Coagulopatía asociada a síndrome de malabsorción por enfermedad celíaca / Coagulopathy associated with celiac disease malabsorption syndrome

This article describes a 19-y-old patient with abdominal pain and signs of malnutrition. She had been treated previously with an antibiotic for chronic diarrhea. Laboratory analyses showed the presence mild hypoalbuminemia, and considerably prolonged prothrombin time. Tests revealed that hemostasis improved after the patient received fresh frozen plasma and vitamin k. A coagulation profile showed a decrease in clotting factors V, VII, IX, and fibrinogen. Positive serology (immunoglobulin A antitissue transglutaminase and immunoglobulin A antiendomysial antibodies) and small bowel mucosal histopathology confirmed the presence of celiac disease (CD). The girl recovered completely after she was put on a gluten-free diet. Vitamin K­deficiency is a rare complication that occurs in celiac disease manifestations. In addition to antibiotic therapy, treatment with other drugs that influence vitamin K resorption and metabolism may increase the risk of bleeding in patients with CD with hypoprothrombinemia.

Coagulopatía y covid-19. recomendaciones para una realidad cambiante / Coagulopathy and COVID-19. Recommendations for a changing reality

Resumen La pandemia COVID-19 provocada por el betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 exige rápidas respuestas desde el campo de la medicina. El riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso y arterial está aumentado durante la infección, especialmente en pacientes críticos. En ese contexto se destaca una coagulopatía caracterizada por niveles elevados de dímero D, con tendencia a la falla multiorgánica, y aumento de la mortalidad. Esas anormalidades de la hemostasia responden a varios mecanismos que deben tenerse en cuenta para la toma de decisiones terapéuticas. Analizamos la evidencia científica disponible en la que se fundamenta el enfoque terapéutico de la coagulopatía descripta y sus complicaciones, con el objetivo de diseñar recomendaciones terapéuticas realistas tendientes a disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires rapid medical responses. The risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism increases in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is a hypercoagulable state that includes elevated levels of D-dimer, with an increased risk of organ failure and increased mortality. The abnormalities described in hemostasis should be considered for therapeutic decision making. We analyzed the available scientific evidence for the therapeutic approach of coagulopathy in the course of the disease with the objective of designing realistic therapeutic recommendations aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19.

Proposal for the management of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy in children / Propuesta para el manejo de la coagulopatía asociada a COVID-19 en niños

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) has become a pandemic with a high case fatality rate that mainly affects adults. Most severely ill adult patients develop a coagulopathy that was not described until recently, and which is currently considered a main cause of death. Everything indicates that a similar phenomenon also occurs in children with COVID-19. Anticoagulant treatment has become one of the therapeutic foundations for this infection; however, its implementation in children can be difficult since, until recently, it was not considered in the pediatric population. Evidence regarding the use of anticoagulants in COVID-19 is rapidly generated, changes constantly, it is often difficult to interpret, and can be contradictory. After an extensive review of the published literature, a proposal was generated that offers suggestions for anticoagulant treatment, considering available resources in Mexico.

Resumen La infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) se ha constituido en una pandemia con alto índice de letalidad que afecta principalmente a los adultos. La mayor parte de los pacientes adultos graves desarrolla una coagulopatía que no estaba descrita, la cual actualmente se considera la principal causa de muerte. Todo indica que un fenómeno parecido ocurre también en el niño con COVID-19. El tratamiento anticoagulante se ha convertido en uno de los fundamentos terapéuticos de esta infección; sin embargo, su establecimiento en el niño puede ser difícil ya que, hasta hace poco, no estaba considerado en la población pediátrica. La evidencia respecto al uso de anticoagulantes en COVID-19 se genera con rapidez, cambia constantemente, con frecuencia es difícil de interpretar y puede ser contradictoria. Después de una extensa revisión de la literatura publicada, se generó una propuesta que ofrece sugerencias para el tratamiento anticoagulante en la que se consideran los recursos disponibles en México.

El papel de la enfermedad de von Willebrand en la hemorragia uterina anormal / Von Willebrand Disease in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

RESUMEN La hemorragia uterina anormal es un término empleado para las alteraciones en la regularidad, duración y/o volumen de sangrado menstrual y es considerada una causa común de consulta médica y en ocasiones supone un reto diagnóstico para el médico tratante. Dentro del abordaje de la etiología de dicha patología, las coagulopatías afectan alrededor del 13 por ciento de las mujeres, y la más común es la enfermedad de von Willebrand. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de la literatura científica actual sobre el papel que cumple la enfermedad de von Willebrand en la hemorragia uterina anormal. Esta es una patología hereditaria derivada de una deficiencia del factor von Willebrand encargado de la adhesión plaquetaria. La prevalencia de esta enfermedad puede ser baja, sin embargo, cuando se estudia la población de mujeres con menorragia, la frecuencia puede ir de 5 a 20 por ciento. Se han descrito diferentes problemas ginecológicos asociados a la enfermedad de von Willebrand, tales como menorragia, dismenorrea y una importante deficiencia de hierro asociada a esta, además de una mayor incidencia de quistes ováricos, endometriosis, hiperplasia endometrial y pólipos endometriales. La literatura actual sugiere que se realice tamizaje a aquellas mujeres con cuadro clínico sugestivo. Con respecto al tratamiento la literatura reporta el uso de ácido tranexámico y anticonceptivos orales, pero el que mayor utilidad ha demostrado es la desmopresina(AU)

ABSTRACT Abnormal uterine bleeding is a term used for alterations in the regularity, duration and / or volume of menstrual bleeding and it is considered a common cause of medical consultation; sometimes it is a diagnostic challenge for the treating physician. Within the aetiology approach of said pathology, coagulopathies affect around 13 percent of women, and the most common is von Willebrand disease. The objective is to review the current scientific literature on the influence of von Willebrand disease in abnormal uterine bleeding. This is an inherited pathology derived from a deficiency of the von Willebrand factor responsible for platelet adhesion. The prevalence of this disease may be low, however, when studying the population of women with menorrhagia, the frequency can range from 5 to 20 percent. Different gynecological problems associated with von Willebrand disease have been described, such as menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and a significant iron deficiency associated with it, in addition to a higher incidence of ovarian cysts, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial polyps. The current literature suggests that those women with suggestive clinical symptoms should be screened. Regarding treatment, the literature reports the use of tranexamic acid and oral contraceptives, nonetheless desmopressin has proven to be most useful(AU)

Coagulopatías adquiridas en pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras / Acquired coagulopathies in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital

Introducción: las coagulopatías adquiridas constituyen un problema de salud serio y frecuente en pacientes de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, existe falta de evidencia para su tratamiento adecuado y eficaz. Es importante el reconocimiento temprano de estas anormalidades para reducir morbilidad, estadía hospitalaria, costos y mortalidad. Objetivos: describir el comportamiento de las coagulopatías adquiridas y las concentraciones de los factores de la coagulación (I, II, V, VII y X) en pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo desde abril hasta junio de 2011, en 29 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Se determinaron los parámetros hematológicos al ingreso y cada 48-72 h para detectar coagulopatías adquiridas y déficit de factores de la coagulación. Resultados: presencia de coagulopatías al ingreso 58,62 por ciento, entre las 48-72 h 44,82 por ciento y en la última evaluación 51,73 por ciento. Predominó la coagulopatía por deficiencia de factores dependientes de vitamina K. Se encontró disminución significativa de los factores II, V, VII y X en el momento del ingreso; el II, V y X a las 48-72 h y en el momento final, los factores I y II. Conclusiones: se identificó la presencia de coagulopatías en diferentes momentos de la estadía dentro de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, predominó la coagulopatía tipo 3: por consumo de factores dependientes de vitamina K. Hubo disminución significativa de la concentración de los factores dependientes de vitamina K(AU)

Introduction: Acquired coagulopathies constitute a serious and frequent health problem in patients at intensive care units. There is a lack of evidence for their adequate and effective treatment. Early recognition of these abnormalities is important to reduce morbidity, hospital stay, costs, and mortality. Objectives: To describe the behavior of acquired coagulopathies and the concentrations of coagulation factors (I, II, V, VII and X) in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was carried out from April to June 2011 in 29 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital. Hematological parameters were determined at admission time and every 48-72 hours in order to detect acquired coagulopathies and coagulation factor deficits. Results: Presence of coagulopathies on the admission was 58.62 percent, between 48-72 hours it was 44.82 percent and in the last assessment it was 51.73 percent. Prevalence of coagulopathy due to deficiency of vitamin K-dependent factors. Significant decrease in factors II, V, VII and X was found at the admission time; of the factor II, V and X after 48-72 hours, and of factors I and II in the final moment. Conclusions: The presence of coagulopathies was identified at different times of hospital stay within the intensive care unit, type 3 coagulopathy predominated: consumption of vitamin K-dependent factors. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of vitamin K-dependent factors(AU)

Resistencia a la proteína C activada: estudio de laboratorio y prevalencia del defecto en la población chilena / Activated protein C resistance: laboratory study and prevalence of the defect in chilean population

Activated protein C resistance (APCR) or factor V leiden has been recently described as the most prevalent hemostatic abnormality associated with venous thrombosis. In patients with familial thrombophilia, the prevalence of APCR is 19-60 percent and around 20 percent in sporadic venous thrombosis. APCR is usually measured by the degree of prolongation of activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) on patient's plasma, induced by addition of APC in comparison to normal plasma. At the molecular level the defect is caused by a single-point mutation in the gene for factor V (FV) (G1.691-A), that predict the replacement of Arg506 by Glutamine. This mutation makes activated factor V resistant to inactivation by APC. Since the prevalence of the defect is highly variable among different populations, the objective of this work was to study its frequency in our population and in patients with thrombophilia. We defined the normal range for APTT ratio (APTT+APC/APTT-APC) in a group of 73 healthy volunteers in whom the presence of FV Q506 mutation was searched using Mnll enzyme digestion of PCR amplified genomic fragment containing the nucleotide 1.691. The lower limit of APTT ratio stablished in this group was 2.13. APCR was found in 6 out of 159 control subjects (3.8 percent) and in 14/50 (28 percent) of patients with thrombosis. In 13 cases as a single defect and in 1 associated to type I protein C deficiency. All the APCR patients and control subjects were heterozygotes by gene analysis. The results demonstrate that in our population APCR is also the most common defect associated with thrombosis, in accordance with a high prevalence in the population. The ability to screen for this defect will permit the identification of carriers that would benefit preventive therapy at risk situations

Exposure to acellular blood products and risk of HIV infection in hemophiliacs from Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Results of a HIV prevalence study conducted in hemophiliacs from Belo Horizonte, Brazil are presented. History of exposure to acellular blood components was determined for the five year period prior to entry in the study, which occurred during 1986 and 1987. Patients with coagulations disorders (hemophilia A = 132, hemophilia B = 16 and coagulation disorders other than hemophilia = 16) were transfused with liquid cryoprecipitate, locally produced, lyophilized cryoprecipitate, imported from Säo Paulo (Brazil) and factor VIII and IX, imported from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Europe, and United States. Thirty six (22%) tested HIV seropositive. The univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic model) demonstrated that the risk of HIV infection during the study period was associated with the total units of acellular blood components transfused. In addition, the proportional contribution of the individual components to the total acellular units transfused, namely a increase in factor VIII/IX and lyophilized cryoprecipitate proportions, were found to be associated with HIV seropositivity. This analysis suggest that not only the total amount of units was an important determinant of HIV infection, but that the risk was also associated with the specific component of blood transfused

Epidemic model of HIV infection and AIDS in Argentina: status in 1990 and predictive estimates

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS in Argentina, to study the dynamics of the spread of HIV and to predict the future course by means of an epidemic model. The model was constructed using differential equations to describe the interactions between members of the various groups at risk. The functional form of the solutions was used in a back calculation procedure using data from cohort studies which were done in other countries (U.S.A. and France) together with data of AIDS cases reported to the National AIDS Program, to determine the time evolution of HIV-infection in each of the groups at risk defined. Results show that HIV was introduced in Argentina during the early 80's and affected persons of the homosexual/bisexual group in a first stage. In April 1990 it was estimated that there were a total of 34,131 HIV-infected persons. Intravenous drug users (IVDU) represented 39.5%, homosexual/bisexual men 47.6% and heterosexual adults 11%. It is estimated that in December 1992 there will be 107,946 HIV-infected persons where heterosexuals contribute with more than 20% of that value. AIDS cases predicted for the same period are 4130, with 1958 among homosexual/bisexual, 1483 among IVDU, 449 in heterosexual adults, 153 in children under 4 years old and 87 among hemophiliacs or patients with blood coagulation disorders. By the end of 1994 the model predicts more than 200,000 HIV infected persons with an important proportion of heterosexual adults and more than 12,000 AIDS cases. The values of this period must be considered as a future possible scenario if the present spread conditions are preserved. Infection among heterosexual adults is at the present time in a first and exponential phase of spread and dominated by transmission from IVDU group and bisexual men. It is concluded that the future course of AIDS epidemic in Argentina may be particularly influenced by changes in the heterosexual behavior particularly in those with a higher degree of exposure to HIV-infection

Coagulation abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Coagulation profile was studied in 55 patients of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Abnormal kaolin clotting time (KCT) was observed in fewer patients (12.9%) as compared to abnormal Russel's viper venom time (RVVT, 20.4%) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, 32.7%). Prolonged prothrombin time (PT), observed in 7.3 per cent patients was not found to be a sensitive test for lupus anticoagulant (LAC). The correction of RVVT and KCT on addition of inosithin suggested a deficiency of platelet lipid factor in these patients. The initial value of uncorrected KCT in patient's plasma did not correlate with the amount of inosithin required for neutralisation. Occurrence of thromboembolic events was significantly associated with prolonged KCT. No other clinical feature showed significant association with any coagulation abnormality.