Fibrinolíticos en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Análisis de una cohorte uruguaya en un período de cuatro años / Fibrinolytics in acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of an uruguayan cohort in a four years period

Introducción: el tratamiento fibrinolítico (FBL) en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMCEST) se realiza en Uruguay desde hace más de 30 años. Dado que el acceso a angioplastia primaria está restringido a Montevideo, los FBL siguen siendo el método de reperfusión para muchos pacientes. Desde el año 2011 el Fondo Nacional de Recursos (FNR) ofrece la cobertura financiera del tratamiento FBL. Existe escasa información actualizada sobre su empleo en nuestro medio. Objetivo: conocer el estado actual del uso de tratamiento FBL bajo cobertura del FNR, el proceso asistencial y los resultados obtenidos con el mismo. Método: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, que analiza una cohorte de pacientes con IAMCEST a quienes se les adminstró FBL financiados por el FNR entre el 1º de julio de 2011 y el 30 de junio de 2015. Se estudiaron de forma anónima factores demográficos, cobertura asistencial, características clínicas, tiempos asistenciales al tratamiento, signos clínicos de reperfusión, realización de cineangiocoronariografía (CACG), tratamiento coadyuvante, complicaciones intrahospitalarias y mortalidad. Resultados: se incluyeron 841 pacientes con IAMCEST que fueron tratados con FBL. La edad media fue de 62,6 años (rango 23-95 años), 74,2% era de sexo masculino. Cobertura asistencial pública 23,5% y privada 76,5%. Se utilizó estreptoquinasa (SK) en 52,9% y tenecteplase (TNK) en 47,1%. El tiempo medio entre el inicio de síntomas y el primer contacto médico (PCM) fue de 128 minutos. El tiempo medio PCM-ingreso a puerta fue de 78 minutos y el tiempo puerta-aguja de 77 minutos. Montevideo y tres departamentos cercanos presentaron las tasas más bajas de uso de FBL, el 97,2% fue tratado en el interior del país. Tuvo criterio electrocardiográfico de reperfusión a los 90 minutos, el 54,1%. Se presentó sangrado del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en 0,8%, sangrado digestivo en 0,5% y otros sangrados que requirieron transfusión en 0,6%. El primer día se realizó CACG en el 37,8% de los pacientes (32,8% del grupo SK y 43,5% del grupo TNK, p=0,001), y a los 30 días en 65% (60,6% del grupo SK y 69,7% del grupo TNK, p=0,002). La mortalidad en el primer día fue 5,1%, a los 30 días 10,9% y al año 14,3%, sin diferencia significativa entre los tratados con SK o TNK. Conclusiones: la tasa de uso de FBL en el IAMCEST en Uruguay es baja y aproximadamente la mitad se realizan bajo cobertura del FNR. Existen diferencias regionales e inequidad según la cobertura asistencial. Los tiempos al tratamiento son prolongados y están lejos de las pautas internacionales. Se realizó CACG dentro de los 30 días a casi dos tercios de los pacientes, pero solo a 37,8% en las primeras 24 horas. La mortalidad de esta serie es comparable con registros internacionales.

Introduction: fibrinolytic (FBL) treatment in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) has been performed in Uruguay for more than 30 years. Considering that access to primary angioplasty is restricted to Montevideo, FBL remain the reperfusion method for many patients. Since 2011, Fondo Nacional de Recursos (FNR) offers the financial coverage of the FBL treatment. There is limited updated information on the use of FBL in our country. Objective: to know the current state of the use of FBL treatment under FNR coverage, the care process and the results obtained with it. Method: retrospective, observational study analyzing a cohort of patients with STEMI who were administered FBL funded by the FNR between 1st July 2011 and 30th June 2015. Demographic factors, health care coverage, clinical features, treatment times, clinical signs of reperfusion, cineangiocoronariography (CACG), adjuvant treatment, intrahospital complications and mortality, were studied anonymously. Results: were included 841 patients with STEMI who were treated with FBL. The mean age was 62,6 years (range 23-95 years), 74,2% were male. Public health care coverage 23.5% and private 76.5%. Streptokinase (SK) was used in 52,9% and tenecteplase (TNK) in 47,1%. The mean time between the onset of symptoms and the first medical contact (FMC) was 128 min. The mean time between FMC and emergency admission was 78 minutes and door to needle time was 77 minutes. Montevideo and three nearby departments presented the lowest rates of FBL use, 97.2% were treated in another city outside the capital. The 54,1% had electrocardiographic reperfusion criteria at 90 minutes. Central nervous system bleeding occurred in 0,8%, digestive bleeding in 0.5% and other bleeds requiring transfusion in 0.6%. On the first day, CACG was performed in 37,8% of the patients (32,8% in the SK group and 43,5% in the TNK group, p = 0,001), and at 30 days in 64,9% (60,6% % Of SK group and 69,7% of TNK group, p = 0,002). Mortality on the first day was 5,1%, at 30 days 10.9% and 14,3% at the year, with no significant difference between those treated with SK or TNK. Conclusions: the FBL use rate at STEMI in Uruguay is low and approximately half is done under FNR coverage. There are regional differences and inequity according to health care coverage. Treatment times are prolonged and far from international guidelines. CACG was performed within 30 days in almost two thirds of patients, but only 37,8% in the first 24 hours. Mortality in this series is comparable with international registries.

Incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, brady-arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in Sudanese patients with acute myocardial infarction

Ventricular arrhythmias [VAS], including ventricular tachycardia [VT], ventricular fibrillation [VF] and Brady-arrhythmias, are life-threatening complications of acute myocardial infarction [MI]. To study the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, brady-arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death [SCD] in Sudanese patients with acute MI. This is a prospective cross sectional, hospital based study, conducted at Elshaab Teaching Hospital Khartoum Sudan. One Hundred Sudanese patients with acute MI were enrolled in the study in the period between August 2006 and December 2006. A questionnaire was constructed in sections to address the different aspect of the study group. ECG Monitor was used to confirm the complication in every patient. Of the study group forty seven [47%] patients were 55-65 years old, twenty eight [28%] were more than 65 years old and twenty five [25%] were less than 55 years old. Sixty nine [69%] were males. Twenty patients [20%] developed complications [ventricular arrhythmias [VAS], Brady-arrhythmias and SCD]. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, brady-arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death following acute myocardial infarction were significantly high in Sudanese patients. The increased incidence is even in all age groups. DM, smoking and past history of IHD are the commonest associated risk factors. Thrombolysis is under used and had no significant impact

Pre hospital issues in acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: Time is of prime importance in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Time to hospital admission should be minimised for maximum thrombolytic benefit. The present paper has evaluated some socio-demographic factors influencing pre hospital delay. METHODS: This prospective observational study of 1,072 patients with AMI admitted to 14 hospitals in South India was done over one year. Socio-demographic factors viz. time of symptom onset, place of residence, type of transportation to hospital, distance travelled, as well as clinical and treatment details were recorded. Hospitals were grouped based on their location into metropolitan and town hospitals. RESULTS: Males predominated (85%) and had AMI at a younger age than females. Most patients (74%) travelled less than 30 km to a hospital. The mean distance travelled to a town hospital was longer than that to a metropolitan hospital (24.2 km vs 21 km; p < 0.0001); however there was no significant difference in the type of transportation or time taken to reach either of the hospitals. Majority (79%) of patients arrived at a hospital within the thrombolytic window of 12 hours (mean time = 11 hours). The occurrence of a previous MI had no influence on time taken to hospital arrival, questioning the role of symptom education as an interventional strategy to reduce pre hospital delay. Patients older than 70 years and females in towns with symptom onset during the day (6 am to 6 pm) took a longer time to reach hospital. CONCLUSION: Community facilities do not affect pre hospital delay. Interventions should focus on reducing decision time to call for help and the role of symptom education needs further evaluation.

Treatment of acute myocardial infarction: does the type of hospital make a difference? PPAMI Study Group.

There is sparse data on the treatment practices being followed for acute myocardial infarction at various hospitals that differ in their financial infrastructure, availability of facilities and attachment to a medical college. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated the treatment practices for acute myocardial infarction, its appropriateness based on ACC/AHA guidelines and possible influence by type of hospital and certain patient characteristics. Thrombolysis, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme-I inhibitors were used in 674 (63%), 506 (47%) and 413 (38%) respectively of 1072 patients. However, when evaluated according to ACC/AHA guidelines, appropriate use was noted in 83 percent, 78 percent and 99.3 percent, respectively. Thrombolysis was inappropriately denied to 14.7 percent patients whereas in 2.4 percent it was used contrary to recommendations. The most common reason for ineligibility for thrombolysis was late arrival. Beta-blockers were denied to 25.1 percent patients. Decision on use of angiotensin-converting enzyme-I was appropriate in most patients. Aspirin was used in 1027 (95.8%) patients. Government hospitals were least likely to thrombolyse a patient as compared to private, industrial and voluntary hospitals; however, this difference was not seen with the use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme-I. Hospitals attached to medical colleges follow guidelines for use of thrombolysis and beta-blockers more closely than non-teaching hospitals. To conclude, evaluation of appropriateness of a therapeutic modality is of greater clinical significance than mere absolute use. Benefits of thrombolytic therapy can be extended by minimising pre-hospital delay; and there is scope for improved utility of beta-blockers which are cost-effective. In addition, the hospital type also has an impact on the treatment practice being followed for acute myocardial infarction.

