Our experience of emergency colorectal injury as a result of abdominal trauma

Objective: In the present study, we aimed to examine the treatments and their outcomes in cases with colon injuries after blunt and penetrating abdominal traumas. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients who underwent a laparotomy and were found to have a colon injury due to blunt abdominal trauma, penetrating stab injury, gunshot injury, and traffic accident were included. All patients were admitted into the emergency outpatient clinic of Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital General Surgery Clinic between 2016 and 2020. The records of the cases were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Colon injuries were detected in 26 cases. All 26 (100%) cases were males with an average age of 29.80 ± 11.4 (range: 17-60) years old. Colon injuries observed during emergency operations included 18 (69.23%) patients with a GSI (gunshot injuries), 3 (11.53%) with penetrating stab injuries, 4 (15.38%) who were a part of traffic accidents and 1 (3.85%) patient with a blunt abdominal trauma. A primary colon repair was performed in 10 patients. Five patients underwent a colon resection and there were end colostomies. Four patients underwent a loop ileostomy after a colon resection and anastomosis. Colon resections with anastomoses were performed in seven patients. The mean hospitalization period was 26 ± 29.28 days. Conclusion: Patients should be classified intraoperatively with findings, such as peritoneal contamination, degree of colon injury, duration of the injury, and any accompanying injuries. (AU)

Algunas especificidades concernientes a las complicaciones quirúrgicas infecciosas en adultos mayores tras cirugía abdominal de urgencia / Specificities Concerning Infectious Surgical Complications in Older Adults after Emergency Abdominal Surgery

Introducción: El manejo del paciente geriátrico en cirugía siempre ha representado un gran desafío por considerarse de "alto riesgo". Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, terapéuticas y epidemiológicas concernientes a las complicaciones quirúrgicas infecciosas en adultos mayores tras cirugía abdominal de urgencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles en pacientes adultos mayores que presentaron complicaciones quirúrgicas tras cirugía abdominal de urgencia en el período comprendido de 2019 hasta 2021 en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba. Se trabajó con una muestra de casos complicados y otra de controles, representada por aquellos que no sufrieron complicaciones. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, comorbilidades gérmenes aislados y tratamiento requerido. Resultados: Las complicaciones quirúrgicas en la cirugía abdominal urgente afectan fundamentalmente a pacientes adultos mayores en edades tempranas de ambos sexos con antecedentes de enfermedades endocrinas y/o cardiovasculares. La infección superficial y profunda del sitio quirúrgico es la complicación predominante. Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Escherichia coli, Pseudomona aureoginosa y Klebsiella. El tratamiento farmacológico seguido del quirúrgico se utilizó en la mayoría de los enfermos para la solución de sus complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las comorbilidades constituyen el factor de riesgo principal para la aparición de complicaciones quirúrgicas infecciosas en adultos mayores, tras cirugía abdominal de urgencia con primacía de la infección superficial y profunda del sitio quirúrgico. Los gérmenes causales están en relación con la microbiota de la piel, donde se realiza la incisión, y la microbiota de los órganos donde se efectúa la intervención quirúrgica(AU)

Introduction: The surgical management of the geriatric patient has always represented a great challenge because such is considered as "high risk." Objective: To describe the clinical, therapeutic and epidemiological characteristics concerning infectious surgical complications in older adults after emergency abdominal surgery. Methods: An analytical observational study of cases and controls was carried out with older adult patients who presented surgical complications after emergency abdominal surgery, in the period from 2019 to 2021, at the general surgery service of Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, of Santiago de Cuba. The study work was conducted with a sample of complicated cases and another sample of controls, the latter represented by those who did not suffer complications. The analyzed variables were age, sex, comorbidity, isolated germs and required treatment. Results: Surgical complications in emergency abdominal surgery affect mainly older adult patients at early ages, from both sexes and with a history of endocrine or cardiovascular diseases. Superficial and deep surgical-site infection is the predominant complication. The most frequently isolated germs were Escherichia coli, Pseudomona aureoginosa and Klebsiella. Pharmacological treatment followed by surgical treatment was used in most of the patients, with the aim of giving a solution to their complications. Conclusions: Comorbidity is the main risk factor for the appearance of infectious surgical complications in older adults after emergency abdominal surgery, primarily for superficial and deep surgical-site infection. The causal germs are related to the skin microbiota, according to the site where the incision is made, as well as the microbiota of the organs where the surgical intervention is performed(AU)

Trauma abdominal en pacientes del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García / Abdominal Trauma in patients at Hospital Universitario General Calixto García

