Improving the reproductive efficiency of the goat: vaginal cytology and vulvar biometry as predictors of synchronized estrus/breeding time in West African dwarf goat / Mejora de la eficiencia reproductiva de la cabra: citología vaginal y biometría vulvar como predictores de la sincronización del periodo estro/crianza de cabras enanas del Oeste Africano

The characteristics of exfoliated vaginal cells and vulvar biometry following estrus synchronization via two injections of 5mg Lutalyse® administered 7 days apart were investigated with the aim of their possible use to predict estrus in six adult WAD does. Four adult WAD bucks recently passed as satisfactory potential breeders were also involved in the study. The animals were maintained on 12 percent crude protein concentrate, greens and fresh water ad libitum. All measurements in the does were taken at an interval of 24 hours for six days beginning with the day of 2nd Lutalyse® injection. The does were introduced to the bucks 48 hours after the 2nd dose of Lutalyse® and separated from them after the 6th day. The 72-96 and 96-120 hours vaginal smears of 5 does (i.e. 83.3 percent) were characteristic during the study. They were positive for sperm cells and showed sharp increase in the degree of clumping of exfoliated cells. During these periods also, the differences in the percentage of superficial cells (i.e. 77.4 +/- 1.05 and 56.4 +/- 0.77) over other epithelial cells (12.2 +/- 0.38 and 1.30 +/- 0.82) respectively were significant (P<0.05). The percentage leucocytes also varied during the study but increased sharply during 96 -120 hours. The result on vulvar biometry between 0-72 hours and the period during which mating occurred (i.e. 72-120 hours) was not significant (P>0.05). All does with vaginal smear positive for sperm cells were confirmed pregnant at day 60 following mating by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that two injections of 5mg Lutalyse® 7 days apart will produce fertile estrus in the WAD doe. In conclusion, a careful evaluation of 24 hourly exfoliated vaginal cells will enhance synchronized estrus detection in WAD goat and improve their reproductive efficiency.

Fueron investigadas en seis cabras WAD hembras adultas, las características de las células vaginales exfoliadas y la biometría vulvar, tras una sincronización de estros a través de dos inyecciones de 5 mg de Lutalyse ®, administrados cada 7 días, con el fin de hacer posible el uso y predecir el estro. También participaron en este estudio cuatro machos adultos WAD probados recientemente como potenciales reproductores. Los animales fueron alimentados con un concentrado de proteína cruda de 12 por ciento, pastos y agua ad libitum. Las medidas en las cabras fueron tomadas con un intervalo de 24 horas, durante 6 días, a contar de la segunda inyección Lutalyse ®. Después de 48 horas de la 2 dosis de Lutalyse ® las cabras fueron cruzadas, y separadas de los machos después del 6 día. Fue realizado el estudio en frotis vaginales de 72-96 horas y de 96-120 horas, en 5 hembras (83,3 por ciento). Estos frotis fueron positivos para las células espermáticas y mostraron fuerte aumento en el grado de aglutinación de células de descamación. Durante estos períodos, las diferencias en el porcentaje de células superficiales (77,4 +/- 1,05 y 56,4 +/- 0,77) sobre las células epiteliales de otros (12,2 +/- 0,38 y 1,30 +/- 0,82) fueron significativas (P <0,05). También varió el porcentaje de leucocitos durante el estudio, pero aumentó considerablemente durante el periodo de 96-120 horas. El resultado de biometría vulvar entre 0-72 horas y del período durante el cual se produjo el apareamiento (72-120 horas) no fue significativa (P> 0,05). Todas las hembras con frotis vaginal positivo para células espermáticas, se les confirmó la preñez por ecografía, a los 60 días posterior al apareamiento. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que dos inyecciones de 5 mg Lutalyse ® con 7 días de diferencia produce estro fértil en la cabra WAD. En conclusión, una evaluación cuidadosa de las células vaginales exfoliadas a las 24 horas, mejorará la detección del estro en cabras WAD y su eficiencia...

