Emergence, Transmission, and Potential Therapeutic Targets for the COVID-19 Pandemic Associated with the SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT

The pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 at the end of 2019 marked the third outbreak of a highly pathogenic coronavirus affecting the human population in the past twenty years. Cross-species zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has caused severe pathogenicity and led to more than 655,000 fatalities worldwide until July 28, 2020. Outbursts of this virus underlined the importance of controlling infectious pathogens across international frontiers. Unfortunately, there is currently no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, although several broad-spectrum antiviral drugs targeting multiple RNA viruses have shown a positive response and improved recovery in patients. In this review, we compile our current knowledge of the emergence, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and explore several features of SARS-CoV-2. We emphasize the current therapeutic approaches used to treat infected patients. We also highlight the results of in vitro and in vivo data from several studies, which have broadened our knowledge of potential drug candidates for the successful treatment of patients infected with and discuss possible virus and host-based treatment options against SARS-CoV-2.