Resultados del enfermo con infarto agudo del miocardio con trapia trombolítica. Experiencia en 473 enfermos de la unidad coronaria del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" / Acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Experience of 473 patients in the coronary care unit of the National Institute of Cardiology \"Ignacio Chávez\"

Objetivo. Conocer la evolución del enfermo con Infarto Agudo del Miocardio (IAM) sometido a trombolisis, las complicaciones inherentes a dicha terapéutica y la mortalidad a 10 días. Material y método. De junio de 1989 a agosto 1994 fueron estudiados 473 enfermos que ingresaron a la Unidad Coronaria, con la diagnóstico de IAM a quienes se les administró trombolisis. En 20 pacientes la edad fue menor de 40 años, 373 entre 40 y 70 años, y 80 pacientes fueron mayores de 70 años; el 84 por ciento fueron hombres y 16 por ciento mujeres. Se describen sus características clínicas, complicaciones, evolución, y hallazgos angiográficos. Resultados: De un total de 473 enfermos con diagnóstico de IAM, el 86.3 por ciento recibieron estreptoquinasa (SK) y el 13.7 por ciento activador del plasminógeno tisular (rt-PA). La localización del IAM fué anterior en 234 pacientes, e inferior en 239. El 63 por ciento presentó lavado enzimático y en el 81 por ciento se observó descenso precoz del segmento ST. Las arritmias post-trombolisis se observaron en el 64.7 por ciento. El sangrado mayor se observó en el 11.8 por ciento y hemorragia cerebral en el 0.4 por ciento únicamente en pacientes trombolisados con rt-PA. El 22 por ciento tuvieron angor post-infarto y el reinfarto se presentó en el 4 por ciento, ruptura cardiaca en el 1.4 por ciento que evolucionaron al choque y muerte, insuficiencia mitral en el 2.1 por ciento demostrada por ecocardiografía. Se llevaron a angiografía coronaria 377 pacientes, (80 por ciento) la que se realizó en los primero 5 días en el 50.7 por ciento. La arteria responsable del infarto (ARI) fue la descendente anterior en 213 pacientes y en 95 la coronaria derecha. La disfunsión ventricular izquierda docuentada clínica, radiológica y demodinámicamente se observó en el 23 por ciento de pacientes con IAM anterior, y en 5 por ciento de los infartos de cara inferior. El choque cardiogénico se observó en el 7 por ciento. Se realizó cirugía de ravascularización coronaria en 106 pacientes, y angioplastía coronaria en 67. La mortalidad a 10 días fue el 8.8 por ciento, principlamente por choque cardiogénico, arritmias ventriculares malignas y ruptura ventricular. Conclusiones.La permeabilidad útil de la ARI fue del 40 por ciento por angiografía coronaria realizada en promedio a las 145 hs después de la administración de trombolítico. La mortalidad temprana fue menor del 10 por ciento

Impact of thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction in the Bayamón Public Health Care Sector--1993-1995 experience

The study was designed to evaluate the compliance of general management guidelines, determine the effectiveness of Thrombolytic therapy (TTX), determine the complications, statistics and the [quot ]Door to Needle[quot ] time (DTN) in the management of Myocardial Infarction (MI) in the Bayamón public health care sector. METHODS: Retrospective record review and SPSS statistical calculations were performed. RESULTS: 66 cases (49m, 17f) discharged with MI from January 1993 to June 1995 were included. 27 received TTX. 80 were between 30-69 y/o, while 20 from 70-87 y/o. Past hx and habits; smoker 62, ETOH 45. Labs in adm; hypoMG 15, hypoK 11. The Q MI = 63, Non Q = 38. The sinoatrial and ventricular arrhythmias were seldom seen (7.5 SVT, AIVR 3). Intra and atrioventricular block (3). The most frequent cardiac complication was CHF 10 and the non cardiac; BKP 16.5. The mortality was (6.1). The mean stay was 9.34 days. Therapy used; IV NTG 97, ASA 84, beta B 39, TTX 42.2, ACE inhibitors 32. Absence of TTX was usually due to absence of EKG criteria (63). TTX complications; hypotension 10.5. The mean DTN was 1hr 58m,. 91 were discharged home, 23.3 cath, deaths 6. The ER MD assessment of MI was correct in only 29. CONCLUSIONS: The complications of patients with MI in the TTX era are below the ones before TTX. Mortality and morbidity have improved with the use of TTX. The medical therapy guidelines of MI are generally followed in HURRA. Improvement in the DTN is needed. The prolonged DTN and the inconsistency of the admission assessment by the ER personnel establishes the need to develop a training program which would regulate this abnormality

Thrombolysis utilisation in acute myocardial infarction in Bahrain.

