Role of hepatocyte growth factor, vasointestinal peptide, angiotensine ii and alpha 2-macroglobulin in male fertility

The aim of this work is to assess the prognostic validity of some seminal plasma parameters in male infertility and spermatogenesis; such as Hepatocyte Growth Factor [HGF], Vasoactive intestinal Peptide [VIP], Angiotensin II, Alpha-2 Macroglobulin, Total proteins, Albumin, Globulin and Albumin /Globulin ratio. In the current study, 105 infertile cases of different categories according to their semen analysis were compared to 15 normozoospermic fertile cases. The infertile case were divided into; OAT with and without varicocele, AT with and without varicocele, obstructive azoospermia and NOA [TESE +ve and TESE -ve]. Azoospermic cases were subjected to testicular biopsy for both histopathology and diagnostic TESE. Seminal plasma ELISA estimation of hepatocyte growth factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, alpha-2 macro-globulin. Seminal plasma total proteins, albumin, globulin were estimated calorimetrically. Seminal plasma testicular contribution was evident in all tested factors except hepatocyte growth factor [VIP 56.4%, AT II 64.1%, alpha-2 M 57.7%, total protein 41.1%, albumin 41% and globulin 42.9%]. Varicocele affects adversely with significance the contribution of different studied parameters in seminal plasma. Also there was significant reduction in the testicular size in left sided varicocele. SP A/G ratio and alpha-2 macroglobulin can differentiate between TESE+ and TESE-. Otherwise, other factors have poor ability. SP HGF, VIP, ATII and alpha-2 M can confirm differentiating OA and NOA. There was negative significant correlation between abnormal form percentage and sperm motility percentage. There was significant positive correlation between SP total protein and sperm concentration in OAT- group and between SP globulin and sperm motility percentage in AT- group. Albumin has no correlation with seminal sperm parameters, in all groups except positive significant correlation with abnormal form percent in AT+. There was positive significant correlation between alpha2-M and total proteins in all studied groups. SP factors appear to act in coordination and harmony more than individually or separately

study of sperm morphology in a Pakistani population

The aim of this study was to determine the sperm morphology of proven fertile males and to compare the same with that of infertile males. This study was carried out at International Medical College Rawalpindi and its attached Railway hospital and Islamabad Clinic Serving Infertile Couples Islamabad, from June 2005 to July 2006. 50 healthy fertile males were selected and their semen morphology was determined according to Tygerberg's strict criteria, while another 50 infertile males were recruited as controls Proven fertile group showed significantly higher morphologically normal forms of sperms [3.04 +/- 1.63] than the infertile group. Sperm morphology assessed by strict criteria is of value in the in-vivo situation to identify a group with greater chance of having an infertility problem and strict criteria sperm morphology analysis should be used to minimize variations in intra and inter-individual and inter-laboratory sperm morphology assessment

Extragondal germ cell tumor and male infertility

Over recent decades a possible decrease in sperm quality and an increase in the incidence of testicular cancer have been reported in many populations. Some recent findings, as cohort studies, showed an increased risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen analysis. A 30 years old man referred to our clinic with chief compliant of infertility for 3 years. Spermogram revealed azoospermia and right extratesticular intrascrotal mass was detected by ultrasound examination. Right inguinal surgical approach showed intact small sized atrophic right testis and an intrascrotal mass. In microscopic examination of the mass mixed germ cell tumor with teratoma, yolk sac and embryonal components were reported. Extragonadal germ cell tumors, like their testicular counterparts are associated with primary germ cell defects. The higher incidence of antecedent infertility suggests that either congenital or acquired primary germ cell defect contributes to defective spermatogenesis and therefore, there is higher risk of cancer development in incompletely migrated germ cells. We recommend complete evaluation of cancer in patients with infertility and azoospermia

effect of vitamin E on cisplatin induced Testicular changes in adult male Albino rats: physiological and histological studies

Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. It is used for the treatment of many cancerous lesions as testicular, bladder and thyroid cancers. It is known to impair spermatogenesis. Vitamin E, as slow acting free radical scavenger, has been shown to ameliorate nephro, oto and neurotoxicities in animals receiving cisplatin. The aim of this study is to evaluate the testicular protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with vitamin E in rats treated with cisplatin. Twenty-five adult male albino wister rats of 200-250mg weight were divided into three groups: Group [I] 5 animals served as a control, group [II]: 10 animals treated with cisplatin twice weekly for one month by intraperitoneal injection in a dose of 4mg/kg. Group [III]: treated with vitamin E by intramuscular injection concomitant with cisplatin injection twice weekly for one month. Animals were sacrificed; specimens were taken from the testis and processed to be examined by light and electron microscopies and semen analysis was performed. Blood samples were collected and prepared for hormonal analysis of LH, FSH and testosterone. Semen analysis was performed. The results obtained showed damaging effects on germ cells, abnormal mitotic figures of spermatogenic cells and malformed spermatozoa. The serum levels of testosterone in animals treated with vitamin E were significantly higher than corresponding levels in control group and group II. As regard semen analysis there was an increase in the number of sperms and an improvement in their movement and activity with vitamin E. This indicates that vitamin E which is an effective antioxidant, protects rat testis against cisplatin-induced destruction and it reversed different cisplatin-associated side effects

Dietary supplemental effect of Nigella Sativa seed on productive and reproductive performance of chicks

Three hundred and sixty one-day old Inshas chicks were used to investigate the effect of crushed Nigella sativa seed [CNS] levels as feed additive for the 1 st five weeks of the growing period [0-20 weeks old] which fed a starter ration [19% CP and 2835 Kcal ME/Kg ration], through the period [0-8 weeks], a grower ration [15.21% CP and 2484 kcal ME / kg ratio through the period [8-20 weeksold] and the laying period [20-32 weeks old] which fed a laying ration [16% CP and 2705 / K Cal ME / Kg ration]. Live body weight [L.B.W.], live body weight gain [L.B.W.G.], feed intake [F.I.], feed conversion [F.C.], egg production, hatchability, fertility, egg quality, age at sexual maturity, blood serum cholesterol, total protein, T3, T4, semen concentration and dead/ a live sperm% were recorded. Performance results revealed that the heavier body weight, body weight gain, least feed intake, best feed conversion are achieved by chicks fed 2% supplemented dietary CNS compared to the control one, low and high level of CNS during the growing period. Laying performance results revealed that a significant increase [P

relationship between sperm protamine aberrations with protamine P1/ protamine P2 ratio

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between protamine deficiency assessed by CMA3 and protamine 1/ protamine 2 [P1/P2] ratio. This study was carried out on 71 patients referring to Isfahan Fertility and Infertility center. Semen analysis was assessed according to WHO criteria. CMA3 staining was use to determine protamine deficiency. P1/P2 ratio was evaluated by nuclear protein extraction, acetic acid urea poly acrylamide gel-electrophoresis and analysis of protein bands with related software. Western blot was carried out with primary anti P1 and anti P2 antibody to determine protamine 1 and protamine 2. Of the 71 patients 45 patients underwent Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection [ICSI]. A negative significant correlation was observed between fertilization rate with protamine deficiency and P1/P2 ratio. However, no significant correlation was observed between protamine deficiencies with P1/P2 ratio. The results of this study showed that protamine deficiency can be assessed by CMA3; however this procedure does not indicate type of protamine deficiency

Effect of sperm protamine deficiency on fertilization and embryo development post-ICSI

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sperm protamine deficiency on fertilization and embryo development post ICSI. Semen samples from 27 patients candidate for ICSI were assessed for semen parameters. Sperm processing was carried out using pure sperm and percentage of protamine deficient sperm was assessed by Chromomycin A3 post processing. Correlation between fertilization rate, embryo quality and cleavage score with protamine deficiency was assessed using SPSS statistical programme. A significant negative correlation was observed between fertilization rate and embryo quality score on day 3 with percentage of protamine deficient sperms. Semen samples with high percentage of protamine deficient sperms have lower fertilization rate and lower potential to develop good quality embryos

Various factors for infertility - in infertility clinic, gynae unit-I, Services Hospital Lahore