[Comparing the efficacy of intra-amniotic prostaglandin [PG] and oxytocin with rising induction in termination of second trimester pregnancy]

Termination of pregnancy in fetus with severe anomaly is legal in Iran. This study was done in order to compare the rate of effectiveness and complications of intra-amniotic PG and oxytocin, with rising induction in patient candidates for second trimester abortion, at Fatemieh Hospital, in Hamadan. In a randomized clinical trial study, 40 pregnant women in their second trimester with fetal CNS anomalies, were divided into two groups [N=20]. In the first group, one PG E2 Amp was injected intra-amniotic at first and then, 20 IU oxytocin was infused in 500 ml serum ringer for each patient. The infusion rate was increased up to induced effective concentrations every 15 to 30 minutes. In the second group, 50 IU oxytocin was infused with 1000 ml serum ringer and thereafter, another infusion of 50 IU oxytocin was added into the remaining 500 ml of serum. The rate of infusion was regulated on the basis of induced effective concentrations. Finally, both groups were compared for labor duration and probable side effects. The rate of success in both groups was 100%. The mean duration of labor was 19.75 +/- 5.9 hours and 30.2 +/- 6.49 hours in the group with intra-amniotic PG with oxytocin and rising induction group, respectively. This difference was statistically significant [P<0.00]. Diarrhea was seen in only one case with intra-amniotic PG injection. Differences between the frequency of side effects in both groups was not statistically significant. This study showed that the mean duration of laboring intra-amniotic PG with oxytocin method, is less than of rising induction method

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors

OBJETIVO: Analisar os antiinflamatórios não-hormonais (AINH) inibidores seletivos da Cox 2 quanto ao mecanismo de ação, principais indicações, posologia e efeitos adversos mais comuns. FONTES DOS DADOS: MEDLINE e LILACS, sites da Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Foram selecionados os artigos mais importantes, com destaque para as publicações dos últimos 5 anos. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: As principais indicações dos AINH são o controle da dor e da inflamação aguda e crônica. Não existem evidências que demonstrem maior efetividade de um AINH sobre outro. Até a presente data, nenhum inibidor da Cox2 foi liberado para uso na faixa etária pediátrica. Apenas o meloxicam e o etoricoxibe podem ser prescritos para adolescentes (13 e 16 anos, respectivamente). Os inibidores seletivos da Cox 2 são indicados em pacientes com efeitos adversos comprovadamente relacionados aos AINH não seletivos. Em alguns casos de alergia à aspirina, os Cox 2 seletivos podem ser prescritos, mas seu uso deve ser cuidadoso. Os principais efeitos adversos incluem os cardiovasculares e os fenômenos trombóticos. CONCLUSÕES: Os inibidores seletivos da Cox 2 são medicamentos que vêm sendo utilizados em algumas situações clínicas bem determinadas e podem oferecer algumas vantagens com relação aos AINH não seletivos. No entanto, devido ao custo mais elevado e aos potenciais efeitos adversos cardiovasculares, seu emprego deve ser criterioso.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze selective COX 2 inhibitor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in terms of their mechanism of action, principal indications, posology and most common adverse effects. SOURCES: MEDLINE and LILACS databases and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) websites. The most important articles were selected and preference was given to articles published within the last 5 years. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The principal indications for NSAID are for control of pain and acute and chronic inflammation. There is no overwhelming evidence that demonstrates the superiority of one NSAID over another in terms of effectiveness. To date none of the COX 2 inhibitors has been liberated for use in the pediatric age group. Only meloxicam and etoricoxib can be prescribed for adolescents (13 and 16 years, respectively). Selective COX 2 inhibitors are indicated for patients with adverse effects that have proven to be associated with nonselective NSAID use. Selective COX 2 inhibitors can be prescribed in some cases of allergy to aspirin, but they must be used with care. Principal adverse effects include cardiovascular events and thrombotic phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: Selective COX 2 inhibitors are medicines that have been used in certain well-defined clinical situations and which may offer certain advantages over nonselective NSAID. Nevertheless, taking into consideration the higher cost involved and the potential for adverse cardiovascular effects, they should be employed only in accordance with strict criteria.

