Learning and quality of life in undergraduate nursing students: An exploratory study in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has modified all social and, especially, learning instances. The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of final-year nursing students at a university in southern Chile regarding the impact of the pandemic on their learning, and consequently on their quality of life, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study. The research was conducted on 14 nursing students who were selected from a university located in the province of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews conducted during July and September 2021. The data were analyzed using the inductive logic of theoretical categorization; this process was assisted by the Nvivo 10 program. RESULTS: Two mega categories were generated that accounted for the nursing students' experience during the COVID-19 pandemic: objective factors category and subjective factors category. Six subcategories were derived from these two categories: free time, social relationships, learning from practice, physical exercise, eating habits, and emotional state. CONCLUSION: The research findings indicate that the students, in addition to feeling upset about not being able to do the internship, also feel that they have not been able to acquire all the knowledge necessary for their training and professional development, since the virtual classes fail to deliver adequate learning as they lack the practical component that is so important in their careers. This has repercussions in the physical, social, and psychological areas, affecting their quality of life.

Teachers' conceptions about approaches of activities in nature in the physical education classroom / Concepções dos professores sobre a abordagem das atividades na natureza na aula de educação física

ABSTRACT The objective is to understand the conceptions that Physical Education teachers have about Activities in Nature (ACN) that occur in the school context. The research is based on the interpretive paradigm with qualitative methodology, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to 12 high school Physical Education teachers in the city of Talca-Chile. The results indicate that these activities, among other things, contribute to a greater environmental awareness on the part of students, enabling the realization of different bodily practices in the natural environment. It is concluded that teachers need more training in the area, as the ACN become a pedagogical strategy that privileges autonomy, reflection and the development of values, fundamental issues for the integral development of young people and adolescents.

RESUMO O objetivo é compreender as concepções que os professores de Educação Física têm sobre as Atividades em Contato com a Natureza (ACN) que ocorrem no contexto escolar. A pesquisa se baseia no paradigma interpretativo com metodologia qualitativa, em que foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 professores de Educação Física do ensino médio da cidade de Talca-Chile. Os resultados indicam que essas atividades, entre outras coisas, contribuem para uma maior consciência ambiental por parte dos alunos, possibilitando a realização de diferentes práticas corporais no ambiente natural. Conclui-se que os professores necessitam de maior formação na área, visto que as ACN tournarm-se uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia a autonomia, a reflexão e o desenvolvimento de valores, questões fundamentais para o desenvolvimento integral de jovens e adolescentes.

Aerobic capacity of chilean adults and elderly: proposal of classification by regional percentiles / Capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos chilenos: proposta de classificação por percentis regionais / Capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos chilenos: propuesta de clasificación por percentiles regionales

