Recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista y no prevista de la Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació I Terapèutica del Dolor, basadas en la adaptación de guías de práctica clínica y consenso de expertos / Recommendations for the evaluation and management of the anticipated and non-anticipated difficult airway of the Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació I Terapèutica del Dolor, based on the adaptation of clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus

La Sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Catalana de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SCARTD) presenta la actualización de las recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil con el fin de incorporar los avances técnicos y los cambios observados en la práctica clínica desde la publicación de la primera edición en 2008. La metodología elegida fue la adaptación de 5 guías internacionales recientemente publicadas, cuyo contenido fue previamente analizado y comparado de forma estructurada, y el consenso de expertos de los 19 centros participantes. El documento final fue sometido a la valoración de los miembros de la SCARTD y a la revisión por parte de 11 expertos independientes. Estas recomendaciones están pues sustentadas en la evidencia científica actualmente disponible y en un amplio acuerdo de los profesionales de su ámbito de aplicación. En esta edición se amplía la definición de vía aérea difícil, abarcando todas las técnicas de manejo, y se hace mayor hincapié en la valoración de la vía aérea y en la clasificación en 3 categorías según el potencial grado de dificultad y las consideraciones de seguridad adicionales, que guiarán la planificación de la estrategia a seguir. La preparación previa al manejo de la vía aérea, no solo relativa al paciente y al material, sino también a la comunicación e interacción entre todos los agentes implicados, ocupa un lugar destacado en todos los escenarios incluidos en el presente documento. El texto refleja el aumento progresivo del uso de los videolaringoscopios y de los dispositivos de segunda generación en nuestro entorno y promueve tanto su uso electivo como el uso precoz en la vía aérea no prevista. También recoge la creciente utilización de la ecografía como herramienta de apoyo en la exploración y toma de decisiones. Se han abordado nuevos escenarios como el riesgo de broncoaspiración y la extubación considerada difícil. Finalmente, se trazan las líneas maestras de los programas de entrenamiento y formación continuada en vía aérea necesarios para garantizar la implementación efectiva y segura de las recomendaciones

The Airway Division of the Catalan Society of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management (SCARTD) presents its latest guidelines for the evaluation and management of the difficult airway. This update includes the technical advances and changes observed in clinical practice since publication of the first edition of the guidelines in 2008. The recommendations were defined by a consensus of experts from the 19 participating hospitals, and were adapted from 5 recently published international guidelines following an in-depth analysis and systematic comparison of their recommendations. The final document was sent to the members of SCARTD for evaluation, and was reviewed by 11 independent experts. The recommendations, therefore, are supported by the latest scientific evidence and endorsed by professionals in the field. This edition develops the definition of the difficult airway, including all airway management techniques, and places emphasis on evaluating and classifying the airway into 3 categories according to the anticipated degree of difficulty and additional safety considerations in order to plan the management strategy. Pre-management planning, in terms of preparing patients and resources and optimising communication and interaction between all professionals involved, plays a pivotal role in all the scenarios addressed. The guidelines reflect the increased presence of video laryngoscopes and second-generation devices in our setting, and promotes their routine use in intubation and their prompt use in cases of unanticipated difficult airway. They also address the increased use of ultrasound imaging as an aid to evaluation and decision-making. New scenarios have also been included, such as the risk of bronchoaspiration and difficult extubation Finally, the document outlines the training and continuing professional development programmes required to guarantee effective and safe implementation of the guidelines

Recommendations for the evaluation and management of the anticipated and non-anticipated difficult airway of the Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació i Terapèutica del Dolor, based on the adaptation of clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus. / Recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista y no prevista de la Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació i Terapèutica del Dolor, basadas en la adaptación de guías de práctica clínica y consenso de expertos.

