Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species

Naja kaouthia, Ophiophagus hannah, Bungarus fasciatus and Calloselasma rhodostoma are four venomous snakes indigenous to Malaysia. In the present study, their proteomic profile by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) have been separated and compared.

Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species

Naja kaouthia, Ophiophagus hannah, Bungarus fasciatus and Calloselasma rhodostoma are four venomous snakes indigenous to Malaysia. In the present study, their proteomic profile by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) have been separated and compared.

Brain delivery of neurotoxin-I-loaded nanoparticles through intranasal administration / 药学学报

The purpose of this paper is to encapsulate neurotoxin-I (NT-I), a kind of analgesic peptide, into polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate their transport into the brain after intranasal administration (in) by use of microdialysis sampling technique developed in our laboratory recently. NT-I-NPs (NT-Iradiolabeled with sodium 125I-Iodide) were prepared by a double emulsification solvent evaporation method, and were characterized in terms of surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Then, NT-I-NPs were administered intranasally or intravenously to rats and the radioactivities in periaqueductal gray (PAG) were monitored up to 240 min utilizing the microdialysis sampling technique. Nanoparticles prepared were spherical with homogenous size distribution. Their mean particle size and zeta potential measured were (65.3 +/- 10.8) nm and (-28.6 +/- 2.3) mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of NT-Iencapsulated into nanoparticles was (35.5 +/- 2.8)%. The brain transport results showed that the time to peak level (Tmax) of NT-I-NPs (in) was (65 +/- 10) min approximately, apparently shorter compared with NT-I-NPs [iv, (95 +/- 10) min] or NT-I [iv, (145 +/- 10) min]. The concentration to peak level (Cmax) and the area under the curves from zero to 4 h (AUC0-4h) of each group followed this order: NT-I-NPs (in) > NT-I-NPs (iv) > NT-I (iv). With nanoparticles as carriers and administered intranasally could be a potential way for centrally active peptides to improve their brain transport. Microdialysis is quite a good technique for the study of drug delivery to the brain.

Polarization of different actin isoforms in Discopyge tschudii electrocytes

Se realizó uno estudio histoquímico en cortes criostáticos de electrocitos de Discopyge tschudii con el objeto de investigar la distribución de isoformas de actina y la posible relación entre estas y el AChR. La membrana ventral del electrocito fue diferenciada de la no inervada mediante beta-cobrotoxina, marcador específico del AChR, conjugada con isotiocinato de tetrametil rodamina y la histoquímica de la AChE. La falacidina, una toxina que tiene la propiedad de unirse con alta afindad a la forma filamentosa (F) de la actina, detectó a la misma exclusivamente en la cara dorsal del electrocito. Utilizando dos líneas de anticuerpos monoclonales (mAbs) anti-actina (QAB1 y QAB2 obtenidas empleando com inmunógeno actina de músculo pectoral de codorniz) evidenciamos distintas isofromas de actina en el electrocito. El mAb QAB1 mostró una fluorescencia puntual a nivel de las terminales nerviosas; el mAb QAB2, en cambio, se distribuyó en todo el citoplasma del electrocito. De los presentes resultados podemos concluir que cada una de las isoformas de actina coexistentes en el electrocito de D. tschudii posee una polaridad estructural distinta: 1) la actina filamentosa (F) localizada exclusivamente en la cara dorsal o no-inervada; 2) la isoforma de actina reconocible por el mAb QAB1, probablemente análoga a la descrita por Walter y cols. (1981) en el electrocito de Torpedo y 3) la reconocible poer el mAb QAB2, la cual puede corresponder a la actina monomérica (G) evidenciada por Kordely y cols. (1986, 1987). La actina detectada por métodos bioquímicos en las membranas ricas en AChR parece no corresponder a ninguna de las isoformas descritas aquí por métodos inmunocitoquímicos, o se halla en cantidades, no detectadas por estos métodos

Proteolytic-independent cobra neurotoxin inhibiting activity of Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae).

The 1: 1 (w/v) aqueous extract of Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae) was shown to antagonize the toxic action of Naja naja siamensis neurotoxin possibly via direct inactivation of the toxin. The plant extract possessed proteolytic activity which could be separated from the neurotoxin inhibiting activity. The mechanism of antagonism between the plant extract and the neurotoxin was shown not to be involved with the existence of proteolytic activity in the plant extract.

The absence of antagonism between extracts of Clinacanthus nutans Burm. and Naja naja siamensis venom.

Clinacanthus nutans Burm, a herb reputed in Thailand and Malaysia to be "snakebite antidote" has been tested in vitro and in vivo for antivenin activity. The aqueous extract of C. nutans leaves has been found to have no effect on the inhibition of neuromuscular transmission produced by purified Naja naja siamensis neurotoxin in isolated rat phrenic-nerve diaphragm preparations. The extract of C. nutans, when given orally or intraperitoneally, are ineffective in prolonging the survival time of experimental mice receiving lethal doses of N.n. siamensis crude venom. Oral administrations of the herb extracts pretreated with alpha-amylase or beta-amylase also fail to protect the animal. It is concluded that the extract of C. nutans can not antagonize the action of cobra venom.