Indicaciones de cesáreas en embarazadas asistidas en el Hospital Padre Justo Arias de Rubio: Estado Táchira enero 2004-abril 2005 / Indications of cesarean in pregnant attended in the Hospital Padre Justo Arias of Rubio: State Táchira january 2004-april 2005

El presente es un trabajo retrospectivo donde se analizaron 138 casos de cesáreas en el lapso comprendido enero 2004-abril 2005, en el Hospital Padre Justo Arias de Rubio, con el propósito de identificar las causas de las mismas, siendo la desproporción cefalo-pélvica (DCP), la cesárea anterior, la hipertención inducida por el embarazo, la inducción fallida del trabajo de parto seguida de la presentación viciosa, las mas importantes. Los resultados señalan que la edad predominante fue de 24,5 años, la mayor frecuencia de operación se presentó en primigestas, el 68,8 por ciento de las intervenciones se realizó de forma electiva, encontrándose que todos los casos se realizaron en gestaciones a término. Se concluye que los factores que proporcionan la indicación de cesárea deben ser objeto de revisión, para evitar una próxima interrupción del embarazo por vía alta.

role of nitric oxide and prostaglandins in the effect of adenosine on contractility, heart rate and coronary blood flow in guinea pig isolated heart

It is a well-established fact that adenosine and its receptor subtypes [A 1 and A 2] are involved in changes of contractility, heart rate and coronary blood flow [CBF] under different circumstances. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of nitric oxide and prostaglandins in development of these changes. For this purpose, Nitro-L-Arginine methyl ester [L-NAME], and indomethacin as inhibitors of nitric oxide and prostaglandins synthesis were used respectively. In this respect, guinea pig isolated hearts were randomly divided into control [receiving adenosine] and groups II and III which received L-NAME [100 micro M] and indomethacin [50 nM] before adenosine application, respectively, using isolated heart setup. The results showed that adenosine increased CBF and decreased heart rate and contractility in control group. In the presence of L-NAME, adenosine was less effective in enhancing the CBF and decreasing cardiac contractility. Furthermore, no significant change was observed in the presence of indomethacin [regarding all of parameters]. It can be concluded that nitric oxide [and not prostaglandins] is essential for the effect of adenosine on CBF and cardiac contractility

Prostaglandinas menstruales y disminorrea su modulacion por antiiflamatorios no esteroideos / Menstrual prostaglandins and dymenorrhea: modulation by non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs

Se estudió con un diseño prospectivo, doble ciego cruzado, la eficacia y tolerancia analgésica y las modificaciones de las prostaglandinas menstruales inducidas por clonixinato de lisina (CL), controlado con ibuprofeno (I) y placebo (P). El tratamiento comprendió 4 ciclos consecutivos: en el primero todas las pacientes se abstuvieron de tomar medicación; en los tres restantes recibieron dosis fijas, doble ciego de 1 comprimido cada 6 horas conteniendo CL 125 mg o 1 400 mg o P en orden al azar, desde 3 días antes del comienzo de la menstruación por un lapso de 8 días. Se efectuaron controles en cada menstruación evaluándose el dolor en escala de 0 a 4, aparición del síntoma premenstrual e intramenstrual, grado de alivio y aparición de efectos adversos. Durante las menstruaciones las pacientes registraron en un diario sus autoevaluaciones de dolor y recolectaron todo el sangrado menstrual durante los 3 primeros días. La intensidad del dolor menstrual no experimentó cambios entre el control de ingreso (3.16) y el del ciclo sin medicación (3.04), pero disminuyó significativamente con P(2.4), CL (1.79) e I (1.54). Los ciclos con medicación activa mostraron intensidades de dolor significativamente menores que con P. Con P 42 por ciento refirieron dolor premenstrual, que se redujo significativamente al 17 por ciento (CL) y a 12,5 por ciento (I). En los ciclos con activo un 21 por ciento estuvieron asintomáticas durante el período premenstrual y menstrual y un 71 por ciento (CL) y 75 por ciento (I) alivio parcial. El diario de la paciente arrojó una reducción significativa con CL e I durante el 1ro. y 2do. día respecto del P, estas diferencias fueron reduciéndose hasta desaparecer al 4to. día. Los niveles de Pgs menstruales variaron paralalelamente con las intensidades de dolor con reducción respecto al basal de 29 por ciento para P (NS); 58 por ciento para CL y 61 por ciento para I, resultados ambos significativos, p<0.01.