The Airway Division of the Catalan Society of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management (SCARTD) presents its latest guidelines for the evaluation and management of the difficult airway. This update includes the technical advances and changes observed in clinical practice since publication of the first edition of the guidelines in 2008. The recommendations were defined by a consensus of experts from the 19 participating hospitals, and were adapted from 5 recently published international guidelines following an in-depth analysis and systematic comparison of their recommendations. The final document was sent to the members of SCARTD for evaluation, and was reviewed by 11 independent experts. The recommendations, therefore, are supported by the latest scientific evidence and endorsed by professionals in the field. This edition develops the definition of the difficult airway, including all airway management techniques, and places emphasis on evaluating and classifying the airway into 3 categories according to the anticipated degree of difficulty and additional safety considerations in order to plan the management strategy. Pre-management planning, in terms of preparing patients and resources and optimising communication and interaction between all professionals involved, plays a pivotal role in all the scenarios addressed. The guidelines reflect the increased presence of video laryngoscopes and second-generation devices in our setting, and promotes their routine use in intubation and their prompt use in cases of unanticipated difficult airway. They also address the increased use of ultrasound imaging as an aid to evaluation and decision-making. New scenarios have also been included, such as the risk of bronchoaspiration and difficult extubation Finally, the document outlines the training and continuing professional development programmes required to guarantee effective and safe implementation of the guidelines.

Algoritmo de manejo de la vía aérea en la paciente obstétrica / Airway management algorithm in the obstetrics patient

No disponible

Réplica a los comentarios al artículo "Uso del videolaringoscopio de Mcgraft junto con la guía frova en el manejo de la vía aérea difícil" / No disponible

No disponible

Comentarios al artículo "Sedación con sevoflurano para resonancia magnética en pediátría: estudio clínico retrospectivo de 5.864 casos" / No disponible

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Aclaraciones a los comentarios sobre "Evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista y no prevista: adopción de guías de práctica" / No disponible

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Comparative study of intubating conditions at the first minute with suxamethonium, rocuronium and different priming techniques of rocuronium.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate orotracheal intubation conditions after 1 min. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study with 376 adult American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I-III patients. Each patient received propofol, fentanyl and either suxamethonium (1 mg kg(-1)) or rocuronium. The intubating dose of rocuronium (2 x ED95) was preceded 4 min earlier by saline, or a 0.1 x ED95 priming dose of rocuronium, atracurium, cis-atracurium, vecuronium or mivacurium. Intubating conditions were graded as excellent, good or poor with respect to laryngoscopy, vocal cord position and movement and reaction to intubation and/or cuff inflation. RESULTS: There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in laryngoscopy between suxamethonium and rocuronium primed with saline, atracurium or cis-atracurium. With respect to vocal cord position and movement during intubation, rocuronium without priming differed significantly from all other groups and for reaction to insertion of tracheal tube and/or cuff inflation. Rocuronium without priming differed significantly from all other groups except for rocuronium primed with itself. The mivacurium group showed more signs of pre-curarization than other groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between rocuronium alone and the other groups when final intubating conditions were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Priming rocuronium with 0.1 x ED95 of vecuronium, rocuronium, atracurium or cis-atracurium is a safe technique and did not increase risk of pre-curarization in healthy patients.

Uso combinado de Fastrach y fibrobroncoscopio en pacientes con estómago lleno / Combined use of the Fastrach mask and fiberoptic bronchoscope in patients with full stomachs

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[The effect of encephalogram bispectral index monitoring during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in outpatient surgery]. / Repercusión de la monitorización del índice biespectral del electroencefalograma en anestesia intravenosa total con propofol en cirugía sin ingreso.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of monitoring the encephalogram bispectral index (BIS) during outpatient surgery. Outcome measures were amount of propofol administered, awakening and discharge. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty consecutive outpatient surgery patients were studied. The patients gave informed consent and received general intravenous anesthesia with propofol administered through a laryngeal mask using a computerized system (Diprifusor(R)). Two groups were formed: in group A, BIS was monitored, although the information was hidden from the anesthesiologists, who used the usual signs (loss of blinking reflex, pupil size and hemodynamic response) to guide anesthesia; in group B the anesthesiologists used BIS monitoring to guide propofol administration. Measurements were blood pressure, heart rate and BIS at six times during the procedure (T1-T6). Other data recorded were age, weight, height, propofol consumption in relation to weight and duration of procedure, consumption of rocuronium and alfentanil, duration of propofol infusion, time from withdrawal of propofol until eye opening, duration of stay in the post-anesthesia intensive care unit and time until total recovery. A questionnaire assessed the presence of intraoperative awareness and degree of satisfaction. The data were analyzed by Student's t and a chi square tests, with statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Demographic variables (age, weight and height) were similar, as were duration of propofol infusion, total dose of alfentanil and rocuronium, evolution of blood pressure and heart rate. Statistically significant differences in BIS were observed at two times, T4 and T5; total propofol administered was 32.6% lower in group B; and time until eye opening was significantly shorter in group B. No significant differences were observed for time until full recovery. No instances of intraoperative awareness were reported and satisfaction was high in both groups. CONCLUSION: BIS monitoring allows for propofol titration that leads to a mean reduction of 32.6% in consumption, shortening the time until eye opening without causing intraoperative awareness or reducing patient satisfaction.

Repercusión de la monitorización del índice biespectral del electroencefalograma en anestesia intravenosa total con propofol en cirugía sin ingreso / The effect of encephalogram bispectral index monitoring during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in outpatient surgery

OBJETIVO. Evaluar la repercusión de la monitorización del índice biespectral del electroencefalograma (BIS) sobre la administración de propofol y sus efectos sobre los parámetros de despertar y alta de la unidad de cirugía sin ingreso.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Con su consentimiento informado, estudiamos a 40 pacientes consecutivos intervenidos en programa de cirugía ambulatoria bajo anestesia general intravenosa con propofol administrado mediante un sistema informatizado (Diprifusor®) y mascarilla laríngea. Se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo A en los que se monitorizó el BIS aunque éste no era visible para el anestesiólogo, que guiaba la anestesia por los signos clínicos habituales (pérdida de reflejo parpebral, tamaño pupilar y respuesta hemodinámica), y grupo B en los que se guió la administración de propofol con la monitorización del BIS. Se midió la presión arterial, la frecuencia cardíaca y el BIS en 6 momentos de la intervención (T1-T6). Registramos la edad, el peso, la talla, el consumo de propofol, rocuronio y alfentanilo en relación con el peso y la duración del procedimiento, la duración de la infusión de propofol, el tiempo desde la parada de la perfusión de propofol hasta apertura ocular, el tiempo de estancia en la unidad e recuperación postanestésica (URPA 1) y el tiempo de recuperación total. Mediante un cuestionario valoramos la presencia de despertar intraoperatorio y el grado de satisfacción. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de la t de Student y el test de la 2, considerando estadísticamente significativa una p < 0,05.RESULTADOS. No hubo diferencias demográficas en cuanto a edad, peso, talla y duración de la perfusión de propofol, ni en el consumo de alfentanilo ni rocuronio. La evolución de la presión arterial y de la frecuencia cardíaca fue similar en ambos grupos. La evolución del BIS evidenció diferencias estadísticamente significativas en dos de los momentos medidos, tiempos T4 y T5. El consumo de propofol fue un 32,6 por ciento inferior en el grupo B. El tiempo de apertura ocular fue inferior en el grupo B de forma estadísticamente significativa, y no hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto al tiempo de recuperación total. No se produjo ningún caso de despertar intraoperatorio, y el grado de satisfacción fue elevado en ambos grupos.CONCLUSIÓN. La monitorización del BIS permite titular la dosis de propofol con un descenso medio del 32,6 por ciento, acortando el tiempo de apertura ocular, sin que se produzca despertar intraoperatorio y sin detrimento en el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes (AU)

