Urgencias en cuidado paliativo oncológico / Emergencies in palliative oncological care

El paciente oncológico de cuidados paliativos puede presentar una variedad importante de condiciones clínicas que producen sufrimiento y disminución en la calidad de vida; esto se presenta como un reto para el clínico en la identificación y correcto abordaje de los pacientes. El dolor se ha considerado por años como el síntoma cardinal a tratar en el paciente oncológico, donde se deben considerar sus condicionantes fisiopatológicos, la farmacología de las intervenciones, los posibles efectos secundarios y los condicionantes familiares, sociales y personales del dolor, pero a pesar de su relevancia, no es el único síntoma, estando acompañado de un abanico de patologías, como las afectaciones gastrointestinales, pulmonares, vasculares, hematológicas y neurológicas, que favorecen la pérdida de capacidad del paciente y, en muchas ocasiones, la muerte. Se realizó una revisión actualizada en bases de datos como EMBASE, PUBMED, SCIELO, además de la revisión de guías de asociaciones internacionales con el objetivo de acercar a todos los médicos, sin distinguir su especialidad o área de trabajo, al abordaje y manejo del paciente oncológico en cuidado paliativo, favoreciendo la sensibilización con estas patologías y la importancia en el curso de vida de los pacientes.

The palliative care cancer patient can present a significant variety of clinical conditions that produce suffering and a decrease in the quality of life. This is a challenge for the clinician in the identification and correct approach of patients. Pain has been considered for years as the cardinal symptom to be treated in cancer patients, where its pathophysiological factors, the pharmacology of the interventions, possible side effects and the family, social and personal conditions of pain must be considered, but despite its relevance is not the onset of symptoms and is accompanied by a range of pathologies such as gastrointestinal, pulmonary, vascular, hematological and neurological affectations that favor the loss of capacity of the patient and in many cases death. An updated review was carried out in databases such as EMBASE, PUBMED, SCIELO in addition to the revision of guides from international associations with the aim of bringing all doctors without distinguishing their specialty or area of work to the approach and management of cancer patients in palliative care favoring awareness of these pathologies and their importance in the life course of patients.

Guidance on diagnosis, prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications in COVID-19: a position paper of the Brazilian Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Committee of the Brazilian Association of Hematology, Hemotherapy and Cellular Therapy

ABSTRACT Hemostatic abnormalities and thrombotic risk associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are among the most discussed topics in the management of this disease. The aim of this position paper is to provide the opinion of Brazilian experts on the thromboprophylaxis and management of thrombotic events in patients with suspected COVID-19, in the sphere of healthcare in Brazil. To do so, the Brazilian Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (BSTH) and the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Committee of the Brazilian Association of Hematology, Hemotherapy and Cellular Therapy (ABHH) have constituted a panel of experts to carefully review and discuss the available evidence about this topic. The data discussed in this document was reviewed by May 9, 2020. Recommendations and suggestions reflect the opinion of the panel and should be reviewed periodically as new evidence emerges.

The Hospital Zambrano Hellion venous thromboembolism rapid response team (PREVENTION-team): Improving pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis patient care / Equipo de respuesta rápida para tromboembolismo venoso del Hospital Zambrano Hellion (PREVENTION-Team): Mejorando el manejo del tromboembolismo pulmonar y trombosis venosa profunda

