Organochlorine, organophosphorus synthetic pyrethroid pesticides affecting food constitutents in cotton seeds and wheat grains during storage

The work has been carried out to evaluate the effects of studied pesticides on food constituents in cotton seeds and wheat grains The results are assessed using analytical data from trial applications of organochlorine organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides to the aforesaid food commodities The studied samples were stored after pesticide treatment at [30° +/- 3°C] for one month and analyzed for carbohydrates lipids phosphorus and trace metals in triplicate along with control samples The data presented herein shows adverse effects on carbohydrates in samples of cotton seeds and wheat grains with pesticidal treatment while SP pesticides caused more adverse effect than OC and OP. pesticides and reduced an appreciable amount of lipids in both commodities. It was also observed that imphorus content decreased in cotton seeds and wheat grains treated with OC and SP pesticides but it increased in of OP treatment. Lead [toxic element] was totally absent

Padronizaçäo da metodologia para avaliaçäo de colinesterase eritrocitária: otimizaçäo das técnicas para monitoramento da exposiçäo ocupacional a pesticidas organofosforados / Standardize methodology to avaliation of the cholinesterase erythrocyte: otimization of the techniques of occupational exposure assessment in organophosphorus pesticides compounds

Compostos organofosforados säo amplamente utilizados na agricultura para controlar pragas, o uso indiscriminado destas substâncias tem provocado inúmeros casos de intoxicaçäo aguda e crônica em trabalhadores rurais. A determinaçäo da atividade enzimática das colinesterases sanguíneas é utilizada em todo o mundo no monitoramento da exposiçäo a estas substâncias, principalmente a da colinesterase plasmática. Entretanto, a colinesterase eritrocitária reflete de forma mais acurada o real grau da inativaçäo desta enzima no sistema nevoso, alvo principal dos pesticidas organofosforados. O objetivo básico deste trabalho foi padronizar uma metodologia enzimática sensível para a determinaçäo da colinesterase eritrocitária. Tomando por base a metodologia de preparaçäo de membrana de eritrócitos desenvolvida por Oliveira-Silva (1994) e o método de determinaçäo da atividade de colinesterase de Ellman (1961), vários experimentos foram feitos no sentido de simplificar esta técnica. A metodologia proposta para a preparaçäo de membranas de eritrócitos é a seguinte: 1 ml de eritrócitos é lavado em 10 volumes de soluçäo salina (NaCL 0,9 por cento) e centrifugados a 2000xg/15 min; o sedimento é ressuspenso em 10 volumes de soluçäo lisante (fosfato de sódio 20 mM, pH, 7,2), congelado por 24 horas e lavado 3x com soluçäo lisante; o sedimento final é ressuspenso no volume inicial de eritrócitos em tampäo fosfato de sódio 120 mM, pH 7,2. Para a determinaçäo da exposiçäo ocupacional, esta preparaçäo pode ser guardada refrigerada por no máximo 24 horas sem perda significativa da sua atividade. Por se tratar de uma metodologia que possui várias etapas de diluiçäo, verificamos se a interaçäo enzima-pesticida poderia ser revertida, através de experimentos onde a enzima inibida por paraoxon passou por todas as etapas de processamento, chegando ao final com o mesmo percentual de inibiçäo inicial. Através da aplicaçäo desta metodologia em trabalhadores rurais expostos a pesticidas organofosforados, foram encontradas inibiçöes da colinesterase eritrocitária de até 50 por cento. A metodologia desenvolvida se mostrou sensível e reprodutível, podendo ser utilizada na determinaçäo da intoxicaçäo crônica por pesticidas organofosforados.

survey of cholinesterase activity in healthy and organophosphate exposed populations

Cholinesterases [ChE] are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of choline esters as the natural substrate. There is a true cholinesterase in the erythrocytes and a pseudo type in the plasma; both types are found in saliva. We attempted to determine the enzyme activity in erythrocytes and fluids of healthy Iranian population. Two hundred healthy volunteers [150 men and 50 women] from different parts of Iran participated in this study. The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically and the results indicated the following activities: [1] saliva [men: 14.20 +/- 0.79, women 11.16 +/- 0.84 IU]; [2] plasma [men: 2.37 +/- 0.08, women: 2.18 +/- 0.09 kU/l] and [3] erythrocyte [men: 14 +/- 0.55, women: 13.63 +/- 0.74 kU/l]. These data are at some variance with the values given in the literature. There was a positive correlation between plasma and erythrocyte enzyme levels [r=0.45 p<0.05]. Measurement of the enzyme activity in workers of a pesticide factory significantly lower [plasma, p<0.05 and saliva, p<0.01, respectively] as compared with those of healthy individuals. Complaints of weakness, headache and diarrhea were frequently encountered among these workers. However, no association was found between the symptoms and ChE activity of saliva and/or plasma. Further studies are needed to explore the use of saliva ChE activity for monitoring toxicity resulting from exposure to organophosphates

Effects of water pollution with organophosphate [cythion] and organochloride [hexadrin] compounds on the antioxidant enzyme system in carp liver

The present work discussed the response reactions of tissue antioxidant enzymes in fishes as a model system upon exposure to organophosphate [Cythion] and organochloride [Hexadrin]. In the present experiments, changes of antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation were studied in carp livers exposed to two different concentrations of these compounds. Antioxidant enzymes were studied. Addition of Hexadrin in water at SC or LC 50 concentrations induced significant [P <0.01] increase in t-SOD and GR-ase enzyme activities as well as in GSH, OH and LP levels of carp liver. Also, the activity of t-SOD, GP-ase and GSH was significantly icreased following exposure to SC [P <0.05] or LC 50 [P <0.01] concentration of Cythion

Influence of different means of washing and processing on removing of actellic residue from spinach and eggplant and its in-vivo action on mice hepatic biochemical targets

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different washing solutions on the removal of Actellic residue from fresh and processed vegetables, namely; spinach and eggplant. Also to identify the effect of Actellic residue on the health status of mice when fed these contaminated vegetables. The amount of insecticide residue detected using GLC indicated that tap water, sodium hydroxide solution and - potassium permanganate solution gave high percent removal. However, processing did not remove more than 45% except for grilling of eggplant which removed 88.17%. Meanwhile, changes in some hepatic biological parameters were well recognized in the groups of mice fed contaminated- unwashed either processed or unprocessed vegetables