The prevalence of various infertility factors in 683 case of infertility coming from various parts of country were studied at infertility clinic gynae unit-I Services Hospital, Lahore from June 1999 to December, 2003. Factors like age, type, duration of infertility were assessed of 683 cases, only 90 cases [13.2%] had complete follow up while 222 patients [32.5%] had incomplete follow up and 371 [54.3%] cases had only one booking visit. The various investigations performed to evaluate infertility factors are discussed in detail. The results are grouped into male and female factors and unexplained infertility. The male factor included semen abnormalities and coital problems while the female causes are grouped into ovulatory disorders, tuboperitoneal factors. The study revealed that ovulatory dysfunction was the most common factor and accounted for 40% [274] cases, followed by tuboperitoneal factor 32.7% [223 cases] and male factor was present in 22.3% [141 patients]. The prevalence of all these factors in our study correlated with prevalence quoted in literature

Histological study on the toxic effect of 2-bromopropane on the seminiferous tubules of adult male albino rats

2-Bromopropane [2-BP] is a haloalkane used in industry as an alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents. It has recently been suspected to be a causative agent for some reproductive dysfunctions in both male and female workers exposed to it in electronic factories. The study was carried out to evaluate the possible toxic effects of 2-BP administration on the seminiferous tubules [S. Ts] of rat testis, and its potential reversibility after 2-BP withdrawal. The study was conducted on 30 adult male albino rats weighing from 100-150g each. They were categorized into 3 equal groups. Group I: served as a control group. Group II: rats received daily subcutaneous injection of 2-BP [400 mg/kg b.w.] for 28 days. Group III: rats received 2-BP in the same dose and for the same duration as group II followed by a further 28-day recovery period. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected to detect testosterone levels, and the rat testes were weighed and examined for the daily sperm production. Specimens were taken from the testes of all animals and subjected to both light and electron microscopic examinations. 2-BP administration [in group II] significantly decreased absolute testicular weight and daily sperm production as well as serum testosterone levels. Histologically, atrophy of the S.Ts accompanied by interstitial oedema was evident. Moderate to severe degenerative changes involving all types of spermatogenic cells, including spermatogonia, were also demonstrated. Furthermore, Leydig cells depicted ultrastructural evidence of decreased activity. After a 4-week recovery period [group III], mild increase in serum testosterone levels as well as other laboratory parameters were noticed. However, they were still much less as compared to the control. Histologically, only limited amelioration of the testicular lesions in the germinal epithelium as well as Leydig cells was revealed. Such persistent lesions were attributed to the damaging effect of 2-BP on testicular stem cells; spermatogonia. The study demonstrates vulnerability of the testicular tissue to 2-BP intoxication. Therefore, careful consumption of 2-BP containing solvents and pharmaceuticals is necessary

[Effect of varicocelectomy on semen analysis parameters in patients with abnormal semen parameters]

Varicocele represents the most common corrigible surgery in infertile men. The aim of present study was to evaluation the effect of varicocelectomy on heptads semen parameters in patients with abnormal semen parameters. This study was conducted on infertile patients who have abnormal semen analysis according to WHO parameters and to an urologist diagnosis, they have varicocele size with grade II, III, they came to infertility clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Sari, Iran, 2004. The Inguinal varicocelectomy was performed over these patients by a urologist. They follow up on the basis of varicocele, post surgery complication, and semen analysis for three months. 67 patients participated in this study with the mean age of 33/6 +/- 7/3 and a range of 20-50 years. The patients's infertility range was 2-20 years, and with the mean 6/5 +/- 4/02.%58 has varicocele with grade two and%42 with grade three. In this study, the significant change in total sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology [P<0.05], was observed in patients before and after varicocelectomy. It hasn't also observed any significant association between heptads semen analysis parameters and varicocele grade. Performing varicocelectomy could be useful improvement of semen analysis parameters and in the possible treatment of infertility in men as well

Improvement in sperm motility viability and normality after treatment with prednisolone, antisperm antibody separation and in vitro sperm activation in immunologically infertile men