No disponible

Fisiopatología del dolor radicular / No disponible

Basados en datos experimentales y clínicos extraídos de la literatura se analizan los factores etiopatogénicos del dolor radicular lumbar. Las características anatómicas de las raíces de los nervios espinales justifican su comportamiento clínico. El factor compresión no es ni el único ni el más importante. Hay que considerar los factores inflamatorios, vasculares y neurales valorando también el papel del ganglio de la raíz dorsal. La aceptación de la etiopatogenia multifactorial del dolor radicular ayudará a extremar el análisis clínico y a seleccionar la indicación terapéutica (AU)

Based on experimental and clinical data derived from the literature, etiopathogenic factors of lumbar radicular pain are reviewed. The anatomic characteristics of the spinal nerve roots explain their clinical behavior. Compression is neither the only one nor the most important factor. Vascular and neural inflammatory factors have to be considered, and the role of the dorsal root ganglion has to be also assessed. The recognition of the multifactorial etiopathogenicity of radicular pain will help to improve the clinical analysis and the selection of the therapeutic indication (AU)

[Fastrach intubation in patients with cervical disease]. / Intubación con Fastrach en pacientes con enfermedad cervical.

The Fastrach laryngeal mask for intubation is a new device designed for blind orotracheal intubation in patients with criteria predictive of difficult airway control. The new device looks like the conventional laryngeal mask but offers a series of design changes that allow orotracheal intubation to be accomplished without visualization of the glottis. The rigid metal tube is bent and incorporates a metal handle; the two fixed bars that prevent the epiglottis from falling and blocking the opening have been replaced by a moveable bar that rises with the passage of the endotracheal tube and the exit of the V-shaped metal tube guides the endotracheal tube that was specially designed for this use. We describe three patients with cervical disease, one with advanced ankylosing spondylitis, one with traumatic luxation of the C6-C7 articulation and one diagnosed of two cervical disk hernias. All their tracheas were intubated without difficulty through the Fastrach mask with the patients' heads in neutral position. Although fiberoptic bronchoscopy is the method of choice in patients with cervical problems, the non-availability of the technique and the need for training in its use make the Fastrach mask an alternative worth considering for such patients.

[Comparative study of two methods for laryngeal mask insertion]. / Estudio comparativo de dos técnicas de inserción de la mascarilla laríngea.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two ways of inserting laryngeal airway masks: uninflated and partially inflated to 75% of the volume, as recommended by manufacturers. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied 60 ASA I-II patients scheduled for outpatient surgery under general anesthesia with numbers 3 or 4 laryngeal masks, after having obtained informed consent from the patients (or parents in the case of minors). The patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In group A the masks were inserted inflated to 75% of volume as recommended by manufacturers, whereas in group B deflated masks were inserted as described by Brain. Anesthesia was standardized for all patients. One patient was withdrawn from the study when a technical error was detected. We recorded the presence of criteria predictive of difficult airway management, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate at four times (baseline, before and after induction and after insertion of the mask), number of insertion tries, final mask volume needed for adequate ventilation, need for an additional dose of the hypnotic drug and complications. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences between the two insertion methods were found. Difficult airway management criteria were unrelated to difficulty of mask insertion. Correct insertion of an uninflated mask proved impossible in one patient, in whom we were then able to insert an inflated mask. CONCLUSION: No differences were found between inflated insertion and Brain's uninflated insertion technique. We believe that inflated mask insertion might be useful when uninflated insertion proves impossible.

[Vascular lesions in surgery of the lumbar spine]. / Lesiones vasculares en cirugía de columna lumbar.

We present two cases of iliac artery damage arising from surgery to correct a lumbar disc hernia due to ventral perforation. The first was a pseudoaneurysm of the left iliac artery with a retroperitoneal hematoma diagnosed by ultrasound and TAC on the third day after surgery. The second was a retroperitoneal hematoma diagnosed by intraoperative ultrasound after the patient was shifted to a new position. Emergency laparotomy was performed on both patients to repair the damage. This is an unusual but serious complication, and in most cases requires intuitive diagnosis and lifesaving surgery.