Introducción: El trauma abdominal se considera un problema de salud significativo, debido a que su cinemática ocasiona lesiones tanto anatómicas como funcionales de los órganos del abdomen. Objetivo: Caracterizar el trauma abdominal en un grupo de pacientes lesionados del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal en los pacientes con trauma abdominal atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía General desde enero de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2019. La muestra fue de 879 pacientes. Resultados: Existió un mayor número de pacientes con trauma abdominal en el grupo etario de 19-29 años, con una prevalencia del sexo masculino. Predominaron los accidentes de tránsito como la principal causa de trauma abdominal con el 52 por ciento. Prevalecieron las lesiones sobre órganos macizos, con mayor frecuencia en el hígado con un 33 por ciento. El tratamiento que con mayor asiduidad se empleó fue el quirúrgico, lo que representa el 83 por ciento con respecto al manejo conservador. Conclusiones: Por su ubicación y funcionalidad, las lesiones asociadas a trauma abdominal se convierten en un factor que representa gran riesgo para la vida del paciente. Los accidentes de tránsito continúan estando dentro de las primeras causas de trauma abdominal. Aunque la conducta conservadora ha ganado adeptos, existe un predominio en el tratamiento quirúrgico apoyado fundamentalmente en la sintomatología de los pacientes y en los medios diagnósticos(AU)

Introduction: Abdominal trauma is considered a significant health problem due to the fact that its kinematics causes both anatomical and functional injuries to the abdominal organs. Objective: To characterize abdominal trauma in a group of injured patients from Hospital Universitario General Calixto García. Methods: An observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with abdominal trauma attended at the general surgery service from January 2017 to December 2019. The sample was 879 patients. Results: There was a higher number of patients with abdominal trauma within the age group 19-29 years, with a prevalence of the male sex. Road traffic accidents predominated as the main cause of abdominal trauma, accounting for 52 percent. Injuries to solid organs prevailed, most frequently to the liver, accounting for 33 percent. The most frequently used treatment was surgical, which represents 83 percent with reference to conservative management. Conclusions: Due to their location and functionality, injuries associated with abdominal trauma become a factor that represents a great risk for the patient's life. Road traffic accidents continue to be among the first causes of abdominal trauma. Although the conservative approach has gained followers, there is a predominance of surgical treatment supported mainly by the patients' symptomatology and diagnostic means(AU)

Multiple portions enteral nutrition and chyme reinfusion of a blunt bowel injury patient with hyperbilirubinemia undergoing open abdomen: A case report / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Blunt bowel injury (BBI) is relatively rare but life-threatening when delayed in surgical repair or anastomosis. Providing enteral nutrition (EN) in BBI patients with open abdomen after damage control surgery is challenging, especially for those with discontinuity of the bowel. Here, we report a 47-year-old male driver who was involved in a motor vehicle collision and developed ascites on post-trauma day 3. Emergency exploratory laparotomy at a local hospital revealed a complete rupture of the jejunum and then primary anastomosis was performed. Postoperatively, the patient was transferred to our trauma center for septic shock and hyperbilirubinemia. Following salvage resuscitation, damage control laparotomy with open abdomen was performed for abdominal sepsis, and a temporary double enterostomy (TDE) was created where the anastomosis was ruptured. Given the TDE and high risk of malnutrition, multiple portions EN were performed, including a proximal portion EN support through a nasogastric tube and a distal portion EN via a jejunal feeding tube. Besides, chyme delivered from the proximal portion of TDE was injected into the distal portion of TDE via a jejunal feeding tube. Hyperbilirubinemia was alleviated with the increase in chyme reinfusion. After 6 months of home EN and chyme reinfusion, the patient finally underwent TDE reversal and abdominal wall reconstruction and was discharged with a regular diet. For BBI patients with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia who underwent open abdomen, the combination of multiple portions EN and chyme reinfusion may be a feasible and safe option.

The "weekend effect" does not impact on outcome of trauma laparotomy - Experience from a level 1 trauma centre in New Zealand / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Trauma centres have been proven to provide better outcomes in developed countries for overall trauma, but there is limited literature on the systematic factors that describe any discrepancies in outcomes for trauma laparotomies in these centres. This study was conducted to examine and interrogate the effect of systematic factors on patients undergoing a trauma laparotomy in a developed country, intending to identify potential discrepancies in the outcome.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective study of all laparotomies performed for trauma at a level 1 trauma centre in New Zealand. All adult patients who had undergone an index laparotomy for trauma between February 2012 and November 2020 were identified and laparotomies for both blunt and penetrating trauma were included. Repeat laparotomies and trauma laparotomies in children were excluded. The primary clinical outcomes reviewed included morbidity, length of hospital stay, and mortality. All statistical analysis was performed using R v.4.0.3.@*RESULTS@#During the 9-year study period, 204 trauma laparotomies were performed at Waikato hospital. The majority (83.3%) were performed during office hours (170/204), and the remaining 16.7% were performed after hours (34/204). And 61.3% were performed on a weekday (125/204), whilst 38.7% were performed on the weekend/public holiday (79/204). Most of the parameters in office hours and after hours groups had no statistically significant difference, except lactate (p = 0.026). Most of the variables in weekday and weekend groups had no statistically significant difference, except pH, lactate, length of stay, and gastrointestinal complications (p = 0.012, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.020, respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#The current trauma system at Waikato hospital is capable of delivering care for trauma laparotomy patients with the same outcome regardless of working hours or after hours, weekday or weekend. This confirms the importance of a robust trauma system capable of responding to the sudden demands placed on it.