Antisperm antibody [ASA] as a cause of men infertility was fist reported in 1954. Different assays were developed for the detection of scrum-bound antibodies. The objective of this study is to study the effect of prednisolone, antisperm antibody separation [ASAS] and in vitro sperm activation on sperm motility, viability and morphology in immunologically infertile patients. Semen samples of 250 immunologically infertile patients were examined by seminal fluid analysis and microagglutination test to check the presence of sperm agglutination and antisperm antibodies [ASA]. The patients received 5mg prednisolone three times per day for two weeks then the dose was reduced to two tablets per day for four days and further reduced to one tablet for three days followed by one week of rest period. The treatment regimen was continued for three months and seminal fluid analysis was performed before and after the treatment. Sperm motility percent, sperm grade activity, sperm motility index, normal sperm morphology and sperm viability after the treatment were significantly improved [P< 0.001] while the percent of sperm agglutination, shaky head sperm movement percent of abnormal sperm morphology were significantly decreased [P < 0.0001]. the progress in the improvement of sperm quality was started at the end of 4[th] week after treatment and increased gradually up to the end of the 12[th] week. Application of prednisolone therapy, ASAS technique and in vitro sperm activation found to be effective and resulted in significant improvement sperm quality. These active and viable sperm following treatment may be used for intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization [IVF] and embryo transfer [ET] for the treatment of immunological infertile men

Relation between varieoeele and abortion

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of varicocele on abortion,and the relation between the semen analysis factor of patients with abortion was also considered. Between 741 patients with abortion, 251 had no specific reason, These patients were recognized during 2/5 years. They were examined for a possible varicocele and it's severity, 250 men were examined as a sample group. In the group who had abortion 73 men had varicocele while 38 cases were found in the sample group. In the first group recurrent abortion and early abortion were prominent. The severity of varicocele had no relation with abortion. In this study we conclude that: varicocele may be the cause of abortion especially in the first months of pregnancy. Asthenospermia and abnormal morphology of sperms can cause abortion and now the question is whether the varicocelectomy may increase the chance of successful terminal pregnancy

Study of the presence of Hcv-rna in semen of patients with hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus is a worldwide problem. in Egypt, HCV infection is hyper-endemic, with sero-prevalence rates of 15-20% among volunteer blood donors, and even higher rates reported among segments of the general population. Although the parentral mode of HCV transmission is well established, there remains a high proportion of patients without an identifiable source of infection. The importance of sexual transmission in the epidemiology of HCV infection is still controversial. Better understanding ofroutes of transmission will help to combat the spread of disease. Thus there is a need for studies to define the routes of HCV transmission other than the parentral exposure. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of sexual transmission in the transmission of HCV infection, and to investigate whether or not the detection of actively replicating HCV in serum coincides with the presence of HCV-RNA in seminal fluid, in an attempt to define one of the main possible routes of HCV infection transmission other than the parentral route. A group of 40 male married patients infected with hepatitis C virus were included in this study and HCV-RNA detection in their semen by nested RT-PCR test was done. We tested for the presence of inhibitors in the seminal plasma by the repetition of negative HCV-RNA seminal plasma samples with an internal control. Fractionation of the semen of five virospermic patients was done on percol gradient into seminal plasma, round cell and motile spermatozoa fractions, and HCV-RNA detection was repeated on each fraction in an attempt to understand which fraction could serve as a reservoir for the virus. The wives of the patients with detectable HCV-RNA in their semen were subjected to serum HCV-RNA detection. Of the forty male patients with HCV-RNA positive sera, ten patients [25%] had detectable HCV-RNA in semen. The test for PCR inhibitors revealed the presence of Taq inhibitors in seminal plasma of 16/30 patients [53.33%] who were considered to be false negative. HCV-blood viral load was significantly higher in virospermic patients, which supports the hypothesis that HCV is "leaked out" from the peripheral circulation. We identified HCV-RNA in serum of four out often wives of virospermic patients. The duration of marriage among HCV infected wives in this study was significantly higher than among the non-infected wives which suggests that a cumulative effect may be required for the sexual transmission of HCV. In the semen could be infectious and the role of sexual transmission in the spread of HCV infection should not be underestimated. Laboratory capability to accurately detect HCV positive semen is an important step in establishing the risk of sexual transmission and in identifing strategies for protecting uninfected partners

Molecular control of fertilizing potential of male gamete in azoospermia: a study of genes en coding RBM, DAZ and TSPY

Male factor infertility accounts for about half the cases of couple infertility. Testicular sperm extraction [TESE] with ICSI has now enabled the treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia. One might now therefore suggest that a proportionately greater risk of sex chromosome aneuploidy arise where TESE is used for patient with non-obstructive azoospermia. Three non-overlapping regions of microdeletions in Yq11 [AZFa, AZFb [RBM], and AZFc [DAZ]] have been identified that are probably responsible for azoospermia or oligozoospermia. In absence of detectable RBM protein, germ cells develop up to early meiotic stages but not beyond this, so that RBM is essential for progression through meiosis. Deletions in the AZFc region involving the DAZ gene were the most frequent finding and they were more often seen in severe hypospermatogenesis than in Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Another gene family TSPY [Testis-Specific protein, Y-encoded] is located on the short arm of the Y chromosome at Yp11.2. The aim was to study the genes encoding RBM, DAZ and TSPY in functional azoospermic males. Patient group: 50 infertile male patients with non-obstructive azoospermia [NOA]. The diagnosis of the cases was produced by histopathology. Control group include 10 normal fertile males and negative control 5 females. All patients are subjected to: semen analysis, hormonal assay FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin and histopathological examination of testicular tissue. All groups are subjected to:- Extraction of genomic DNA from peripheral blood leucocyte and polymerase chain reaction to detect deletion in DAZ, RBM, and TSPY. Total deletion is [28%], DAZ deleted in [12%], RBM deleted in 4%, RBM+DAZ deleted in 8% and TSPY was deleted in 4% of patients. Microdeletion involving Ychromosome [DAZ, RBM, TSPY] is not rare among cases of non obstructive azoospermia [NOA]. All patients with NOA should undergo screening of Y chromosome by PCR specially those seeking assisted reproductive techniques. Also diagnosis of the deletion gives the cause of spermatogenic failure and no need for further therapy

helicobacter pylori contribute to infertility?

Helicobacter Pylori is one of the important causes of chronic gastritis. It has also been implicated in extragastric disorders, such as skin diseases of autoimmune nature, vascular disorders and platelet disorders. The most acceptable hypothesis is the existence of mimicry between H Pylori antigens and cells of different host tissues. The prevalence of H Pylori infection among Egyptians is very high. The possibility of involvement of H Pylori in the pathogenesis of infertility is intriguing. H Pylori usually lasts for the patient's entire life. This may boost autoimmune reactions. Mimicry has been shown between human beta-tubulin protein [present in spermatozoa] and H Pylori flagellin, Cag A and Vac A. Antibodies to these antigens cross reacted with human spermatozoa. Our study was conducted on 30 males complaining from infertility problem, 10 healthy fertile controls were included. CASA was performed, together with H Pylori IgA antibodies in seminal fluid. There was a high prevalence of H Pylori IgA antibodies in seminal plasma of patients complaining of infertility and having asthenospermia as compared to the fertile control group

L-carnitine for cases of oligoasthenozoospermia: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study

To determine the efficacy of L-carnitine on the fertility and semen parameters in cases of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. Placebo-controlled, single-blind clinical study. One hundred twenty one men with sperm density <10,000,000 sperm/mL, and total sperm motility < 50%, normal serum gonadotrophins and testosterone, and a fertile partner were enrolled. Patients were prescribed L-carnitine or placebo for 6 months. Semen and blood samples were collected before and after therapy. The pregnancy rate [PR] in the treatment group was 28.3% compared with 5.1% in the placebo group. There was a statistically significant difference in the PR between the two groups. The treatment group had statistically higher levels of sperm density and total sperm motility. There were no differences between the 2 groups in seminal fluid volume and sperm morphology. It may be concluded that L-carnitine is clinically helpful for the treatment of idiopathic oligoathenozoosperima

Detection of microdeletions involving the DAZ locus in idiopathic male infertility

