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1.
Cureus ; 15(1): e33742, 2023 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36788821

ABSTRACT

Cervical whiplash syndrome (CWS) or whiplash syndrome is a highly debated concept because there is still no consensus on its definition -- symptoms are usually very severe but the pain's root cause is typically uncertain. Clinical investigation and detailed radiology seldom identify a specific pathology. Thus, soft tissue injury is generally considered the most likely explanation for the symptoms, although it is difficult to confirm, even by MRI. We describe the clinical case of a physical education teacher who suffers an accident in one of her classes. The following day she is assessed at the emergency department and, after undergoing a radiological study of the cervical spine, she is diagnosed with straight cervical spine (kyphosis). She is observed again seven days later due to persistent pain but sent home with unchanged indications for rest and medication. After that her cervicobrachialgia progressively worsens, limiting her left shoulder active mobility and leading to associated muscle atrophy (in addition to a burnout syndrome). Several years after she is considered to have a total permanent disability. Finally, the authors propose that CWS should be approached according to the post-traumatic bodily injury evaluation methodology, suggesting some interventions.

2.
Rev. med. (São Paulo) ; 101(5): e-172947, set-out. 2022.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395426

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A prevalência de cesarianas cresceu no Brasil. Gestação e parto são influenciados por aspectos culturais e econômicos da sociedade em que a gestante está inserida. Objetivo: Analisar fatores que influenciam a escolha da via de parto pela gestante. Métodos: Trata-se de revisão narrativa da literatura incluindo artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2020. Foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS e SciELO, com descritores "Bioética", "Cesárea", "Comportamento de escolha", "Decisão", "Direitos da mulher", "Gravidez", "Parto", "Parto normal", "Sistema único de saúde". Resultados: Foram encontradas taxas de cesariana no setor privado maiores do que no público. Menor idade materna e escolaridade, raça negra, residência em meio rural e nas regiões Norte e Nordeste foram associados a menor prevalência de cesariana. Obesidade materna, cesariana prévia, intercorrências na gravidez, apresentação fetal não cefálica, macrossomia estiveram mais relacionados a cesariana. Dor, previsibilidade, relação da mãe com o recém-nascido, alta hospitalar, vida sexual e retorno às atividades foram relacionados a escolha do parto vaginal. Discussão: A disparidade de cesarianas no setor público e privado sugere o impacto de aspectos financeiros na escolha. Variáveis socioeconômicas são importantes nessa decisão. Conclusões: A escolha da via de parto é influenciada por vários fatores. [au]


Introduction: The prevalence of caesarean sections has grown in Brazil. Pregnancy and childbirth are influenced by cultural and economic aspects of the society in which the pregnant woman is inserted. Objective: To analyze factors that influence the choice of the mode of delivery by the pregnant woman. Methods:This is a narrative literature review including articles published between 2009 and 2020. Searches were made in Pubmed, LILACS and SciELO databases, with descriptors "Bioethics", "Caesarean section", "Choice behavior", "Decision", "Women's rights", "Pregnancy", "Childbirth", "Normal delivery" and "The Unified Brazilian Health Care System". Results: Caesarean section rates were found to be higher in the private sector than in the public sector. Lower maternal age and education, black race, residence in rural areas and in the North and Northeast regions were associated with lower prevalence of caesarean section. Maternal obesity, previous caesarean section, complications in pregnancy, non-cephalic fetal presentation and macrosomia were more related to caesarean section. Pain, predictability, mother's relationship with the newborn, hospital discharge, sexual life and return to activities were related to the choice of vaginal delivery. Discussion: The disparity of caesarean sections in the public and private sectors suggests the impact of financial aspects on the choice. Socioeconomic variables are important in this decision. Conclusions: The choice of mode of delivery is influenced by several factors. [au]

3.
Rev. bras. educ. méd ; 40(3): 521-527, jul.-set. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-829814

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O prontuário do paciente constitui uma ferramenta fundamental para a prestação do cuidado em saúde, podendo ser definido como um registro padronizado e organizado de toda a informação referente à saúde de um indivíduo, desde o nascimento até a morte. Na década de 1970, impulsionados pelo crescente desenvolvimento da tecnologia, surgem os primeiros sistemas de Prontuários Eletrônicos do Paciente (PEP), sob uma proposta de informatização dos registros em saúde. Por meio de uma criteriosa pesquisa bibliográfica, questões concernentes ao prontuário eletrônico do paciente foram discutidas, especialmente do ponto de vista ético. Os avanços tecnológicos aplicados à área de saúde devem ser implantados de maneira crítica, em que pesem as consequências imprevistas que possam ter quanto à relação médico-paciente, uma vez que o cuidado e o respeito devem ser prioridade, e não os interesses particulares. Por isso, uma análise apenas técnica não abarca elementos que podem ser compreendidos à luz dos conceitos éticos, os quais norteiam escolhas baseadas no interesse comum.