ABSTRACT Introduction Aerobic fitness is an important predictor that contributes to the preservation of functional independence during the aging process. Its measurement represents a fundamental tool in the identification of multiple health problems. Objective To compare the aerobic capacity of adults and elderly subjects through international studies and to develop percentiles by age group using the LMS method. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 1146 subjects (437 men and 709 women). The age group of the sample ranged from 50 to 84 years. The subjects evaluated came from the physical activity programs offered by the National Sports Institute (IND) and by the city council of Talca (Chile). Body mass, stature, oxygen saturation (SatO2), six-minute walk test, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both sexes. The LMS method was used to propose the percent distribution. Results Aerobic capacity decreases with age (28.5% for men and 29.9% for women). There was a negative relationship between age and the six-minute walk test (men r = -0.13 and women r = -0.39). There was a discrepancy between the elderly subjects in the current study and those from international studies. The normative data for the classification of aerobic fitness were expressed in percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97). Conclusion The aerobic performance of elderly subjects diminishes as they age; in addition, the current results differ from international studies, which motivated the development of percentiles to classify aerobic fitness in everyday situations, especially in places with few resources and particularly where field tests are considered a priority for large-scale physical evaluation. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies - investigation of diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução A aptidão aeróbia é importante preditor que contribui com a preservação da independência funcional à medida que se envelhece. Sua mensuração transforma-se em ferramenta fundamental na identificação de múltiplos problemas de saúde. Objetivo Comparar a capacidade aeróbia de adultos e idosos com estudos internacionais e desenvolver percentis por faixas etárias, utilizando o método LMS. Métodos Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal com 1.146 sujeitos (437 homens e 709 mulheres). A faixa etária da amostra variou de 50 a 84 anos. Os sujeitos avaliados eram oriundos dos programas de atividade física oferecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Desporto (IND) e pela prefeitura de Talca (Chile). Avaliaram-se massa corporal, estatura, saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o método LMS para propor a distribuição percentílica. Resultados A capacidade aeróbia diminui com o decorrer da idade (28,5% para os homens e 29,9% para as mulheres). Houve relação negativa entre a idade e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (homens: r = -0,13; mulheres: r = -0,39). Observou-se discrepância entre os idosos do presente estudo com os de estudos internacionais. Os dados normativos para a classificação da aptidão aeróbia foram expressos em percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusão Os idosos diminuem o desempenho aeróbio conforme a idade avança. Os presentes resultados diferem dos estudos internacionais, o que motivou o desenvolvimento dos percentis para classificar a aptidão aeróbia em situações cotidianas, especialmente em locais com poucos recursos e principalmente onde os testes de campo são considerados prioritários para avaliação física em larga escala. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnóstico - investigação de teste diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción La aptitud aeróbica es un importante predictor que contribuye con la preservación de la independencia funcional a medida que se envejece. Su medición se transforma en una herramienta fundamental en la identificación de múltiples problemas de salud. Objetivo Comparar la capacidad aeróbica de adultos y ancianos con estudios internacionales y desarrollar percentiles por grupos de edad utilizando el método LMS. Métodos Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal con 1146 sujetos (437 hombres y 709 mujeres). El grupo de edad de la muestra varió de 50 a 84 años. Los sujetos evaluados eran oriundos de los programas de actividad física ofrecidos por el Instituto Nacional de Deporte (IND) y por la Municipalidad de Talca (Chile). Se evaluaron masa corporal, estatura, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2), test de seis minutos de caminata y presión arterial diastólica y sistólica. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para ambos sexos. Se usó el método LMS para proponer la distribución de percentil. Resultados La capacidad aeróbica disminuye con el transcurso de la edad (28,5% para los hombres y 29,9% para las mujeres). Hubo relación negativa entre la edad y el test de caminata de seis minutos (hombres r= -0,13 y mujeres r= -0,39). Se observó discrepancia entre los ancianos del presente estudio con los de estudios internacionales. Los datos normativos para la clasificación de la aptitud aeróbica fueron expresados en percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97). Conclusión Los ancianos disminuyen el rendimiento aeróbico conforme avanza la edad. Los presentes resultados difieren de los estudios internacionales, lo que motivó el desarrollo de los percentiles para clasificar la aptitud aeróbica en situaciones cotidianas, especialmente en locales con pocos recursos y principalmente donde los tests de campo son considerados prioritarios para la evaluación física a larga escala. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios diagnóstico-investigación de test diagnóstico.

Hand grip strength and maximum peak expiratory flow: determinants of bone mineral density of adolescent students.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining and building healthy bones during the lifetime requires a complicated interaction between a number of physiological and lifestyle factors. Our goal of this study was to analyze the association between hand grip strength and the maximum peak expiratory flow with bone mineral density and content in adolescent students. METHODS: The research team studied 1427 adolescent students of both sexes (750 males and 677 females) between the ages of 11.0 and 18.9 years in the Maule Region of Talca (Chile). Weight, standing height, sitting height, hand grip strength (HGS), and maximum peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Furthermore, bone mineral density (BMD) and total body bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Hand grip strength and PEF were categorized in tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest). Linear regression was performed in steps to analyze the relationship between the variables. Differences between categories were determined through ANOVA. RESULTS: In males, the hand grip strength explained 18-19% of the BMD and 20-23% of the BMC. For the females, the percentage of variation occurred between 12 and 13% of the BMD and 17-18% of the BMC. The variation of PEF for the males was observed as 33% of the BMD and 36% of the BMC. For the females, both the BMD and BMC showed a variation of 19%. The HGS and PEF were divided into three categories (lowest, middle, and highest). In both cases, significant differences occurred in bone density health between the three categories. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the HGS and the PEF related positively to the bone density health of both sexes of adolescent students. The adolescents with poor values for hand grip strength and expiratory flow showed reduced values of BMD and BMC for the total body. Furthermore, the PEF had a greater influence on bone density health with respect to the HGS of the adolescents of both sexes.