Incidência de edema cistóide de mácula com o uso de Xalatan em afácicos e pseudo-fácicos / Cystoid macular edema incidence with Xalatan in aphakic and pseudo-phakic patients

Quarenta pacientes afácicos e pseudo-fácicos com cápsula rota em uso de latanoprost foram examinados com a finalidade de se detectar edema cistóide de mácula clínico. O tempo de seguimento variou de 6 meses a 2 anos, média de 10,3 ñ 5,3 meses; a idade: média de 64 ñ 5,8 anos; e o tempo de pós-operatório quando do início do tratamento: 1 a 10 anos, média de 4 ñ 4,5 anos. Näo foi observado nenhum caso de edema cistóide, evidenciando que o mesmo näo deve ser muito frequente nesta populaçäo de risco, mas que pela gravidade e reserbilidade deva ser sempre pesquisado

Heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying activation of adenylatecyclase by endothelin-1 in rabbit and bovine iris sphincter and tracheal smooth muscles

In the bovine and rabbit iris sphincters and tracheas, endothelin-l [ET -1] activated adenylate cyclase [AC] in a concentration-dependent manner. The rate of cAMP formation decreased in the order, bovine iris sphincter > rabbit trachea > > rabbit iris sphincter > > bovine trachea. Maximal values for AC activation in bovine iris sphincter and rabbit trachea were 398% and 392% of basal activity respectively. Pretreatment with indomethacin [1 [micro]M], a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, virtually abolished the increase by ET-1 of cAMP levels in rabbit trachea and bovine trachea [96% reduction]. In the rabbit iris sphincter, indomethacin and nordihydroguairetic acid [NDGA] [1 [micro] M] lipoxygenase inhibitor, brought about 60 and 28% reduction of ET -1 response, respectively. Co-treatment with both eicosanoid inhibitors [1 [micro] M, each] eliminated the ET-1-evoked cAMP formation. Quinacrine [50 [micro] M], a phospholipase A2 [PLA2] inhibitor, attenuated cAMP production by ET -1 at a less prominent rate than that of indomethacin [38 to 70% reduction in cAMP increments]. At odds, in the bovine iris sphincter, the cAMP response was unaltered by all prostanoid inhibitors. Moreover, challenge with nicardipine [-a] Ca [2+] channel blocker, trifluoperazine -a calmodulin inhibitor, or staurosporine -a PKC inhibitor, had no significant effect on the responsiveness to ET -1, suggesting lack of mediators in the coupling of ET - receptors to AC system, in the bovine iris sphincter. In conclusion, activation of AC by ET -1 may represent a widespread phenomenon in smooth muscles. The mechanism whereby ET -1 elicits cAMP production is diverse and may include eicosanoids both from cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase origins as mediators

Uso del misoprostol por vía vaginal para la inducción del trabajo de parto en pacientes con muerte fetal intrauterina / Vaginal use of misoprostol for induction of delivery in patients with fetal intrauterine death

En el Hospital Materno Infantil Germán Urquidi de Cochabamba Bolivia, 53 pacientes con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Muerte Fetal, que reunierón condiciones obstétricas, fueron sometidas a inducción de parto con Misoprostol de un universo de 120 que representa el 44 por ciento osis individualizadas, en fondo de saco vaginal, entre junio de 1992 a Enero de 1995. La respuesta exitosa en 83 por ciento de los casos usando solo Misoprostol se incremento cuando se asocio a ocitocina alcanzando 96 por ciento de exito. No se observo una sola paciente que haya sido insensible a la acción contractil y de maduración cervical de esta prostaglandina. En caso de ruptura uterina se observó cuando de asocio a ocitocina, que termino en histerectomía. Debido a los óptimos resultados los autores concluyen que el misoprostol es una opción eficaz en la resolución del óbito fetal y profilaxis de sus complicaciones.