ABSTRACT Electronic Medical Records serve as a fundamental tool in the healthcare service and may be defined as standardized and organized records featuring all the information on a patient’s medical history since birth. Due to technological developments, the first Electronic Medical Records were created in the 1970s in order to computerize records in the healthcare field. Bibliographical research was carried out in order to discuss aspects of electronic medical records, especially concerning their ethical dimensions. Technological improvements should be considered in a more critical way, since there may be unforeseen consequences related to their use, especially related to the doctor-patient relationship. Despite technology’s importance in improving healthcare services, care and respect should always be of priority and personal interests should be avoided. An analysis that highlights only the technical aspects of Electronic Medical Records is therefore insufficient to answer all the questions that might arise, with ethical concepts perhaps playing a role in answering such questions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Medical , Ethics, Medical , Electronic Health Records , Biomedical Technology
4.
Rev. enferm. UFPE on line ; 8(2): 372-378, fev.2014. ilus
Article in Portuguese | BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1033659

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: verificar a relação desmame precoce e a consequente exposição aos substitutos do leite maternoantes dos seis meses de vida com o desenvolvimento do diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: estudoquantitativo, com pais de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, cadastrados no Serviço deControle de Hipertensão, Diabetes e Obesidade da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Juiz de Fora, totalizandouma amostra de 89 participantes. O instrumento para coleta foi um questionário, em seguida os dados foramtabulados, interpretados pela análise estatística descritiva. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética emPesquisa, com o parecer nº 274/2007. Resultados: são apresentados dados referentes à caracterização daamostra; ocorrência ou não do desmame precoce; período do aleitamento materno exclusivo; dieta oferecidaapós o desmame e motivos que levaram a ocorrência deste. Conclusão: é possível a relação entre desmameprecoce, com a consequente introdução de substitutos do leite materno, e o desenvolvimento do diabetesmellitus tipo 1.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Weaning , Diabetes Mellitus , Breast Feeding , Epidemiology
5.
rev. cuid. (Bucaramanga. 2010) ; 3(1): 293-299, ene.-dic. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-870019

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la dieta es importante en la patogénesis de la diabetes tipo 1, los estudios indican una fuerte asociación entre la exposición temprana a la leche de vaca y la aparición de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Verificar la existencia de la relación entre el destete precoz de la lactancia materna, la exposición a otras leches antes de seis meses de vida y el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, a los padres respecto a los niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 que se registraron en el Departamento de Control de la Presión Arterial, Diabetes y Obesidad del Departamento Municipal de Salud de Juiz de Fora com una muestra total de 89 participantes. El instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue un cuestionario estructurado aplicado a estos padres, los sujetos de la investigación fueron de ambos sexos y de todas las razas. Cabe señalar que el origen de esta investigación son los usuarios de los servicios de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, pero sólo los padres o tutores fueron entrevistados. Resultados: Se presentan datos sobre la caracterización de la muestra, la aparición o no de destete precoz de la lactancia materna, período de la lactancia materna exclusiva, si se ofreció dieta después del destete y las razones que llevaron a esta ocurrencia. Discusión y Conclusiones: La relación entre el destete precoz de la lactancia materna, con la consiguiente introducción de sustitutos de la leche materna, podría conllevar al desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 1.


Introduction: diet is important in the pathogenesis of tipe 1 diabetes, studies show a strong association between early exposure to cow’s milk and the onset of the disease. Objective: To verify the existence of the relationship between early weaning of breast feeding and subsequent exposure to breast milk substitutes before six months of life with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: Quantitative research, which was to subject parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who were registered at the Department of Control of Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity Municipal Health Department of Juiz de Fora, a total sample of 89 participants. Instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire applied to these parents, research subjects, of both sexes and all races. It is noteworthy that the origins of this research are service users of type 1 DM patients, but only parents or guardians were interviewed. Results: Data are presented concerning the characterization of the sample; occurrence or not of early weaning of breast feeding, period of exclusive breastfeeding, offered diet after weaning and reasons that led to this occurrence. Discussion and Conclusions: The relationship between early weaning of breast feeding, with the consequent introduction of breast milk substitutes may leal to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Nursing , Breast Feeding
6.
rev. cuid. (Bucaramanga. 2010) ; 2(1): 168-174, ene.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-869999