We retrospectively studied 114 consecutive patients of acute myocardial infarction diagnosed in the Accident and Emergency department of our hospital, to determine the percentage of eligible patients who actually received thrombolytic therapy, the number of those excluded from receiving such therapy and the various exclusion criteria. We found that 66 patients (57.9%) received thrombolysis with either streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The remaining 48 (42.1%) were excluded because of delayed presentation to hospital after the onset of symptoms (23.7%), old age or other contraindications. Although the percentage of thrombolysis utilisation in acute myocardial infarction in our centre is much higher as compared to others in the world, we find that there is a scope for improving these figures by reducing the number of patients excluded because of late presentation through health education and improved utilisation of ambulance services.

Infarto agudo de miocardio. Experiencia de 7 años en el departamento de Canelones / Acute myocardial infarction: seven years experience in the department of Canelones

Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo que cubrio los egresos por Infarto Agudo de Miocardio de las tres Unidades de Medicina Intensiva del departamento de Canelones entre 1987 y 1993. El 32.4 por ciento de los pacientes recibieron Estreptokinasa (STK), con una mortalidad del 13.2 por ciento, mientras que la mortalidad en los pacientes que no recibieron fibrinoliticos fue del 25 por ciento, significativamente mayor. Se determino que la poblacion atendida en Canelones es mas anciana que las tratadas en EE.UU. y Europa, factor que influye negativamente en la mortalidad global de la serie. El 22 por ciento de los pacientes ingresaron en clase de killip y kimball 3 o 4, pautando que en Canelones los pacientes ingresan en una situacion hemodinamica mas comprometida que lo publicado internacionalmente, y junto a una mortalidad excesivamente alta para los pacientes con edema agudo de pulmon muestran un area donde se debe trabajar para mejorar los resultados actuales

Feasibility of thrombolytic therapy--a one year prospective study.

A one year prospective study was conducted on all the patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to determine the proportion of patients who can be given thrombolytic therapy. Factors responsible for non-administration were analysed. 213 patients with AMI entered the study. Standard inclusion criteria for thrombolytic therapy were used. 101 (47%) patients failed to meet the inclusion criteria. This included 7 (3.3%) who failed to satisfy the electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria. Nine patients with atypical symptoms were unable to reach within the stipulated 6 hours while the remaining 85 (40%) patients were delayed inspite of typical features due to inability of the patient to attribute the symptoms to the heart, lack of proper transport facility and self medication. 112 patients (53%) met the inclusion criteria but 7 patients were excluded because of age (> 70 years), and another 8 because of contraindications. Of the remaining 97 patients, 47 failed to receive thrombolytic therapy due to lack of awareness of the benefits of thrombolytic therapy by the first treating physician, misinterpretation of ECG, inability to afford and refusal to give consent. Only 50 patients (23%) received thrombolytic therapy. This low figure can be easily improved upon by the correction of a number of remediable factors.

Pathogenesis of small deep cerebral infarcts

Datos recientes sugieren que el impacto de la Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) ha sido probablemente exagerado y el rol de la enfermedad cardíaca y de la aterosclerosis de grandes vasos subestimado respecto de la patogenia de los pequeños (<1.5 cm) infartos de las arterias penetrantes profundas. En otras palabras, se puede decir que una arteriolopatía primaria local es menos importante de lo que se pensaba en el pasado, y que la embolia puede tener un rol más considerable que el que se le atribuía anteriormente.El tamaño máximo aceptado para un infarto pequeño (o sea "lacunar") ha sido fijado en 1.5 cm. Dentro de ese limite, parece apropiado considerar que las lagunas muy pequeñas (<0,5 cm) --habitualmente asintomáticas--, tienen una fuerte asociación con la arteriolopatia hipertensiva, pero las mas grandes y sintomáticas (0.5-1.5 cm) tienen un origen mucho más diverso. Como ni los sindromes clínicos ni los estudios de TC o RMI diferencian las causas de los diferentes infartos lacunares, parece aconsejable la búsqueda sistemática de enfermedad asociada de grandes vasos (estudios arteriales no invasivos), así como de posible embolia cardiogénica (ECG, ecocardiografía y Holter de ser necesario), tanto como en los infartos cerebrales

Complicaciones intracraneanas de los tratamientos anticoagulantes: implicancias en patología cerebrovascular isquémica / Intracranial complications of anticoagulation and their relation to cerebrovascular ischemic pathology

Las complicaciones mayores de la anticoagulación son actualmente bien conocidas, y todos los resultados de la literatura sugieren que ellas no son despreciables. Por el contrario, las ventajas cerebrovasculares de estos tratamientos todavía no están bien definidas, y la anticoagulación debería ser motivo de más estudios controlados. En este contexto, debido a las complicaciones cerebrales de la anticoagulación, nos parece que la indicación de tal tratamiento es mas una excepción que una regla en el ACV isquémico. Mientras se esperan los resultados de los estudios controlados en curso, las indicaciones de anticoagulación eventual deben ser ponderadas individualmente teniendo en cuenta las características propias del paciente