role of prostaglandins in the mechanisms of ovulation

To determine if prostaglandins [PGs] have a direct effect on the ovarian proteolytic enzyme system the ultrastructure of the follicle wall and the microvasculature in the presence and absence of indomethacin were examined. Nine hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin [hCH] or hCG plus indomethacin, ovaries were removed and processed for microscopic examination. Also, rabbit ovaries were induced to ovulate with PGF2 [100 ng/ml] in the presence and absence of tranexamic acid [0.1, 1.0 or 10 mM], a plasminogen activator inhibitor. From this study, it was found that the addition of indomethacin to hGG inhibited ovulation and production of PGs without affecting the follicular microvasculature. However, the changes in follicle wall architecture were less pronounced after treatment with indomethacin. Ovulatory efficiency in response to PGF2 2alpha [the percence of follicles >1.5 mm that ovulate] was significantly reduced [P <0.01] by mM tranexamic acid. These results suggest that PGs induce follicular rupture by activation of proteolytic enzymes located in the folicle wall

Uso del misoprostol por vía vaginal para la inducción del trabajo de parto en pacientes con muerte fetal intrauterino / Use of vaginal misoprostal for induction of delivery in patients with intrauterine fetal death

Se estudian 16 pacientes con diagnóstico de sindrome de muerte fetal que representa 21.62 del total de pacientes con óbito fetal, este estudio se realizo desde Junio a Diciembre de 1992 en el Hospital Materno Infantil Germán Urquidi de Cochabamba. El Misoprostol es una análogo de la prostaglandulina. El uso oral, es un citoprotector de la mucosa gástrica; en nuestro estudio la vía de administración fue la vaginal en fondo de saco posterior en dosis individuales.

Prostaglandin E1: a new approach for the treatment of occlusive arterial disease

Prostaglandin El [PGE1], an eicosanoid, has a favourable profile of actions in occlusive arterial disease after intra-arterial and intravenous administration. It causes vasodilatation, increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet activation, improves RBC deformability, increases fibroblast fibrinolytic activity and reduces atherogenesis. PGE1 used in the treatment of occlusive arterial disease reduces the resting ischaemic pain, promotes healing of trophic lesions and may avoid the threatening amputation

Participation of prostaglandins in the effect of stevioside on rat renal function and arterial pressure

1. The effect if stevuisude ib renal function was evaluated by clearance tecniques in Wistar rats simultaneously with the effect of indomethacin on the renal action of stevioside. The indomethacin experiments consisted of four consectuve periods: (C) control; (S), in which stevioside (16 mg/Kg) was continously infused; (S+I1) and (S+I2) in which indomethacin was infused systemically without interrupting stevioside infusion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal function perameters were measured. 2. Administration of stevioside resulted in a statistically significant dose-related decrease in MAP (121 ñ 2.30, N = 7 for 4mg/Kg stevioside to 72 ñ 4.79 mmHg, N = 7 for 16 mg/Kg stevioside) and an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) (10.27 ñ 1.21, N = 7 for 4 mg/Kg stevioside to 26.28 ñ 2.87 ml min-1 Kg-1, N = 7 for 16 mg/Kg stevioside), with no change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Stevioside also increased fractional sodium (FeNa+) and potassium (FeK+) excretion as well as urine flow (V/GFR). 3. The decrease in MAP (control, 121 ñ 0.93, N = 7; stevioside, 91 ñ 2.48 mmHg) and increase in RPF (control, 14.21 ñ 1.41, N = 7; stevioside, 32.53 ñ 2.84 mmHg) induced by stevioside (16 mg/Kg) were inhibited by simultaneous administration of indomethacin (2 mg/Kg) but GFR was not affected. The diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic effects of stevioside were also abolished by indomethacin. 4. We conclud that stevioside behaves like a typical vasodilator substance, causing changes in MAP, diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis per ml of GFR, and these effects probably depend on prostaglandins