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Para la mayoría de las mujeres, el nacimiento de un hijo se configura como un evento único, que refuerza y legitima la condición de ser mujer. Antes de nacer, el bebé es concebido, los padres se preguntan cuál es el sexo, e incluso la apariencia de que la profesión. El primero de los movimientos fetales contribuye al establecimiento de una relación de amor entre madre e hijo, que más tarde constituirán el apego materno filial. Materiales y Métodos: Es un salto cualitativo descriptivo. Según Minayo este tipo de investigación hace hincapié en la adquisición de los datos recogidos de forma descriptiva del contacto directo con la investigadora ha estudiado este fenómeno. "La investigación cualitativa el investigador guía en la comprensión del fenómeno objeto de estudio de la experiencia descrita por estar en el mundo" Resultados: Los resultados permitieron la construcción de tres categorías de análisis, que son: La hospitalización de recién nacidos con bajo peso, las estrategias para hacer frente a la hospitalización del niño en la unidad neonatal de cuidados intensivos, y obtener ayuda de enfermería como un factor facilitador para hacer frente a la hospitalización de recién nacidos con bajo peso. Discusión y Conclusiones: Con este estudio se dieron cuenta de que, al ser una madre recién nacidos con bajo peso Escort no es una condición que termina en sí mismo. Para la mujer-madre, la hospitalización del recién nacido se presenta como algo asombroso e impresionante, ya que ella soñaba con tener un bebé sano, lo que podría llevar a casa, cuidar y ejercer su papel de madre.


Introduction: For most women, childbirth is configured as a single event, which reinforces and legitimizes the status of being a woman. Before birth, the baby is conceived, parents wonder what is sex, and even the appearance that the profession. The first fetal movements contributes to establishing a relationship of love between mother and child, which later form the filial maternal attachment. Materials and Methods: A descriptive qualitative. According Minayo this research emphasizes the acquisition of descriptive data collected from direct contact with the researcher has studied this phenomenon. "Qualitative research guide the researcher in understanding the phenomenon under study of the experience described by being in the world" Results: The results allowed the construction of three categories of analysis, namely: The hospitalization of infants with low weight, strategies to address the child's hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit, and get help from nursing as a facilitating factor to cope with the hospitalization of low birth weight. Discussion and Conclusions: In this study we realized that, being a mother with low birth weight infants Escort is not a condition that ends in itself. For the woman-mother, the newborn's hospitalization is presented as something amazing and impressive, as she dreamed of having a healthy baby, which could take home, care for and exercise their role as mothers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing , Neonatology , Infant, Newborn , Mother-Child Relations
7.
Rev. Assoc. Paul. Cir. Dent ; 62(1): 44-48, jan.-fev. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: lil-539263

ABSTRACT

Realizou-se estudo in vitro da capacidade seladora de um material fotopolimerizável, em comparação a outros pré-existentes. Foram estudados três grupos: 1-Bioplic, 2-Óxido de zinco e eugenol e 3-Fosfato de zinco. Cada grupo foi subdividido em sete subgrupos, de acordo com o tipo de dente avaliado, totalizando 294 amostras. Para verificação da microinfiltração marginal, utilizou-se solução azul de metileno a 2% em ciclagem térmica de 2°C, 52°C e 37°C. Os resultados revelaram que de maneira geral, o Bioplic apresentou o menor grau de infiltração marginal, seguido pelo fosfato de zinco, enquanto o cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol apresentou o maior grau infiltrativo. Foi possível concluir que nenhum material apresentou selamento marginal hermético da câmara pulpar; no entanto, o Bioplic foi o que mostrou menor microinfiltração coronária.


ln vitro study was accomplished to evaluate the sealing capacity of a photopolimerized material, in comparison with other pre-existent ones. Three groups were studied: 1-Bioplic, 2-0xide of zinc and eugenol,3-Phosphate of zinco. Each group was subdivided in seven subgroups, in agreement with the type of the tooth, totaling 294 samples. For verification of the marginal microleakage, a solution of blue methylene 2% was used in thermal cycle of 2°C, 52°C and 37°C. The results revealed that in general way, Biaplic presented the smallest degree of marginal infiltration, following for the phosphate of zinc, while the oxide of zinc and eugenol presented the largest degree of leakage. lt was possible to conclude that no material presented hermetic marginal sealing of the dental pulp cavity, however, the Bioplic showed smaller coronary microleakage.