Surgical management of an abdominal impalement injury: a case report / Manejo quirúrgico de una lesion por empalamiento abdominal: reporte de caso

Impalement injuries are a complex and rare type of penetrating abdominal trauma that happens when an object such as a post or a pole penetrates a person injuring several organs, making it a life-threatening situation in which time and correct management play an important part in the survival of the patient. A 37-year-old man suffered abdominal impalement injury with a metal signal post, penetrating the left flank of the abdomen. On examination, there is a hypoventilated left hemithorax with intercostal retractions, increased heart rate, weak distal pulses, delayed capillary refill, and pale skin. A 1-meter-long metal post (approximately 7cm diameter) penetrates the left flank with the entry in the posterior lumbar region. Abdominal viscera, omentum, intestinal content, and ischemic loops of the small intestine are visible. An exploratory laparotomy was performed; left hemicolectomy, end colostomy and Hartmann procedure, resection of the affected jejunum, and end-to-end anastomosis were performed. On the ninth postoperative day, an abdominal tomography was performed due to the presence of fever peaks, which reported thrombosis of the left renal artery and emphysematous pyelonephritis, with the presence of a left pararenal collection. A simple left nephrectomy was performed. Postoperative surveillance was satisfactory during the following 5 days. The patient was discharged. An impaled injury is a complex lesion that needs special attention from the medical field for correct management. Although there is some literature about it, we encourage more research to be done about impalement injuries.

Las lesiones por empalamiento son un tipo de traumatismo abdominal penetrante complejo y raro de que se produce cuando un objeto, como un poste o una vara, penetra a una persona lesionando varios órganos, lo que la convierte en una situación potencialmente mortal en la que el tiempo y el manejo correcto juegan un papel importante en la supervivencia del paciente. Un hombre de 37 años sufrió una herida por empalamiento abdominal con un poste de señales de metal, penetrando el flanco izquierdo del abdomen. A la exploración física, hay un hemitórax izquierdo hipoventilado con retracciones intercostales, aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca, pulsos distales débiles, relleno capilar retrasado y piel pálida. Un poste metálico de 1 metro de largo (aproximadamente 7 cm de diámetro) penetra el flanco izquierdo con entrada en la región lumbar posterior. Son visibles las vísceras abdominales, el epiplón, el contenido intestinal y las asas isquémicas del intestino delgado. Se realizó una laparotomía exploradora; Se realizó hemicolectomía izquierda, colostomía terminal y procedimiento de Hartmann, resección del yeyuno afectado y anastomosis terminoterminal. Al noveno día postoperatorio se realiza tomografía abdominal por presencia de picos febriles, que reporta trombosis de arteria renal izquierda y pielonefritis enfisematosa, con presencia de colección pararrenal izquierda. Se realizó nefrectomía izquierda simple. La vigilancia postoperatoria fue satisfactoria durante los siguientes 5 días. El paciente fue dado de alta. Una lesión por empalamiento es una lesión compleja que necesita una atención especial desde el ámbito médico para su correcto manejo. Aunque existe cierta literatura al respecto, alentamos a que se realicen más investigaciones sobre estas lesiones.

Terapia asistida con vacío y estoma flotante (floating stoma): una nueva forma de tratar un absceso periostomal / Vacuum assisted therapy and floating stoma: S new way to treat a periostomal abscess

Resumen Introducción: Los estomas flotantes se definen como un estoma que no está fijado a la piel de la pared abdominal, esta técnica se ha descrito en cirugía para fístulas entero-atmosféricas y de control de daños. Caso Clínico: Presentamos un reporte de caso de manejo de absceso paraostomal en paciente con antecedente de laparotomía por abdomen agudo, por lo que se decide uso de terapia de presión negativa asociada a estoma flotante, demostrando su utilidad en este tipo complejo de pacientes.

Introduction: Floating stomata are defined as a stoma that is not attached to the skin of the abdominal wall, this technique is described in surgery for entero-atmospheric fistulas and damage control. Clinical Case: We present a case report of the management of paraostomal abscess in a patient with a history of laparotomy due to acute abdomen, it was decided to use negative pressure therapy associated with a floating stoma, demonstrating its usefulness in this complex type of patient.

Lesión duodeno-ureteral compleja por herida de arma de fuego: diagnóstico y resolución quirúrgica / COMPLEX DUODENAL-URETERAL LESION DUE TO FIREARM INJURY, DIAGNOSIS AND SURGICAL RESOLUTION

Las lesiones traumáticas duodenales son infrecuentes pero producen una tasa de morbi-mortalidad significativa. Se debe tener presente la elevada frecuencia de lesiones asociadas, siendo las de uréter superior las más frecuentes. Masculino de 50 años ingresa por HAF paravertebral derecha. Al ingreso OTE, lucido, vigil, con dolor y defensa abdominal generalizada. En la TC toracobdominal con cte EV y VO se objetiva extravasación de contraste oral a nivel duodenal y en fase excretora renal derecha.Se decide Laparotomía de urgencia objetivando lesión transfixiante de 2da porción de duodeno de < 50% de su circunferencia y sección de uréter derecho proximal. Se realiza rafia en dos planos de duodeno, colocación de pig tail y anastomosis T-T de uréter derecho mas drenaje. Buena evolución postquirúrgica con control tomográfico a las 72 hs sin objetivar fuga. Alta hospitalaria al 6to día. El traumatismo duodenal es una patología rara que se asocia con una tasa considerable de morbimortalidad, su localización retroperitoneal puede hacer que los clásicos signos de peritonismo no estén presentes en el momento de la evaluación, por lo que se recomienda la realización de exámenes clínicos seriados y de estudios complementarios con contraste VO y EV. Las lesiones ureterales asociadas son las más frecuentes. La mayoría tienen una pérdida mínima de tejido, siendo usualmente reparadas mediante desbridación y anastomosis.