Validación de ecuaciones y propuesta de valores referenciales para estimar la masa grasa de jóvenes universitarios chilenos / Validation of equations and proposed reference values to estimate fat mass in Chilean university students

Objetivos: a)Proponer ecuaciones basadas en índices antropométricos para estimar la masa grasa (MG) utilizando como método de referencia la absorciometría de rayosX de doble energía (DXA), y b)establecer normas de referencia para valorar la MG estimada. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en 6.713 jóvenes universitarios (3.354 hombres y 3.359 mujeres) de Chile con un rango de edad comprendido entre los 17,0 y los 27,0años. Se obtuvieron medidas antropométricas (peso, talla y perímetro cintura) en todos los participantes. Se realizó una DXA en 683 participantes. Un total de 478 sujetos fueron seleccionados para desarrollar ecuaciones de regresión y 205 para su validación cruzada. Los percentiles se desarrollaron con los datos de 6.030 participantes. Para generar las ecuaciones se utilizó el análisis de regresión múltiple por pasos. Para desarrollar los percentiles se utilizó el método LMS. Resultados: Las ecuaciones para hombre fueron: 1)MG=−35.997,486 +232,285 *Peso +432,216 *CC (R2=0,73, EEE=4,1); 2)MG=−37.671,303 +309,539 *Peso +66.028,109 *ICE (R2=0,76, EEE=3.8), y para mujeres fueron: 3)MG=−13.216,917 +461,302 *Peso +91,898 *CC (R2=0,70, EEE=4,6), y 4)MG=−14.144,220 +464,061 *Peso +16.189,297 *ICE (R2=0,70, EEE=4,6). Los percentiles propuestos son: p10, p50, p85 y p95. Conclusión: Las ecuaciones desarrolladas proporcionan predicciones válidas y exactas para estimar la MG de jóvenes universitarios de ambos sexos. Los valores obtenidos mediante la aplicación de estas ecuaciones pueden ser analizados a partir de percentiles que permiten categorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal por rango de edad y sexo (AU)

Objectives: (I) To propose regression equations based on anthropometric measures to estimate fat mass (FM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as reference method, and (II) to establish population reference standards for equation-derived FM. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study on 6,713 university students (3,354 males and 3,359 females) from Chile aged 17.0 to 27.0years. Anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference) were taken in all participants. Whole body DXA was performed in 683 subjects. A total of 478 subjects were selected to develop regression equations, and 205 for their cross-validation. Data from 6,030 participants were used to develop reference standards for FM. Equations were generated using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. Results: Equations for men were: (i) FM=−35,997.486 +232.285 *Weight +432.216 *CC (R2=0.73, SEE=4.1); (ii)FM=−37,671.303 +309.539 *Weight +66,028.109 *ICE (R2=0.76, SEE=3.8), while equations for women were: (III) FM=−13,216.917 +461,302 *Weight+91.898 *CC (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6), and (IV) FM=−14,144.220 +464.061 *Weight +16,189.297 *ICE (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6). Percentiles proposed included p10, p50, p85, and p95. Conclusion: The developed equations provide valid and accurate estimation of FM in both sexes. The values obtained using the equations may be analyzed from percentiles that allow for categorizing body fat levels by age and sex (AU)

Validation of equations and proposed reference values to estimate fat mass in Chilean university students. / Validación de ecuaciones y propuesta de valores referenciales para estimar la masa grasa de jóvenes universitarios chilenos.

