia evidenciam concepções morais sobre os direitos individuais que, por sua vez, são passíveis de normatização em cada contexto. Tais temas revelam para além da criação e do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias médicas, direcionadas à reprodução assistida, medicina fetal e manutenção artificial da vida, seja de prematuros ou de doentes fora de possibilidades de cura – valores e posicionamentos, muitas vezes contrastivos. A partir de levantamento de projetos de lei apresentados no âmbito legislativo brasileiro, constatou-se a presença de discursos opostos, oriundos da religião e de defensores da autonomia individual, o que ilustra os dilemas contemporâneos sobre os limites da vida.

This article analyzes the controversy surrounding what can be established as the limit of life, from the presumption that the frontier marks between life anddeath involve cultural, social, religious and political issues referred to personhood management. Debatesabout abortion and euthanasia make it clear that moral concepts on individual rights can be standardized in each context. These themes reveal –beyond new medical technology creation and development, focused on assisted fertilization, fetal medicine and maintaining life artificially, either forpremature babies or patients without possibilities of cure – values and viewpoints, often opposed. Fromthe survey of law projects, presented within Brazilian legislative field, opposite positions were revealed, fromreligion and defenders of individual autonomy, which illustrates the contemporary dilemmas on the limits oflife.

Intimidad: un derecho inviolable frente a la cobertura periodística / Intimacy: a human right front press coverage

Intimidad: un derecho inviolable frente a la cobertura periodística. La información es un derecho humano incuestionable como incuestionable es el derecho a la intimidad. En el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos se anota que toda persona tiene derecho a buscar, difundir y recibir informaciones. Informar es trasmitir a un sujeto externo algo que le permite formarse, no tiene nada que ver con la opinión ni con la libertad de expresión. Intimidad es el derecho que tiene toda persona a desarrollar su existencia en su soledad existencial o en compañía de otros individuos. La condición que permite a una persona excluir a los otros sujetos hace que la intimidad no pueda ser invadida sin el consentimiento de la persona, ese derecho de exclusión incluye a los periodistas y al derecho de información. El derecho de interés público es entendido como un hecho o acontecimiento que afecta de forma positiva o negativa al grupo social. El derecho a la información tiene su límite en la vida privada de los ciudadanos. El problema surge cuando se confunde el interés público con la curiosidad y en nombre del Derecho de Información se invade la esfera de la intimidad (pseudoinformación). Palabras claves: Intimidad, información, derecho inviolable, opinión, cobertura periodística, principio de interés público, vida privada, derecho de exclusión, curiosidad, pseudoinformación

Ética e saúde / Ethics and health

Aborda a ética na saúde, nos aspectos de: desumanizaçäo dos serviços de saúde, autonomia e consentimento esclarecido, direito à informaçäo, privacidade e segredo profissional, prevençäo da omissäo de socorro, liberdade de locomoçäo, ética nas pesquisas em seres humanos.