Subject(s)
Dental Cements , Dental Leakage , Dental Pulp Cavity
8.
Acta Cir Bras ; 20 Suppl 1: 173-7, 2005.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17768805

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to compare the presence or absence of seizures and their relationship with the electroencephalographic findings in children with congenital and acquired hemiplegia. METHODS: 35 children with congenital and acquired hemiplegia were studied by clinical and electroencephalographic features. We analyzed the frequency and seizures severity and their relationship between the background activity and epileptogenic discharges in the electroencephalogram (EEG). RESULTS: From the 35 children, 26 (74.6%) presented congenital hemiplegia and 9 (25.6%) acquired one. Seventeen (48.5%) had right hemiplegia and 18 (51.4%) left one. It was find 25 cases (71.4%) with seizures and 10 cases without seizures. All the patients with seizures presented abnormal EEG activity that was bilateral in 44% of the cases. The patient without seizures presented abnormal background activity in 90% of cases and only 10% were bilateral. Concerning epileptogenic activity, it was find 78% of patients with seizures and 68% of patients without seizures. There was statistical significance related to abnormal background activity and uncontrolled epileptic seizures. CONCLUSION: The bilateral disorganization of the background activity in the EEG is related with uncontrolled seizures. The background activity well organized in the opposite side of lesion has a good prognosis to control seizures. The epileptogenic focal activity isn't always related with the presence of seizures.


Subject(s)
Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Hemiplegia/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Female , Functional Laterality , Hemiplegia/congenital , Hemiplegia/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Odds Ratio , Prospective Studies
9.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12781967

ABSTRACT

Nacre or mother of pearl is a calcified structure that forms the lustrous inner layer of some shells. We studied the biological activity of the water-soluble matrix (WSM) extracted from powdered nacre from the shell of the pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, on the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell line from mouse calvaria. This cell line has the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts and to mineralize in the presence of beta-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid. Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured as markers of osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization was analyzed. These studies revealed that WSM stimulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization by day 6 instead of the 21-day period required for cells grown in normal mineralizing media. We compared the activity of WSM with that of dexamethasone on this cell line. WSM can inhibit alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the activity of dexamethasone on MC3T3-E1 cells. This study shows that nacre WSM could speed up the differentiation and mineralization of this cell line more effectively than dexamethasone.


Subject(s)
Osteoblasts/drug effects , Ostreidae/chemistry , Tissue Extracts/pharmacology , 3T3 Cells , Alkaline Phosphatase/analysis , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Calcification, Physiologic/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Division/drug effects , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Mice , Microscopy, Phase-Contrast , Osteoblasts/metabolism , Tissue Extracts/chemistry
10.
Eur J Biochem ; 269(20): 4994-5003, 2002 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12383258

ABSTRACT

Nacre organic matrix has been conventionally classified as both 'water-soluble' and 'water-insoluble', based on its solubility in aqueous solutions after decalcification with acid or EDTA. Some characteristics (aspartic acid-rich, silk-fibroin-like content) were specifically attributed to either one or the other. The comparative study on the technique of extraction (extraction with water alone vs. demineralization with EDTA) presented here, seems to reveal that this generally accepted classification may need to be reconsidered. Actually, the nondecalcified soluble organic matrix, extracted in ultra-pure water, displays many of the characteristics of what until now has been called 'insoluble matrix'. We present the results obtained on this extract and on a conventional EDTA-soluble matrix, with various characterization methods: fractionation by size-exclusion and anion-exchange HPLC, amino acid analysis, glycosaminoglycan and calcium quantification, SDS/PAGE and FTIR spectroscopy. We propose that the model for the interlamellar matrix sheets of nacre given by Nakahara [In: Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation, Westbroek, P. & deJong, E.W., eds, (1983) pp. 225-230. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland] and Weiner and Traub [Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (1984) 304, 425-434] may no longer be valid. The most recent model, proposed by Levi-Kalisman et al. [J. Struct. Biol. (2001) 135, 8-17], seemed to be more in accordance with our findings.


Subject(s)
Biochemistry/methods , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry , Ostreidae/chemistry , Amino Acids/analysis , Animals , Calcium/analysis , Chemical Fractionation , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Edetic Acid/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/analysis , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/isolation & purification , Glycosaminoglycans/analysis , Insect Proteins/chemistry , Ostreidae/physiology , Silk , Solubility , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
11.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol ; 132(1): 217-29, 2002 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11997223

ABSTRACT

In vivo and in vitro studies provide strong evidence of the osteogenic activity of nacre obtained from Pinctada maxima. The in vitro studies indicate that diffusible factors from nacre are involved in cell stimulation. The water-soluble matrix (WSM) was extracted from nacre by a non-decalcifying process, and four fractions (SE(1)-SE(4)) were separated by SE-HPLC. Those fractions were tested in vitro on MRC5 fibroblasts. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured as a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was also immunodetected in cultured osteoblasts from rat calvaria. WSM and fraction SE(4) increased ALP activity. BMP-2 had the same effect on the cells as WSM and SE(4). WSM greatly increased the amount of Bcl-2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of osteoblasts. These in vitro studies support our initial hypothesis that nacre organic matrix (WSM) of a bivalve mollusk contains signal-molecules that can stimulate the osteogenic pathway in mammalian cells that are targets for bone induction.


Subject(s)
Biological Factors/pharmacology , Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Osteoblasts/drug effects , Ostreidae/chemistry , Stromal Cells/drug effects , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Biological Factors/isolation & purification , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Fracture Healing , Glucocorticoids/pharmacology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors
12.
Rev. odontol. UNESP ; 28(2): 317-28, jul.-dez. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: lil-298419

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a microinfiltraçäo marginal nas paredes em esmalte e em dentina, de cavidades de classe V, restauradas com inlays de resinas composta e cimentadas com cimento do tipo dual e cimento híbrido de ionômero de vidro resinoso. Foram utilizados 40 dentes recém-extraídos, que receberam preparos padronizados e foram restaurados com inlays de resina composta e cimentados com Dual Cement, Cimento Resinoso Scotchbond MR, Enforce e Fuji Duet. Foi feita ciclagem térmica e os dentes foram colocados em soluçäo evidenciadora de Rodamina B a 0,2 por cento e depois seccionados. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskall-Wallis e Man-Whitney. Encontramos microinfiltraçäo em todos os sistemas cimentantes, e nas margens cervicais em dentina, a microinfiltraçäo foi significativamente maior que nas margens oclusais em esmalte


Subject(s)
Composite Resins/administration & dosage , Composite Resins/analysis , Glass Ionomer Cements/analysis , Inlays
13.
Psicol. USP ; 9(1): 149-150, 1998.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-624226
14.
Psicol. USP ; 9(1): 149-150, 1998.
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-18968
15.
RGO (Porto Alegre) ; 38(6): 440-2, nov.-dez. 1990. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-854726

ABSTRACT

Intensas modificações histológicas foram observadas em dentes hígidos de cães, próximos a outros que tiveram suas polpas expostas ao meio bucal por um período de 32 dias


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Dental Pulp/injuries , Tooth/anatomy & histology
16.
São Paulo; s.n; 1987. 148 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | Index Psychology - Theses | ID: pte-23266

ABSTRACT

Verifica a influência de instrução e proposições semelhantes as comumente incluídas em textos elaborados para o ensino da física, em grau médio, no Brasil. Planeja situações-problema que são propostas à 633 universitários e 90 alunos de grau médio, com idade entre 17 e 23 anos. As respostas são analisadas e agrupadas em classes de solução, apresentando resultados diferenciados para cada proposição. Discute possíveis interpretações que os resultados viabilizam, a contribuição de estudo exploratório, como o desenvolvido, e a necessidade de se proceder à análise do funcionamento da linguagem matemática (e cotidiana) no ensino da física. Considera alternativamente os papéis que têm sido atribuídos ao professor, onde identifica a aparente contradição entre pressupostos, ide rio veiculado e processos efetivamente vividos em sala de aula (AU)

18.
São Paulo; s.n; 1979. 198 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | Index Psychology - Theses | ID: pte-24288

ABSTRACT

Apresenta o planejamento, elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de um programa de contingências, para alunos de uma disciplina introdutória à s ciências experimentais num curso de licenciatura em Ciências. Estabelece o programa a partir de uma análise de contingências e baseia a avaliação de sua efic cia, para obtenção dos objetivos propostos, nos dados que obtém durante sua aplicação. Os dados analisados são as avaliações indiretas do desempenho do aluno e o próprio produto das tarefas que eles realizam. Faz três estudos específicos destinados, o primeiro, a verificar a efic cia de uma grande parte do programa, o segundo, a verificar a retenção dos comportamentos adquiridos pelos alunos e, o terceiro, a fornecer informações sobre a atividade discussão em grupo dentro da programação feita. Considera que os resultados apresentados, com relação aos sujeitos nos quais aplica o programa, denotam que este representa uma estratégia de ensino eficiente para alcançar os objetivos propostos, embora deva ser melhorado em vários pontos (AU)

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