OBJECTIVES: (i) To propose regression equations based on anthropometric measures to estimate fat mass (FM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as reference method, and (ii)to establish population reference standards for equation-derived FM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 6,713 university students (3,354 males and 3,359 females) from Chile aged 17.0 to 27.0years. Anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference) were taken in all participants. Whole body DXA was performed in 683 subjects. A total of 478 subjects were selected to develop regression equations, and 205 for their cross-validation. Data from 6,030 participants were used to develop reference standards for FM. Equations were generated using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Percentiles were developed using the LMS method. RESULTS: Equations for men were: (i) FM=-35,997.486 +232.285 *Weight +432.216 *CC (R2=0.73, SEE=4.1); (ii)FM=-37,671.303 +309.539 *Weight +66,028.109 *ICE (R2=0.76, SEE=3.8), while equations for women were: (iii)FM=-13,216.917 +461,302 *Weight+91.898 *CC (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6), and (iv) FM=-14,144.220 +464.061 *Weight +16,189.297 *ICE (R2=0.70, SEE=4.6). Percentiles proposed included p10, p50, p85, and p95. CONCLUSION: The developed equations provide valid and accurate estimation of FM in both sexes. The values obtained using the equations may be analyzed from percentiles that allow for categorizing body fat levels by age and sex.

Influence of parents and physical education teachers in adolescent physical activity / Influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la actividad física de los adolescentes

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and Physical Education teachers on adolescent's extracurricular Physical Activity. Data were obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test with a large representative sample of 23,180 students (11,927 females and 11,253 males aged 13.7 and 13.8 years respectively). The analyzed variables were the extracurricular physical activity of adolescents, parents’ and physical education teachers’ encouragement to do physical activity and parents’ physical activity behavior. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Two logistic regression models, one adjusted and the other unadjusted, were performed for each physical activity variable (vigorous, moderate, mild and total) in order to obtain odds ratios from parents’ and physical education teachers’ influence variables. Results showed that parents’ influence is more relevant than physical education teachers’ influence in order to promote physical activity in adolescents, regardless of age, sex and physical condition (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema Chileno de Medición de la Calidad de Educación, en una muestra representativa de 23,180 estudiantes (11,927 niñas y 11,253 niños, con una edad media de 13,7 y 13,8 años). Las variables analizadas fueron la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes, la influencia que ejercían los padres y los profesores de Educación Física para que realicen Actividad Física y la Actividad Física de los padres. Se analizó la asociación entre las variables a través del chi-cuadrado. Dos regresiones logísticas, con y sin ajuste del modelo, fueron realizadas para cada nivel de la Actividad Física (vigorosa, media, baja y total) con el objetivo de obtener los Odds Ratios de las variables relativas a la experiencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de los padres es más relevante que la de los profesores de Educación Física a la hora de promover la Actividad Física en los adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, el género o la condición física (AU)

[Association between dietary habits and the presence of overweight/obesity in a sample of 21,385 chilean adolescents]. / ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LOS HÁBITOS DIETÉTICOS Y LA PRESENCIA DE SOBREPESO/OBESIDAD EN UNA MUESTRA DE 21.385 ADOLESCENTES CHILENOS.

AIM: The main aim of the present study was to explore the potential associations between dietary habits and the presence of overweight and obesity in Chilean adolescents. METHODS: For the present study dietary habits of 21,385 Chilean students were analyzed and weight and height assessed, in order to determine potential associations between eating patterns and body mass index (BMI) values. RESULTS: The majority of participants have lunch and a snack in the afternoon every day a week (81% and 71.2%, respectively), although only a 59.5% have breakfast every day and a 22% have dinner every night. To have breakfast is common for thin and normal weight subjects, but only a half of overweight and obese individuals usually have it. The obese is the group having less dairy products. A 50.2% of all subjects have legumes once or never in a week. Around a 15% have sweets all days and nearly a 50% of all the participants consume fizzy drinks every day of the week. Interestingly, having breakfast was found to be associated with less truancy. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional education strategies should be carried out within students in Chile, since inadequate dietary habits are related to the higher values of BMI.

Objetivos: El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las posibles asociaciones entre los hábitos dietéticos y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes Chilenos. Método: Para este trabajo se analizaron los hábitos dietéticos de 21.385 estudiantes Chilenos y se determinaron el peso y la talla, con el fin de explorar posibles asociaciones entre los patrones de alimentación y los valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes realiza la toma del almuerzo (81%) y de la merienda (71,2%) todos los días de la semana. Sólo el 59,5% de los encuestados toma desayuno cada día y un 22% cena todas las noches. Desayunar es común entre los sujetos delgados y con peso normal, pero únicamente la mitad de los individuos con sobrepeso u obesidad desayuna habitualmente. Los obesos son el grupo que consume menos productos lácteos. Un 50,2% de todos los participantes nunca toma legumbres o lo hace una vez por semana. En torno a un 15% toma dulces todos los días y casi la mitad de los encuestados ingiere bebidas carbonatadas cada día de la semana. Además, tomar desayuno de forma habitual se asoció inversamente con el absentismo escolar. Conclusión: Se necesitan llevar a cabo estrategias de educación nutricional entre los estudiantes chilenos, ya que los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados se encuentran asociados con valores más elevados de IMC.

Association between dietary habits and the presence of overweight/obesity in a sample of 21, 385 Chilean adolescents / Asociación entre los hábitos dietéticos y la presencia de sobrepeso/obesidad en una muestra de 21.385 adolescentes chilenos

Aim: The main aim of the present study was to explore the potential associations between dietary habits and the presence of overweight and obesity in Chilean adolescents. Methods: For the present study dietary habits of 21,385 Chilean students were analyzed and weight and height assessed, in order to determine potential associations between eating patterns and body mass index (BMI) values. Results: The majority of participants have lunch and a snack in the afternoon every day a week (81% and 71.2%, respectively), although only a 59.5% have breakfast every day and a 22% have dinner every night. To have breakfast is common for thin and normal weight subjects, but only a half of overweight and obese individuals usually have it. The obese is the group having less dairy products. A 50.2% of all subjects have legumes once or never in a week. Around a 15% have sweets all days and nearly a 50% of all the participants consume fizzy drinks every day of the week. Interestingly, having breakfast was found to be associated with less truancy. Conclusions: Nutritional education strategies should be carried out within students in Chile, since inadequate dietary habits are related to the higher values of BMI (AU)

Objetivos: El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las posibles asociaciones entre los hábitos dietéticos y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes Chilenos. Método: Para este trabajo se analizaron los hábitos dietéticos de 21.385 estudiantes Chilenos y se determinaron el peso y la talla, con el fin de explorar posibles asociaciones entre los patrones de alimentación y los valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes realiza la toma del almuerzo (81%) y de la merienda (71,2%) todos los días de la semana. Sólo el 59,5% de los encuestados toma desayuno cada día y un 22% cena todas las noches. Desayunar es común entre los sujetos delgados y con peso normal, pero únicamente la mitad de los individuos con sobrepeso u obesidad desayuna habitualmente. Los obesos son el grupo que consume menos productos lácteos. Un 50,2% de todos los participantes nunca toma legumbres o lo hace una vez por semana. En torno a un 15% toma dulces todos los días y casi la mitad de los encuestados ingiere bebidas carbonatadas cada día de la semana. Además, tomar desayuno de forma habitual se asoció inversamente con el absentismo escolar. Conclusión: Se necesitan llevar a cabo estrategias de educación nutricional entre los estudiantes chilenos, ya que los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados se encuentran asociados con valores más elevados de IMC (AU)

Influence of parents and physical education teachers in adolescent physical activity.

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and Physical Education teachers on adolescent's extracurricular Physical Activity. Data were obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test with a large representative sample of 23,180 students (11,927 females and 11,253 males aged 13.7 and 13.8 years respectively). The analyzed variables were the extracurricular physical activity of adolescents, parents' and physical education teachers' encouragement to do physical activity and parents' physical activity behavior. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Two logistic regression models, one adjusted and the other unadjusted, were performed for each physical activity variable (vigorous, moderate, mild and total) in order to obtain odds ratios from parents' and physical education teachers' influence variables. Results showed that parents' influence is more relevant than physical education teachers' influence in order to promote physical activity in adolescents, regardless of age, sex and physical condition.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema Chileno de Medición de la Calidad de Educación, en una muestra representativa de 23,180 estudiantes (11,927 niñas y 11,253 niños, con una edad media de 13,7 y 13,8 años). Las variables analizadas fueron la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes, la influencia que ejercían los padres y los profesores de Educación Física para que realicen Actividad Física y la Actividad Física de los padres. Se analizó la asociación entre las variables a través del chi-cuadrado. Dos regresiones logísticas, con y sin ajuste del modelo, fueron realizadas para cada nivel de la Actividad Física (vigorosa, media, baja y total) con el objetivo de obtener los Odds Ratios de las variables relativas a la experiencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de los padres es más relevante que la de los profesores de Educación Física a la hora de promover la Actividad Física en los adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, el género o la condición física.

Estereotipos de género en las clases de educación física / Gender stereotypes in physical education classes

En este trabajo se analizan, comparativamente, los estereotipos de género que se reproducen en las clases de Educación Física, tanto desde el hacer docente como desde las actitudes de los profesionales dedicados al área. Se seleccionaron cuatro cursos del Instituto Inmaculada Concepción de la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile. Como técnicas de recogida de información se usaron la observación participante (los cuatro cursos) y la entrevista en profundidad (4 profesoras y 1 profesor). Los procedimientos de análisis empleados, en general se ciñeron a las propuestas de fragmentación y articulación de la "Grounded Theory". Se concluye que los estereotipos de género están presentes desde la educación básica, tanto en las prácticas de la Educación Física Escolar como en las actitudes de los docentes, pero éstos se enfatizan al llegar a la enseñanza media.

In this article, gender stereotypes which take place in PT classes are analyzed (comparatively). These stereotypes are present in the teachers’ everyday tasks and in the attitudes of all teaching professionals. Four classes were selected from the Inmaculada Concepción School (primary and secondary school) in Valdivia, Chile. The techniques used for collecting information were “participant observation” (in the 4 classes) and indepth interview (3 female teachers and 1 male). In general, the used analysis procedures were fragmentation and articulation procedures from the “Grounded Theory”. The conclusion is that gender stereotypes are present from primary education stages, in PT practices as well as in teachers’ attitudes, but these stereotypes become even more emphasized in secondary education.

Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud / Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude

Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud. Pacientes y Método: Fueron seleccionados 795 niños (394 niños y 401 niñas) de escuelas públicas del área urbana de moderada altitud (2.320 msnm) de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas (masa corporal, estatura, porcentaje de grasa) y capacidad cardio-respiratoria a través del test indirecto de Course Navette, considerando las siguientes categorías: deficiente, malo, aceptable, bueno, muy bueno y excelente. Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en todas las categorías (p < 0,05). Se verificó que los valores medios de las categorías malo y deficiente en ambos sexos son inferiores a los de la categoría aceptable (p < 0,05). Se determinó que el 19 por ciento de niños y 21 por ciento de niñas mostraron bajo nivel de capacidad cardio-respiratoria, además se verificó correlación negativa baja con la categoría sobrepeso (r = -0,20 a -0,22) y moderada con la obesidad (r = -0,39 a -0,42) en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: Existen bajos niveles de capacidad cardio-respiratoria en niños de ambos sexos niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud, que se correlaciona negativamente con el exceso de peso corporal. Los resultados sugieren que uno de cada 5 niños se encuentra con posibilidades de padecer algún evento de índole cardiovascular.

Objective: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. