Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Young Military Men

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To estimate the prevalence and evaluate the associated psychological factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in males in their twenties who are currently enrolled in military service. METHODS: A total of 1,073 men in the Korean army were asked to complete questionnaires based on the Rome III criteria and Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90R). The prevalence of FGIDs was estimated, and the associated psychological factors were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 967 men participated. The total prevalence of FGIDs was 18.5% (age-adjusted prevalence, 18.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3% to 20.8%). The total SCL-90R scores were higher in men with FGIDs than men without FGIDs (24 [interquartile range, 13 to 44] vs 13 [5 to 28], p<0.001) and higher in men with overlapping syndromes than in those with single FGIDs (31 [18 to 57] vs 14 [5.75 to 29], p<0.001). Somatization (odds ratio [OR], 1.141; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.20; p<0.001), obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OR, 1.084; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.14; p=0.002) and depression (OR, 0.943; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.99; p=0.020) were identified as independent predictive factors for FGIDs. CONCLUSIONS: FGIDs are common among men in their twenties who are fulfilling their military duty. Somatization and obsessive-compulsive features from the tense atmosphere are associated with the development or progression of FGIDs. Patients who exhibit overlapping syndromes require greater attention given their more severe psychopathology.

Dolor perdurable I. Nosología y epidemiología / [Enduring pain I. Nosology and epidemiology].

Pain disorders are extraordinarily prevalent throughout clinical medicine, and are highly co-morbid with various psychiatric disorders, particularly those including depression or anxiety. Assessment of such patients tends to be based on diagnostic criteria that may not reflect the complexity of the clinical problem and can result in prioritizing somatic aspects of painful syndromes at the expense of psychiatric aspects or, conversely, over-emphasize psychiatric aspects. In the first part of this overview we consider current nosological perspectives and their potential clinical consequences, epidemiological data that underscore the association of comorbid painful and affective or anxious syndromes, and consider the importance of psychiatric assessment and treatment of such patients. The major overlap between pain disorders and psychiatric disorders, as well as the unsatisfactory state of treatments available for chronic pain syndromes, encourage a comprehensive approach to assessing and clinically managing patients with chronic pain. Many programs for pain disorder patients offer narrowly specialized treatment options. To be preferred are multi-disciplinary teams with expertise in internal medicine, neurology, pain management, and rehabilitation, as well as psychology and psychiatry. In the second part of this overview, we propose that psychiatrists can serve a key role in leading comprehensive assessment and management of complex and challenging pain-psychiatric patients who are typically only partially responsive to available treatments.

Relación entre la depresión, la ansiedad y los síntomas psicosomáticos en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios del norte de México / The relationship among depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in a sample of university students in northern Mexico

Objetivo. Determinar la relación existente entre la ansiedad, la depresión y los síntomas psicosomáticos en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios del norte de México. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio a partir de cuestionarios de autoinforme aplicadosa una muestra de conveniencia de 506 estudiantes de psicología de dos universidades de Monterrey, estado de Nuevo León, México. Para evaluar los síntomas psicosomáticos se utilizó el cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente, para la depresión se empleó el inventario de Beck y la ansiedad se evaluó mediante la escala social para adolescentes. Se utilizó la correlación deSpearman para determinar el nivel de significación de la relación entre las variables y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar los niveles de ansiedad y depresión en los grupos de estudiantesconformados según la intensidad de los síntomas psicosomáticos. Resultados. De los participantes, 129 (25,5%) presentaron síntomas psicosomáticos de intensidad media o alta, solo 4 (0,8%) manifestaron depresión intensa y únicamente 2 (0,4%) estudiantes presentaron niveles de ansiedad por encima del 75% de la puntuación máxima de la escala. La intensidad de los síntomas psicosomáticos aumentó a la par que aumentaban los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Los síntomas psicosomáticos más frecuentes y que causaban mayor preocupación en la muestra fueron: dolores de cabeza, menstruales y de espalda, así como sentirse cansado y dificultades para dormir. Conclusiones. Se confirmó la relación directa entre la intensidad de los síntomas somáticos, la depresión y la ansiedad. Se recomienda incluir en los programas de prevención o tratamientode cualquiera de estos tres trastornos a los otros dos. Se deben implementar programas específicos para los jóvenes universitarios.

Objective. To determine how anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms are related in a sample of university students in northern Mexico. Methods. An exploratory study was conducted through self-administered questionnairesapplied to a convenience sample of 506 psychology students at two universitiesin Monterrey, in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. To evaluate somatic symptoms,the Patient Health Questionnaire was used; for depression, the Beck Depression Inventory; and for anxiety, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine to what extent the associations among the variables were significant. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare anxiety and depressionlevels between groups of students organized by severity of somatic symptoms. Results. Of the participants, 129 (25.5%) presented somatic symptoms that were of medium intensity or severe; just 4 (0.8%) had severe depression; and only 2 (0.4%) studentspresented anxiety levels over 75% of the scale maximum. The severity of somatic symptoms increased in step with anxiety and depression levels. The somatic symptoms occurring most frequently and of greatest concern among the study sample were: headache, menstrual pain, and backache, as well as feeling tired and having difficulty sleeping. Conclusions. The direct association between the severity of somatic symptoms anddepression and anxiety was confirmed. It is recommended that all treatment and/or prevention programs addressing one of these conditions, include the other two as well. Programs specifically aimed at university youth should be implemented.

Influence of psychopathologies on craniomandibular disorders

Psychopathologies play a role in the etiology and maintenance of craniomandibular disorders (CMD). In this study, the craniomandibular index was applied to valuate signs and symptoms of CMD in 60 dentate patients, who were assigned to 2 groups: symptomatic (n=35) and asymptomatic (n=25). An interview on psychopathologies was carried out with the aim to detect the presence of some mood disorders, such as depression, dysthymic and bipolar I disorders. Among these disturbances, depression was the most significant aspect to be reported (p<0.05) since it was present in most symptomatic patients. This important interaction was also significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the Palpation Index. These results suggest that psychopathological aspects could increase muscle tenderness and pain in addition to sleep dysfuntions and other physical complaints. Therefore, psychopathologies should be regarded as an important aspect in patients with orofacial pains.

Os transtornos psíquicos podem desempenhar um importante papel na etiologia e manutenção das desordens craniomandibulares (DCM). Desta forma, neste estudo, foi aplicado o índice craniomandibular (ICM), o qual permite detectar a presença de sinais e sintomas de DCM em 60 pacientes totalmente dentados. Estes pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sintomáticos (n=35) e assintomáticos (n=25). Um teste psiquiátrico foi administrado para diagnosticar patologias psíquicas pertencentes ao DSM-IV, como a depressão e os transtornos distímico e bipolar I. Das patologias psíquicas relacionadas aos transtornos de humor, a depressão mostrou uma relação estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) com os pacientes sintomáticos para DCM. Ao analisar o índice de palpação separadamente, essa relação se manteve significante (p<0,05) numa escala crescente de valores, demonstrando a ação destes transtornos sobre a sintomatologia dolorosa muscular. Assim sendo, os transtornos mentais exerceriam uma influência considerável na etiologia da DCM, na medida em que potencializariam a dor. Isso ocorreria em função do aumento da tensão muscular, dos distúrbios do sono e de outras alterações fisiológicas advindas destes transtornos.

The Relation between Anger Management Style and Organ System-Related Somatic Symptoms in Patients with Depressive Disorders and Somatoform Disorders

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the relation between anger management style and organ system- related somatic symptoms in depressive disorder and somatoform disorder patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects included 73 patients with depressive disorders and 47 with somatoform disorders. Anger management styles were assessed by the Anger Expression Scale, while the severity of organ system-related somatic symptoms was evaluated using the Somatic Stress Response Scale (SSRS). The severity of depression and hostility was assessed by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) depression and hostility subscales. RESULTS: The results of multiple regression analyses showed that, in depressive disorder patients, the level of anger expression was significantly associated with the severity of somatic symptoms related to neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal systems. However, in these patients, the level of anger suppression was not significantly associated with the severity of somatic symptoms related to any specific organ systems. In patients with somatoform disorders, there was no significant association between the level of anger suppression or anger expression and the severity of the somatic symptoms related to any specific organ systems. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, in depressive disorder patients, anger expression is likely to be predominantly involved in the neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal organ systems. However, in each of depressive disorder and somatoform disorder patients, anger suppression is not likely to be associated with any specific organ systems.

Tired and depressed or just tired: a review of psychiatric morbidity associated with chronic fatigue syndrome

Severe disabling fatigue with no obvious physical cause has been a subject of much debate within the medical profession and media over the last decade. Despite much effort to clarify the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome the aetiology and pathophysiology remain elusive. However, there is much evidence to suggest that whatever the cause, depressive anxiety and somatoform syndromes occur more frequently than in healthy controls. We will compare some of findings of a survery of psychiatric morbidity associated with operationally defined chronic fatigue syndrome [CFS] undertaken in Cardiff UK, with other studies undertaken in North America and Europe. There is a need for research in CFS to be carried out internationally and for more systematic investigations into all aspects of this chronic disabling disorder

Programa de Ansiedade e Depressäo - UFRJ. Sèrie Psicofarmacologia - 16: O sofrimento da feiúra imaginária: transtorno dismórfico do corpo / The distress of imagined ugliness: body dysmorphic disorder

O transtorno dismórfico do corpo - preocupaçäo excessiva com um defeito imaginário da aparência - tem sido pouco investigado empiricamente. Entretanto, parece ser um transtorno crônico, com significativa morbidade e alta associaçäo com outros transtornos psiquiátricos, principalmente transtornos do humor, de ansiedade e de personalidade. Vem sendo descrito na literatura há mais de um século, com vários relatos de casos atestando potenciais complicaçöes tais como sucessivas cirurgias plásticas, hospitalizaçäo e tentativas de suicídio. Há um viés da literatura americana recente ao sugerir uma maior ligaçäo do transtorno dismórfico do corpo com o transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo do que com outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Mostramos que ele pode ocorrer em outros transtornos, através da descriçäo de três casos clínicos de transtorno dismórfico do corpo associado à fobia. Realizamos revisäo da literatura sobre o transtorno dismórfico do corpo abarcando os tópicos: diagnóstico, demografia, curso, comprometimento e complicaçöes, etiologia, tratamento e relaçäo com outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Notamos que sistemas como o DSM-III-R näo incluem dentre os critérios diagnósticos para transtorno dismórfico do corpo "pontos-de-corte" para diferenciar "casos" de "näo-casos" com base em sofrimento e/ou comprometimento funcional. Propostas recentes de tratamento farmacológico ressaltam os antidepressores bloqueadores da recaptaçäo da serotonina como opçöes promissoras. Salientamos a importância da detecçäo das síndromes comórbidas com o transtorno dismórfico do corpo para o planejamneto de uma estratégia terapêutica mais flexível e eficiente