Deletions of the AZFc [azoospermic factor c] region of the Y chromosome including DAZ gene are the most common known cause of spermatogenic failure. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting Y chromosome microdeletions involving the DAZ locus in idiopathic male infertility to allow rapid and accurate diagnosis required for proper genetic counseling. The study included 30 male patients with idiopathic azoospermia [24/30] or oligozoospermia [6/30]. A control group consisted of 10 normal fertile males and 5 females. All cases were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination, assessment of testicular volume, semen analysis, serum hormonal profile [FSH, LH, testosterone], testicular biopsy, chromosome analysis, polymerase chain reaction [PCR] amplification of two specific loci of the DAZ gene on the Y chromosome [sY254 and sY255], single strand conformations polymorphism analysis [SSCP]. The result of the study revealed that deletions involving the sY245 and sY255 DAZ loci were found in 4 cases [4/30; 13.3%]; 3 azoospermic patients and one with severe oligozoospermia. All four cases with microdeletions had decreased testicular volume, normal serum LH and T, serum FSH was elevated in 3 of them and normal in one. The two loci were amplified normally in the male control group and failed to amplify in the female control group. SSCP analysis failed to find any point mutations in sY254 and sY255 in patients with absence of microdeletions of DAZ gene. In conclusion, the estimated frequency of microdeletions involving the DAZ locus is 13.3% in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic Egyptian men with idiopathic infertility. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the DAZ locus is a rapid and accurate method for the diagnosis of microdeletions of the Y chromosome in patients with idiopathic infertility especially those seeking micromanipulation assisted reproduction

Effects of neonatal exposure of male rats to transient hypothyroidism, hemicastration or acute testicular irradiation on spermatogenesis at puberty

The aim of the study was to establish the profile of inhibit B in normal and in experimentally manipulated sertoli and germ cells by transient neonatal hypothyroidism [TNH], hemicastration and acute irradiation in prepubertal and pubertal rats. Material and After birth, pups were divided by sex and male pups were retained. For neonates designated as controls [group I] [10 rats]: mothers and litters remained untreated, received food and water adlibitum then pups of 21 days old were sham operated. Group II [Hypothyroid group]: neonates were made hypothyroid by the addition of 0.1% [wt/vol] propylthiouracil [PTU] to the mothers water immediately after birth from day 1 to day 21. Group III [hemicastrated group] [10 rats]: neonatal hemicastration was done on day 21. Group IV [irradiated group] [10 rats]: 21 day old rats were exposed to a low dose of 3 Grays of gamma ray. Serum was collected at prepuberty [4th week] and puberty [12th week] for estimation of inhibin B, follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and testosterone levels.Semen analysis was done for pubertal rats. Inhibin B levels significantly declined at all groups II, III and IV compared to control rats aged 4 weeks. While in rats aged 12 weeks, significant increase at inhibin B level was observed at group II, while significantly declined at both groups III and IV. Comparing inhibin B levels at both age groups, there was significant decline in both control and hemicastrated rats with advancing age. While insignificant change was observed at both hypothyroid and irradiated groups. Prepubertal inhibin B level in control group correlated positively with its pubertal level, testosterone, sperm quality and pubertal testicular weight. It was negatively correlated with FSH both prepubutaly and at puberty. The study confirms the role that inhibin plays in the regulation of FSH secretion. Measurement of inhibin B prepubertally may give clinical clues about developmental deficiencies in the gonads that otherwise only become apparent around puberty or later in life

Correlation between asymptomatic urethritis with bacteriospermia in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men

Urogenital infection can influence the fertilization potential of the spermatozoa, which may lead to male infertility. The symptomatic urethiritis can change the semen parameters, however the role of asymptomatic urethirtis in fertility is still obscure. In this descriptive investigation, a total of 148 samples from urethra and semen of fertile as well as 146 samples from urethra and semen of infertiles men were examined for the presence of 5 bacterial species including streptococcus group A., Entercoccus, E.coli, coagulase positive and negative Staphylococcus. The rate of infection of urethra and semen of fertile men were 49.22% and 29.05%, respectively. The aforementioned rates were 34.9% and 60.27% for infertile men. The seminal infection was significantly different between two groups of fertile and infertile [p < 0.01]. The results showed that the most common pathogen in semen of fertile and infertile men was Entrococcus with prevalence of 32.60% [14 cases], and 42% [37 cases], respectively. A total of 90 out of 131 samples contaminated with bacteria showed high rate of Leuckocytes [pyospermia]. The remaining 41 infected samples lacked or had low number of leuckocytes. In conclusion, bacteriospermia is significantly higher in seminal samples of infertile than fertile men [p < 0.01]. Therefore, the pathogens involved in urethritis may be involved in male infertility. In addition, seminal culture is necessary for detection of bacteria presence in the semen, and thus it is important to note that presence or absence of Leukocyte in semen may not represent the urogenital infection