Duodenal traumatic injuries are rare but produce a significant morbidity and mortality rate. The high frequency of associated lesions should be kept in mind, with those of the upper ureter being the most frequent. 50-year-old male enters for right paravertebral HAF. At hospital admission, lucid patient and vigil. Thoracoabdominal CT with intravenous and oral contrast show extravasation of oral contrast at the duodenal level and in the right renal excretory phase. Emergency laparotomy is decided by objectifying transfixing lesion of the 2nd portion of the duodenum of <50% of its circumference and proximal right ureter section. Raffia is performed in two planes of the duodenum, placement of pig tail and TT anastomosis of the right ureter plus drainage. Good post-surgical evolution with tomographic control at 72 hours without objectifying leakage. Hospital discharge on the 6th day. Duodenal trauma is a rare pathology that is associated with a considerable morbidity and mortality rate, its retroperitoneal location may make the classic signs of peritonism not present at the time of the evaluation, so clinical exams are recommended series and complementary studies with VO and EV contrast. Associated ureteral lesions are the most frequent, Most have minimal tissue loss, usually repaired by debridement and anastomosis.

Trauma de vena cava en pacientes politraumatizados: experiencia en el Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río / Vena cava injury in politraumatized patients

Resumen Introducción Por su ubicación retroperitoneal, las lesiones de vena cava (LVC) son infrecuentes, presentándose en el contexto de un paciente con múltiples lesiones intraabdominales y en estado crítico. Objetivo Describir la experiencia de pacientes politraumatizados con LVC sometidos a resolución quirúrgica en Hospital Dr. Sotero del Río. Materiales y Método Análisis retrospectivo de 36 pacientes politraumatizados que dentro de la intervención quirúrgica se evidenció LVC en un período comprendido entre el 2010 y 2017. Resultados La serie estuvo compuesta por 36 pacientes, con LVC. El 88,8% son hombres, en el 97,2% el mecanismo de trauma es penetrante. Dentro de los niveles anatómicos vasculares más frecuentemente lesionados está la cava infrarrenal (41,6%), suprarrenal (25%), yuxtarrenal (22,2%) y la retrohepática e intratorácica (5,5% cada una). Las estructuras lesionadas asociadas más frecuentes fueron intestino delgado (38,8%), otros vasos de gran calibre (36,1%) y riñón (30,5%). Dentro del tipo de resolución quirúrgica, al 15,6% se realizó ligadura de vena cava y al 83,3% rafia simple. En 33,3% fue necesaria una toracotomía para el control vascular, siendo 2 de estas toracotomías resucitadoras. La media de hospitalización fue de 19,8 días. La mortalidad fue de 33,3%. Conclusiones De acuerdo a lo presentado, la alta mortalidad de LVC se encontró en el grupo de pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica y número de lesiones asociadas, en especial si involucran otros grandes vasos. Los esfuerzos para optimizar la supervivencia se deberían dirigir al traslado rápido prehospitalario y al entrenamiento de los cirujanos que enfrentan este tipo de lesiones.

Introduction For its retroperitoneal location, vena cava injuries are infrequent, however, occurring to a patient with multiple intra-abdominal injuries and in critical condition. Aim To describe the experience of polytraumatized patients with VCI who underwent surgical resolution in the Dr. Sotero del Rio hospital. Materials and Method Retrospective analysis of 36 polytraumatized patients that showed VCI during the surgical intervention within 2010 and 2017. Results The series was composed of 36 VCI patients. 88.8% are men, in 97.2% the mechanism of trauma is penetrating. Within the vascular anatomical levels, the most frequently injured are the infra-renal cava (41.6%) suprarenal (25%), yuxta-renal (22.2%) retro-hepatic and intrathoracic (5.5% each). The most frequent associated injured structures were the small intestine (38.8%) other vessels of large caliber (36.1%) and kidney (30.5%). In relation to the type of surgical resolution, 15.6% had a vena cava ligature and 83.3% simple raffia. In 33.3%, a thoracotomy was required for vascular control, two of them were resuscitative procedures. The average of hospitalization was 19.8 days. The mortality was 33.3%. Conclusions According to what presented, the high mortality of VCI was found in the group of patients with hemodynamic instability and the number of associated injuries; specially if other large vessels are involved. To optimize the survival, the efforts should be focused on a fast prehospital transfer and the training for surgeons who face this type of injury.