Abstract Background: Fast-track worldwide reperfusion programs improve outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and stroke. Similar programs called Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) focus on submassive and massive pulmonary embolism (PE) excluding deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: PREVENTION-team (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism [VTE] Rapid Response). Primary objective: Fast-track stratification, diagnostics, and treatment (60-90 min) to improve proximal DVT and submassive and massive PE patients care. Secondary objectives: Increase diagnosis rate of low-risk PE and distal DVT; exploration of cause; long-term anticoagulation; identify high-risk profile for chronic complications; community-based support groups and patient education to extend the concept of the thrombosis-free hospital to thrombosis-free home. Structure and organization: The team includes cardiologists, vascular medicine, angiologist, echocardiographer, cardiovascular imaging, and interventional cardiologists. The team will be accessible 24 h a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, and base on previous national experience. The cardiology fellow on call will be responsible for activation and evaluation. We will design several tools to accelerate these processes. Risk stratification and therapeutic approach will be based on clinical presentation, echocardiogram, and biomarkers findings. According to PERT stratification based on resources and medical specialties, Hospital Zambrano Hellion has level 1 PERT. PREVENTION-team links physicians with different expertise, provide fast, efficient, and time-saving treatment, potentially saving lives and reducing bleeding and chronic complications in VTE patients. Finally, establishing a network in our hospital and health system to improve VTE patients care. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rapid response team focused on VTE in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Programas de reperfusión mejoraron la evolución en infarto con elevación del ST y accidente cerebrovascular embólico. Programas similares llamados PERT para TEP masiva o submasiva excluyen TVP. Métodos: Equipo PREVENTION (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism Rapid Response). Objetivo primario: Estratificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento acelerado (60-90 minutos) para mejorar atención del TVP proximal y TEP masiva o submasiva. Objetivos secundarios: Incrementar diagnóstico de TEP de riesgo bajo y TVP distal; explorar causa; anticoagulación a largo plazo; perfil de riesgo alto para complicaciones crónicas; grupos de soporte en la comunidad y educación para pacientes, y extender el concepto de hospital libre de trombosis a hogar libre de trombosis. Estructura y organización: Incluye cardiólogos, medicina vascular, angiólogo, ecocardiografistas, imagen cardiovascular. Basado en experiencia nacional, el equipo estará accesible 24 horas del día, siete días de la semana, 365 días del año. El residente de cardiología realizará la activación y estratificación. Diseñamos herramientas para acelerar el proceso. La estratificación de riesgo y el abordaje terapéutico se basará en presentación clínica, hallazgos ecocardiograficos y biomarcadores. El Hospital Zambrano Hellion tiene nivel PERT 1 de acuerdo a la estratificación PERT basada en recursos y especialidades. Equipo-PREVENTION en TEV vincula médicos con diferentes capacidades, ofrece rápido y eficiente tratamiento para preservar vidas y reducir complicaciones hemorrágicas y crónicas. En nuestro hospital y sistema de salud establecer una sólida red de trabajo para mejorar la atención. Hasta nuestro conocimiento, en México este podría ser el primer equipo de respuesta rápida enfocado en TEV.

Variantes genéticas frecuentes del factor von Willebrand: su influencia en el laboratorio y la clínica / Frequent genetic variants of von Willebrand factor: its influence in the laboratory and clinic

El factor von Willebrand (VWF) es una glucoproteína altamente polimórfica. Se describen aquí diferentes variantes genéticas asintomáticas altamente frecuentes, sus influencias sobre los estudios fenotípicos, en los niveles plasmáticos del mismo, y por consiguiente en diferentes entidades clínicas. Se detallan también variaciones en la frecuencia alélica según las etnias analizadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue alertar sobre la necesidad de conocer la frecuencia de los polimorfismos en la población normal para evitar posibles conclusiones erróneas al momento del hallazgo de cambios no previamente reportados en la literatura científica.

The von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a highly polymorphic glycoprotein. Several frequent asymptomatic genetic variants, their influences on phenotypic studies, on the plasma levels of VWF, and therefore in different clinical entities are described here. Variations in allele frequency in different ethnic groups analyzed are also detailed. The aim of this study was to highlight the need to know the frequency of polymorphisms in the normal population to avoid possible erroneous conclusions at the time of finding genetic variants not previously reported in the scientific literature.

O fator von Willebrand (VWF) é uma glicoproteína altamente polimórfica. Diversas variantes genéticas assintomáticas muito frequentes são descritas aqui, suas influências em estudos fenotípicos, nos níveis plasmáticos de VWF e, portanto, em diferentes entidades clínicas. Variações na frequência alélica também são detalhadas segundo diferentes grupos étnicos analisados. O objetivo desse trabalho é alertar sobre a necessidade de conhecer a frequência dos polimorfismos na população normal, a fim de evitar possíveis conclusões errôneas no momento de encontrar variações genéticas não relatadas anteriormente na literatura científica.

Profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso, podemos fazer melhor? Perfil de risco e profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso em Hospital Universitário do interior do Estado de São Paulo / Venous thromboembolism, can we do better? Profile of venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in a University Hospital in the State of São Paulo

O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) é uma doença silenciosa e potencialmente letal que acomete parcela importante dos pacientes hospitalizados. Com alta morbimortalidade e elevado custo financeiro para o sistema de saúde, o TEV pode ser prevenido com uso da profilaxia, já estabelecida pela literatura. No mundo real, a profilaxia para TEV possui média de adequação inferior a 50%. Objetivos Definir o perfil epidemiológico do doente com TEV em um hospital universitário e a taxa de adequação da profilaxia para TEV no referido serviço, além de determinar meios para melhorá-la. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional realizado pela coleta de dados no prontuário médico dos pacientes que preencheram critérios de inclusão. Comparou-se a taxa de adequação da profilaxia para TEV prescrita para pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, segundo diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV), de acordo com sua classificação de risco para TEV. Resultados A taxa global de adequação das prescrições de profilaxia para TEV foi de 42,1% versus 57,9% de inadequação. Pacientes clínicos obtiveram taxa de adequação de 52,9%, enquanto pacientes cirúrgicos obtiveram taxa de adequação de 37,5%. Conclusões As taxas de prescrição adequada para profilaxia para TEV ainda se encontram aquém do esperado. Educação continuada, estímulo à aplicação da estratificação de risco à beira do leito e adequações no sistema de prescrição eletrônica podem aumentar as taxas de prescrição adequada para profilaxia de TEV

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a silent and potentially lethal disease that affects a considerable proportion of hospitalized patients. It has high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. However, VTE can be prevented using prophylaxis measures that have been established in the literature. Nonetheless, in the real world, mean rates of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis are lower than 50%. Objectives To define the epidemiological profile of patients with VTE in a University Hospital and the rate of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis at that service and to identify measures to improve the rate. Methods A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted with data collected from the medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. The rates of correct VTE prophylaxis prescribed to clinical and surgical patients were compared, assessed according to guidelines published by the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV), based on VTE risk classification. Results The overall rate of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis was 42.1%, while 57.9% of patients were not managed correctly in this respect. Clinical patients had a 52.9% rate of appropriate prophylaxis, while the equivalent rate for surgical patients was 37.5%. Conclusions Rates of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis are still lower than they should be. Ongoing education, measures to encourage bedside risk stratification, and improvements to the electronic prescription system could increase appropriate VTE prophylaxis rates

Tromboembolismo pulmonar pós-operatório em cirurgia geral / Postoperative pulmonary thromboembolism in general surgery

Objetivos: O objetivo dessa revisão é fornecer subsídios para o diagnóstico, manejo e profilaxia do quadro de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) em pacientes em pós-operatório. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão e síntese da literatura disponível, procurando escolher os temas mais relevantes e contemporâneos. Resultados: A clínica de TEP é diversa e o diagnóstico desafiador, sendo prudente o uso de algoritmos específicos que evitam exames desnecessários e permitem o início do tratamento com a brevidade merecida. A escolha da estratégia de profilaxia deve ser feita baseada no risco estratificado pelo escore de Caprini. TEP é uma entidade prevalente e significante nos hospitais de todo o mundo e pacientes no período pós-operatório apresentam um maior risco de desenvolver esta condição. Após a estabilização clínica do paciente, anticoagulação deverá ser iniciada. Caso exista contra-indicação absoluta, existem alternativas terapêuticas a serem aventadas. A duração da anticoagulação é individualizada, durando pelo menos 3 meses. Conclusões: Por ser uma causa prevenível de morte, a profilaxia, identificação e manejo precoce do quadro são de suma importância.

Aims: The objective of this review is to provide subsidies for the diagnosis, management and prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in postoperative patients. Methods: A review and synthesis of the available literature was done by searching for the most relevant and recent themes. Results: The clinical presentation of PE is diverse and the diagnosis is challenging, so the use of specific algorithms to avoid unnecessary tests and to allow the treatment as soon as possible is advisable. The choice of the prophylactic strategy ought to be made based on the risk as stratified by the Caprini Score. After clinical stabilization, anticoagulation must be initiated. In case of absolute contraindication, there are therapeutic alternatives to be explored. The duration of the anticoagulation is individualized, lasting for at least 3 months. PE is a prevalent and relevant entity in hospital settings throughout the world, and postoperative patients are at an increased risk of developing this condition. Conclusions: Being a preventable cause of death, prophylaxis, early identification and treatment of the disease is of utmost importance.

Caracterización de pacientes hospitalizados con neoplasia activa y diagnóstico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa mediante la puntuación de Khorana en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer / Khorama score as a predictive tool for thromboembolic events in high risk patients

Background: There is an established relation between cancer and the development of thromboembolic venous disease. Khorana et al developed a predictive score using clinical characteristics and laboratory values to stratify patients according to their risk. Aim: To characterize using Khorana score, patients with active cancer and a diagnosis of thromboembolic disease during hospitalization in an oncology hospital. Material and Methods: Review of records of the pharmacy of the hospital, selecting patients who received heparin in therapeutic doses during their hospitalization. Using laboratory values available in the medical records, the Khorama score was calculated. Results: Twenty seven patients with thromboembolic events, aged 60 ± 2 years (56% males) were selected for the study. Eighty percent of them were catalogued in the intermediate and high risk group according to Khorana score. Conclusions: Khorana score is a simple scale that might be useful to establish early prophylactic measures in patients with high risk for thromboembolic events, especially those with cancer.

Venous thromboembolism in Latin America: a review and guide to diagnosis and treatment for primary care

There are various region-specific challenges to the diagnosis and effective treatment of venous thromboembolism in Latin America. Clear guidance for physicians and patient education could improve adherence to existing guidelines. This review examines available information on the burden of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis in Latin America and the regional issues surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Potential barriers to appropriate care, as well as treatment options and limitations on their use, are discussed. Finally, an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in ambulatory patients is proposed and care pathways for patients with pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are outlined for primary care providers in Latin America.

Venous Thromboembolism Following Hip and Knee Replacement Arthroplasty in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on Claims Registry

The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and trends of clinically relevant venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after hip and knee replacement arthroplasty (HKRA) in Korea. Between January 1 and December 31, 2010, 22,127 hip replacement arthroplasty (HRA) patients and 52,882 knee replacement arthroplasty (KRA) patients were enrolled in the analysis using the administrative claims database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). All available parameters including procedure history and clinically relevant VTE during the 90 days after HKRA were identified based on diagnostic and electronic data interchange (EDI) codes. The overall incidence of VTE, DVT, and PE during the 90 days was 3.9% (n=853), 2.7% (n=597), and 1.5% (n=327) after HRA, while the incidence was 3.8% (n=1,990), 3.2% (n=1,699), and 0.7% (n=355) after KRA. The incidence of VTE after HKRA was significantly higher in patients who had previous VTE history (odds ratio [OR], 10.8 after HRA, OR, 8.5 after KRA), chronic heart failure (2.1, 1.3), arrhythmia (1.8, 1.7), and atrial fibrillation (3.4, 2.1) than in patients who did not. The VTE incidence in patients with chemoprophylaxis was higher than that in patients without chemoprophylaxis. The incidence of VTEs revealed in this retrospective review was not low compared with the results of the studies targeting other Asian or Caucasian populations. It may warrant routine prevention including employment of chemoprophylaxis. However, the limitation of the reviewed data mandates large scale prospective investigation to affirm this observation.

Validation of new D-Dimer cutoff values to increase its diagnostic utility as biochemical marker in acute venous Thromboembolic Disease

Background: Diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease [deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism] is often inaccurate because signs and symptoms are nonspecific. Numerous clinical management trials using D-dimer which is one of the coagulation markers have shown that it has a sufficient specificity to assist in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease

Aim of the work: This study was done to validate the utility of D-dimer as a diagnostic biomarker for DVT using a higher cutoff values which may improve the test specificity

Material and method: In this retrospective chart review study, we reviewed the hospital records of all patients for whom D-dimer assay was done in King Abdul Aziz Specialist Hospital, Al Taif - Saudi Arabia from January 2011 to October 2013. The study involved 141 individuals; 25 who were proved to be normal were chosen to serve as control group [Group I], 61 patients who were positive for DVT by duplex scanning [Group II] and 55 patients who had symptoms of DVT but showed negative results on duplex ultrasound[group III]

Results: The demographic data revealed statistically insignificant difference between all studied groups. No significant differences were detected between the studied groups, except for hemoglobin level which was significantly lower in patients of groups II and III than in control group. However, highly significant differences were detected between different studied groups as regards D-dimer. Analysis of the receiver operator characteristic [ROC] curve to establish the cutoff level of the studied marker in the diagnosis of DVT, verified that D-dimer value of 0.92 mg/L can accurately differentiate patients who were positive for DVT on duplex scanning from control group. Level of 2.81 mg/L for D-dimer was considered as a cutoff point that can differentiate patients who were duplex negative and free from thrombosis from those who eventually developed thrombosis

Conclusion: This study suggests the importance of the use of modified D-dimer cut-off values that can safely differentiate patients who are free from venous thromboembolic disease from others who are positive for the disease sparing patients the unnecessary risks of anticoagulation. In addition it can detect the patients who will eventually develop thrombosis regardless their primary duplex ultrasound scanning results, so, they could receive anticoagulation treatment

Comments on Point of Care D-Dimer Testing in the Emergency Department: A Bioequivalence Study

No abstract available.

Response to the Comments on 'Point of Care D-Dimer Testing in the Emergency Department-A Bioequivalence Study' and Erratum to the Results

No abstract available.

Point of Care D-Dimer Testing in the Emergency Department: A Bioequivalence Study

BACKGROUND: D-dimer is used widely as a diagnostic aid in low- and moderate-risk patients with suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE). While our laboratory utilizes VIDAS D-dimer analyzer (bioMerieux SA, France), our emergency department (ED) recently procured a D-dimer analyzer AQT90 FLEX (Radiometer Medical ApS, Denmark) for point of care testing (POCT) to facilitate patient management. We aimed to determine whether the time taken to receive D-dimer results using the 2 different analyzers differed significantly and to quantify the limits of agreement between the results of the 2 methods measured on the same patient. METHODS: Adult patients presenting to the ED and requiring diagnostic workup for suspected VTE were included in this prospective observational study. Patients underwent simultaneous D-dimer measurements using the 2 different analyzers. RESULTS: The paired results from 104 patients were analyzed. The median time for the D-dimer results from triage by VIDAS was 258 min (Inter-quartile range [IQR], 173-360) and by POCT was 146 min (IQR, 55-280.5); the median time difference was 101.5 min (IQR, 82-125.5). On an average, POCT D-dimer values were 15% lower on the same sample (limits of agreement, 34-213%). POCT predicted 83% of VIDAS positive results (sensitivity, 83.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 70.4-91.3%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 93.6-100%]). All patients with positive imaging were identified correctly by both methods. CONCLUSIONS: POCT delivers D-dimer results in significantly shorter turnaround times than pathology services; however, poor bioequivalence between VIDAS and POCT raises the issue of acceptability for use in the ED.

Experiencia de 11 años en la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en el período grávido puerperal / Eleven-years experience in venous thromboembolism diseases during the gravidic-puerperal period

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal de las 198 pacientes, entre gestantes y puérperas, que presentaron enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) que incluye, trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) y tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) desde enero del año 2000 a diciembre del 2010 y que fueron ingresadas en los hospitales ginecobstétricos de Santiago de Cuba y en las terapias de los hospitales Saturnino Lora y Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso, respectivamente, con el objetivo de identificar los principales factores de riesgo, características clínicas, modalidades de tratamiento y complicaciones de la enfermedad durante el embarazo y puerperio. La incidencia de ETV es de 1,34 por 1 000 nacimientos. El 84,1 por ciento de las TVP ocurrieron en el periodo anteparto, las varices y el reposo prolongado fueron los principales factores de riesgo y el 83 por ciento de los TEP se presentaron en el periodo posparto, asociados a la cesárea y la infección. Según el test de probabilidad, el 93,8 por ciento de las pacientes tenían alta probabilidad para TVP y el 90,6 por ciento lo tuvieron para TEP. La sensibilidad para TVP de venas proximales con Doppler fue del 94 por ciento y el miembro inferior izquierdo fue el más afectado en 78,6 por ciento. La mortalidad materna por tromboembolismo pulmonar resultó ser de un 10,1 por ciento. Se concluye que la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es una entidad frecuente en nuestro medio, se demostró la importancia del modelo clínico en el diagnóstico precoz, la efectividad de la heparina en el curso del embarazo y la asociación del TEP de manera importante a la mortalidad

A longitudinal, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in the 198 patients (puerperal and pregnants) presenting with venous thromboembolism (VTE) including a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) from January, 2000 to December, 2020 admitted in the Gynecology and Obstetrics hospitals and also in the therapy units of Saturnino Lora and Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas, respectively to identify the major risk factors, clinical features, treatment modalities and disease complications during pregnancy and puerperium. The incidence of VTE is of 1.34 by 1 000 births. The 84.1 percent of PTE occurred in the prepartum period, varices and the extended rest were the major risk factors and the 83 percent of PVT were present during postpartum period, associated with a cesarean section and infection. According the probability test, the 93.8 percent of patients had a high chance for PTE and the 90.6 percent for DVT. Sensitivity for PTE of the proximal veins with Doppler was of 94 percent and the left lower extremity was the more involved in the 78,6 percent. Mother mortality from pulmonary thromboembolism was of 10.1 percent. We conclude that the venous thromboembolism is a frequent entity in our environment demonstrating the significance of clinical model in the early diagnosis, the effectiveness of heparin in the pregnancy course and the significant association between DVT and mortality

Tromboembolismo venoso e câncer colorretal: um desafio para o cirurgião: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Venous thromboembolism and colorectal neoplasm: a challenge for the surgeon: case report and literature review

O tromboembolismo venoso é uma causa comum de mortalidade e morbidade nos pacientes com câncer. Estes apresentam risco de 5-6 vezes maior de eventos tromboembólicos, comparados com a população geral. A cirurgia colorretal nesses pacientes implica em alto risco de complicações tromboembólicas pós-operatórias. Este artigo relata o caso de um paciente de 46 anos com câncer colorretal e carcinomatose peritoneal evoluindo com complicações tromboembólicas, além de revisão de literatura.

Venous thromboembolic disease is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with cancer. Patients have a 5-6 fold increase in the risk for a venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. Colorectal surgery in these patients implies a specific high risk for postoperative thromboembolic complications. This article reports a case of a 46 years old patient with colorectal cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis developing thromboembolic complications, and literature review.

Tromboprofilaxia: recomendações médicas e programas hospitalares / Thromboprophylaxis: medical recommendations and hospital programs

O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) é a principal causa evitável de óbito hospitalar. O TEV hospitalar está relacionado a mais de 50 por cento dos episódios de TEV, podendo ocorrer durante ou após a hospitalização. A tromboprofilaxia, em pacientes selecionados, é a abordagem recomendada para pacientes internados. A seleção de pacientes para tromboprofilaxia requer a estratificação do risco de TEV, que inclui a doença básica acrescida de fatores adicionais de risco ou modelos padronizados de avaliação de riscos (RAM). As categorias de risco orientam a seleção da tromboprofilaxia, que pode incluir medidas gerais, mecânicas, medicamentosa ou combinada. Embora os protocolos tromboprofiláticos existam há décadas, muitos pacientes em risco (20 por cento a 75 por cento) continuam a não receber a tromboprofilaxia recomendada. O objetivo deste estudo é alertar sobre a importância do tema e orientar a formulação de estratégias para a organização de programas de tromboprofilaxia hospitalar, em nosso meio.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients. Hospital-related VTE is associated with more than half of the VTE burden in a community, either in-hospital or after discharge. Selective thromboprophylaxis is recommended for patients at risk. Patient selection for thromboprophylaxis requires proper VTE risk stratification. VTE stratification may be achieved by either risk assessment models (RAM) or by models based on patient's illness and associated risk factors. Whatever the model, a thromboprophylatic recommendation should be formulated for each VTE risk category. VTE thromboprophylaxis may include general measures, mechanic compression procedures, pharmacological intervention or a combined approach. After many decades of consensus statements, a large proportion of at risk patients (20 percent to 75 percent) still does not receive proper thromboprophylaxis. This study aims to alert to the relevance of thromboprophylaxis and to suggest hospital thromboprophylatic strategies in a Brazilian setting.