Perforación traumática aislada de la vesícula biliar: revisión de la literatura actual con reporte de un caso / Isolated gallbladder perforation following blunt abdominal trauma: literature review and case report

Resumen Introducción La lesión de la vesícula biliar secundaria a trauma abdominal cerrado constituye un evento infrecuente de perforación traumática de ella, de presentación tardía. Objetivo Revisar la literatura científica actualmente disponible y además describimos un caso. Materiales y Método Utilizando la plataforma PubMed se buscan las siguientes palabras clave: " Blunt abdominal trauma ". Se seleccionan las series con lesiones de la vesícula biliar: " Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Se seleccionan los reportes de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Isolated gallbladder rupture ". Se seleccionan los reportes de presentación tardía de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture ". Resultados De todas estas publicaciones se seleccionan las que a criterio de los autores son relevantes para el presente caso. Discusión La mayoría de las perforaciones de la vesícula biliar se producen en vesículas sanas de paredes delgadas distendidas por el ayuno o el consumo de alcohol. No existe una presentación clínica clásica. Los estudios imagenológicos son inespecíficos y se llega al diagnóstico definitivo durante la exploración quirúrgica. El tratamiento de esta lesión es la colecistectomía. Conclusiones El diagnóstico no es fácil, pero la resolución es relativamente simple y el pronóstico es bueno. El presente caso ilustra este tipo de lesiones en pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado.

Introduction Gallbladder injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a rare event. Aim Review the current available scientific literature and describe a case. Materials and Method Using the PubMed platform, the following keywords were searched: "Blunt abdominal trauma". Series with gallbladder lesions were selected: "Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Reports of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Isolated gallbladder rupture". Reports of late presentation of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture". Of all these publications, those that were relevant to the present case were selected according to the criteria of the authors. Case report A 20 years-old male patient suffered an abdominal trauma two weeks before presentation at our Institution. He underwent an exploratory laparotomy showing bilious content and a gallbladder perforation over the peritoneal wall as an isolated injury. Discussion Most isolated gallbladder perforations occur in healthy gallbladders with thin walls and distended because fasting or alcohol consumption. There are no classical clinical features to diagnose this specific injury and radiologic studies are nonspecific. Definitive diagnosis is often reached during surgery as it was with our patient. Recommended treatment is cholecystectomy. Conclusions This case illustrates this unique kind of gallbladder injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. A clear diagnosis is not easy however, the treatment is simple and prognosis is good.

Assessment of trauma scoring systems in patients subjected to exploratory laparotomy / Avaliação dos escores de trauma em pacientes submetidos à laparotomia exploradora

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing exploratory trauma laparotomy based on severity and prognosis criteria, and to determine the predictive accuracy of trauma scoring systems in terms of morbidity and mortality. Methods: retrospective cohort study and review of medical records of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for blunt or penetrating trauma at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre, from November 2015 to November 2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, physiological (RTS and Shock Index), anatomical (ISS, NISS and ATI) and combined (TRISS and NTRISS) trauma scores, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, length of stay and outcomes. Results: 506 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 31 ± 13 years, with the majority being males (91.3%). Penetrating trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (86.2%), predominantly by firearms. The average RTS at hospital admission was 7.5 ± 0.7. The mean ISS and NISS was 16.5 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 13.6, respectively. The probability of survival estimated by TRISS was 95.5%, and by NTRISS 93%. The incidence of postoperative complications was 39.7% and the overall mortality was 12.8%. The most accurate score for predicting mortality was the NTRISS (88.5%), followed by TRISS, NISS and ISS. Conclusion: the study confirms the applicability of trauma scores in the studied population. The NTRISS seems to be the best predictor of morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma com base em critérios de gravidade e prognóstico, e determinar a acurácia preditiva dos escores de trauma em termos de morbimortalidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectiva e revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma contuso ou penetrante no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre no período de novembro de 2015 a novembro de 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, mecanismo do trauma, lesões associadas, índices fisiológicos (RTS e Shock Index), anatômicos (ISS, NISS e ATI) e mistos (TRISS e NTRISS), achados intraoperatórios, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação e desfecho. Resultados: foram incluídos 506 pacientes na análise. A idade média foi de 31 ± 13 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (91,3%). O trauma penetrante foi o mecanismo de lesão mais comum (86,2%), sendo a maioria por arma de fogo. A média do RTS na admissão hospitalar foi 7,5 ± 0,7. A média do ISS e do NISS foi 16,5 ± 10,1 e 22,3 ± 13,6, respectivamente. A probabilidade de sobrevida estimada pelo TRISS foi de 95,5%, e pelo NTRISS de 93%. A incidência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 39,7% e a mortalidade geral de 12,8%. O escore com melhor acurácia preditiva foi o NTRISS (88,5%), seguido pelo TRISS, NISS e ISS. Conclusões: o estudo confirma a aplicabilidade dos escores de trauma na população em questão. O NTRISS parece ser o sistema com melhor acurácia preditiva de morbimortalidade.

Adopción de la laparotomía exploradora como tratamiento del trauma abdominal penetrante durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) / Adoption of exploratory laparotomy as a treatment of penetrating abdominal trauma during the First War World Cup (1914-1918)

La laparotomía exploradora continúa siendo el tratamiento estándar para el trauma abdominal penetrante desde la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918). La conducta conservadora de finales de siglo XIX y principios del XX evolucionó a la intervencionista. Los cirujanos de los servicios sanitarios aliados de la Gran Guerra reconocieron la importancia de la intervención precoz, ejecutaron las primeras celiotomías exploradoras del hemisferio occidental de manera estandarizada y disminuyeron la mortalidad por este tipo de heridas. La retroalimentación entre la experiencia civil y militar en la terapéutica quirúrgica ha permitido la incorporación de avances en el tratamiento de este tipo de lesiones.(AU)

The exploratory laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma is the main treatment since the First World War. The conservative management was changed since the end of the century XIX and initial of the century XX to intervention. The allied surgeons of Great War applied the immediate surgical explorations, made the firsts celiotomies in Western Hemisphere and descended the mortality for this kind of patology. The symbiosis between the civil and military experience contribute to contemporary advances in this kind of surgeries.(AU)

Cirugía de control de daños abdominopélvica. Experiencia en un hospital de 3er Nivel / Abdominopelvic damage control surgery

La cirugía de control de daños (CCD), surge con el afán de mejorar los pobres resultados obtenidos con el abordaje quirúrgico tradicional en traumatismos abdominales graves y exanguinantes en pacientes críticos con escasa reserva fisiológica. Se define con una "cirugía por etapas", con un primer tiempo quirúrgico corto para controlar el sangrado y la contaminación con cierre temporario abdominal, seguido de un período de reanimación en unidad de cuidados intensivos y, finalmente, de reparación definitiva de las lesiones. Se revisaron las histrias clínicas de 41 pacientes sometidos a éste tipo de cirugía en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2011 y octubre de 2017 en el Hospital Municipal de Urgencias de la ciudad de Córdoba, 29 hombres y 12 mujeres, en cuanto al mecanismo lesional 23 casos fueron por trauma cerrado y 18 penetrantes. La edad promedio fue de 30 años, 28 pacientes presentaron lesiones asociadas, siendo las más frecuentes las torácicas en 14 pacientes y la mortalidad global de la serie del 41% (17 pacientes). El grupo etario involucrado, la distribución por sexo, y la mortalidad de nuestra serie no difiere de la bibliografía consultada

Damaage control surgery (CCD) arises with the aim of imporving the poor results obtained with the traditional surgical approach in severe and exanguinating abdominal trauma in critically ill patients with scarce physiological reserve. It is defined as a "step surgery", with a short surgical first time to control bleeding and contamination with temporary abdominal closure, followed by a period of resuscitation in the intensive care unit and, finally, definitive repair of the injuries. We revierwed the medical rcords of 41 patients undergoing this type of surgery in the period between arch 2011 and October 2017 at the Municipal Emergenci Hospital of the city of Córdoba, 29 men and 12 women, regarding the mechanism of injury 23 cases were due to closed trauma and 18 penetrating. The average age was 30 years, 28 patients had associated injuries, the most frequent being thoracic in 14 patients and the overall mortality of the series of 41% (17 patients). The age group involved, the distributin by sex, and the mortality of our series does not differ from the bibliography consulted

Influência do local de origem do trauma nos índices de admissão de pacientes submetidos à laparotomia de emergência / Influence of trauma origin site on admission rates of patients submitted to emergency laparotomy

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a influência do local de ocorrência do trauma nos escores de trauma de pacientes submetidos à laparotomia de emergência. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo observacional analítico. Foram incluídos 212 pacientes submetidos à laparotomias exploratórias no período de janeiro de 2015 e dezembro de 2017. Informações sobre o local do acidente e dados vitais dos pacientes foram obtidas com base na coleta de dados por meio de prontuários eletrônicos e físicos. Foram analisados os índices de trauma de pacientes provenientes de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana e o local em que o paciente foi socorrido (estabelecimento físico ou via pública). Resultados: entre os 212 pacientes estudados, 184 (86,7%) foram trazidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar provenientes da cidade Curitiba e 28 (13,3%) provenientes de Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Foram socorridos em estabelecimentos físicos 25 pacientes (17,6%), enquanto 117 (82,4%) foram socorridos em via pública. Observou-se maiores valores de ISS (Injurity Severity Score) dos pacientes procedentes da Região Metropolitana em relação aos procedentes de Curitiba (29,78 vs 22,46, P=0,009), enquanto valores maiores do TRISS (Trauma Trauma and Injury Severity Score) foram observados em pacientes procedentes de Curitiba em relação aos da Região Metropolitana (90,62 vs 81,30; P=0,015). Pacientes socorridos em via pública apresentaram menor valor de RTS (Revised Trauma Score) (6,96 vs 7,65; P=0,024) e TRISS (86,42 vs 97,21; P=0,012). Conclusão: pacientes vítimas de trauma procedentes de locais mais distantes do atendimento no centro de referência apresentaram pior prognóstico à admissão e foi observado pior prognóstico em pacientes socorridos em via pública.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the influence of the site of trauma occurrence on the trauma scores of patients submitted to emergency laparotomy. Methods: this is a retrospective, observational, analytical study. We included 212 patients who underwent exploratory laparotomies in the period of January 2015 and December 2017. We obtained information about the accident site and vital data of the patients based on data collection through electronic and physical records. We analyzed the trauma indices of patients from Curitiba and its Metropolitan Region and the place where the patient was rescued (physical establishment or public road). Results: among the 212 patients studied, 184 (86.7%) were brought by the Prehospital Care Service from the city of Curitiba, and 28 (13.3%), from the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. Twenty-five patients (17.6%) were rescued in physical establishments, while 117 (82.4%) were rescued on public roads. We observed higher values ​​of Injurity Severity Scores (ISS) in patients coming from the Metropolitan Region than in those coming from Curitiba (29.78 vs 22.46, P=0.009), but higher values ​​of Trauma and Injury Severity Scores (TRISS) in patients from Curitiba than the ones from the Metropolitan Region (90.62 vs 81.30, P=0.015). Patients rescued in public roads presented lower Revised Trauma Scores (RTS) (6.96 vs 7.65, P=0.024) and TRISS (86.42 vs 97.21; P=0.012). Conclusion: trauma victims from sites more distant from the referral center and rescued on public roads presented worse prognosis.

Lesión de vía biliar en trauma cerrado: nuevas tendencias en lesiones infrecuentes / Biliar injury in closed trauma: new trends in unusual injury

Objetivo: Reportar un caso clínico de lesión de la vía biliar intrapancreática tras traumatismo abdominal cerrado. Caso clínico: Paciente que acude a urgencias por intenso dolor abdominal, tras sufrir traumatismo toraco-abdominal cerrado al caer de una bicicleta. Posteriormente a su ingreso desarrolló fiebre, ictericia y patrón analítico de colestasis. Se solicitó colangiorresonancia magnética donde no se pudo valorar correctamente la vía biliar, pero se evidenció abundante líquido intraabdominal que no correspondía a sangre. Se indicó cirugía urgente ante la sospecha de lesión biliar. Se objetivó lesión de la vía biliar intrapancreática mediante colangiografía intra-operatoria y se decidió colocación de prótesis intrabiliar mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) intraoperatoria. Conclusión: La cirugía ha sido el tratamiento convencional para la lesión de la vía biliar, pero en la actualidad la CPRE con esfinterotomía y colocación de prótesis intrabiliar es un tratamiento adecuado y resolutivo de este tipo de lesiones pudiéndose considerar como tratamiento de primera línea.

Aim: To report a clinical case of biliar injury intrapancreatic in closed abdominal trauma. Clinical case: Patient who comes to the emergency room by severe abdominal pain after suffering thoraco-abdominal blunt trauma after falling from a bicycle. After his admission he developed fever, jaundice and analytical standards of cholestasis. Magnetic resonance which failed to correctly assess the bile duct was requested but showed plenty of intra-abdominal fluid blood that did not match. Emergency surgery for suspected biliary injury was reported. Intrapancreatic injury bile duct was observed by intraoperative cholangiography and prosthesis was decided intrabiliary by intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Conclusions: Surgery has been the standard treatment for bile duct injury, but now ERCP with sphincterotomy and placement of intrabiliary prosthesis is adequate and operative treatment of these injuries and can be considered as first-line treatment.

Utilización de modelos experimentales para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del control vascular del abdomen durante la formación en cirugía general / Use of experimental models for the teaching and learning of vascular control of the abdomen during training in general

Introducción: El traumatismo abdominal es una de las consultas más frecuentes en los servicios de urgencia. El aprendizaje del control de las lesiones vasculares abdominales es un desafío constante para el cirujano. La correcta identificación de las estructuras anatómicas y manejo de las lesiones de las mismas permiten disminuir los potenciales eventos adversos y la morbimortalidad de los pacientes quirúrgicos. Objetivos: Demostrar la necesidad de utilización de modelos experimentales para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del control vascular del abdomen en el trauma abdominal. Material y Método: Se consideraron dos periodos, entre los meses de Junio 2014 y Marzo 2016. El primer periodo se realizó jornadas de observación y aprendizaje de la anatomía en 15 cadáveres formolizados. En el segundo periodo se realizaron maniobras y abordajes para el control vascular en 5 modelos cadavéricos frescos y en 12 modelos experimentales animales vivos. Se realizaron evaluaciones mediante evaluación directa con posterior feedback. Se consideraron 10 médicos residentes de cirugía general del Hospital Aeronáutico Central. Resultados: Se intervinieron modelos animados porcinos en los cuales realizaron: M. Matox (60%), M. Catell-Brasch (50%), M. Pringle (40%), Clampeo Hilio Renal (90%), Clampeo Hilio Esplénico (90%), Packing Pélvico Subperitoneal (20%). Los restantes debieron finalizar el procedimiento con asistencia del médico especialista. Se intervinieron cadáveres frescos en los cuales realizaron: M. Matox (80%), M. Catell-Brasch (70%), M. Pringle (70%), Clampeo Hilio Renal (90%), Clampeo Hilio Esplénico (90%), Packing Pélvico Subperitoneal (60%). Los restantes requirieron asistencia de médico especialista para realizar correctamente el procedimiento. 8 (80%) médicos residentes lograron reconocer las estructuras anatómicas en todos los procedimientos. Se realizaron las estaciones de feedback correspondiente a cada residente. Conclusión: La utilización de nuevas herramientas educativas y la implementación de alternativas en los programas de formación generan resultados satisfactorios en el desempeño de los residentes de Cirugía General. El aprendizaje de la anatomía humana normal mediante demostración cadavérica favorece el reconocimiento de las estructuras anatómicas durante el acto quirúrgico. La utilización de modelos experimentales disminuye el riesgo de producir eventos adversos en cirugía

Introduction: Abdominal trauma is one of the most frequent reason for consultation in emergency services. Learning to exert control over abdominal vascular injury is a constant challenge for the surgeon who works in the emergency department. The correct identification of anatomical structures and the correct managment of injuries are likely to reduce potential unfavorable evolutions, morbidity and mortality of surgical patients by improving the survival rate. The aim of this study is to establish the need for USING experimental models for teaching and learning abdominal vascular control in the presence of abdominal trauma.Objectives: the objective of the following work is to delimit zones of easy and quick access to approach subclavian vessels. Material and method: we used n: 30 formaldehyde cadaveric preparations which were dissected in a period from march to September 2016. After the dissection period, a period of demonstration and learning was carried out, where 10 general surgery residents were evaluated on their anatomical knowledge. In the following period, ten subclavian vessels were approached in fresh cadaveric preparations taking on account the time used for the boarding. Time limit of 2 minutes and 3 seconds was set. The residents who obtained a longer average time, repeated the demonstration and learning stage until the stipulated time was improved. Results: the correct approach of subclavian vessels with previous training provides a safe escenary for the patient. The commitment of the subclavian vessels in emergency room requires the shortest possible time to approach it, cause its injury is vital. Conclusions: The approach of subclavian vessels in neck is the special interest for training residents of general surgery. The incorporation of cadaveric models for the acquisition of skills in vascular control of subclavian vessels, decreases the morbidity and mortality of patients with vessel injury in the emergency room

Impact of respiratory therapy in vital capacity and functionality of patients undergoing abdominal surgery / Impacto da fisioterapia respiratória na capacidade vital e na funcionalidade de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the vital capacity after two chest therapy techniques in patients undergoing abdominal surgical. Methods A prospective randomized study carried out with patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit after abdominal surgery. We checked vital capacity, muscular strength using the Medical Research Council scale, and functionality with the Functional Independence Measure the first time the patient was breathing spontaneously (D1), and also upon discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (Ddis). Between D1 and Ddis, respiratory therapy was carried out according to the randomized group. Results We included 38 patients, 20 randomized to Positive Intermittent Pressure Group and 18 to Volumetric Incentive Spirometer Group. There was no significant gain related to vital capacity of D1 and Ddis of Positive Intermittent Pressure Group (mean 1,410mL±547.2 versus 1,809mL±692.3; p=0.979), as in the Volumetric Incentive Spirometer Group (1,408.3mL±419.1 versus 1,838.8mL±621.3; p=0.889). We observed a significant improvement in vital capacity in D1 (p<0.001) and Ddis (p<0.001) and in the Functional Independence Measure (p<0.001) after respiratory therapy. The vital capacity improvement was not associated with gain of muscle strength. Conclusion Chest therapy, with positive pressure and volumetric incentive spirometer, was effective in improving vital capacity of patients submitted to abdominal surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a capacidade vital comparando duas técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e randomizado realizado com pacientes admitidos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva após cirurgia abdominal. Verificamos a capacidade vital, a força muscular por meio da escala do Medical Research Council e funcionalidade pela Medida de Independência Funcional no primeiro momento em que o paciente encontrava-se em respiração espontânea (D1) e na alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (Dalta). Entre D1 e Dalta, foi realizada a fisioterapia respiratória, conforme o grupo randomizado. Resultados Foram incluídos 38 pacientes, sendo 20 randomizados para Grupo Pressão Positiva Intermitente e 18 para o Grupo Incentivador Inspiratório a Volume. A capacidade vital entre o D1 e Dalta do Grupo Pressão Positiva Intermitente não teve ganho significativo (média de 1.410mL±547,2 versus 1.809mL±692,3; p=0,979), assim como no Grupo Incentivador Inspiratório a Volume (1.408,3mL±419,1 versus 1.838,8mL±621,3; p=0,889). Houve melhora significativa da capacidade vital no D1 (p<0,001) e na Dalta (p<0,001) e da Medida de Independência Funcional (p<0,001) após a fisioterapia respiratória. A melhora da capacidade vital não apresentou relação com o ganho da força muscular. Conclusão A fisioterapia respiratória, por meio de pressão positiva ou de incentivador inspiratório a volume, foi eficaz na melhora da capacidade vital em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal.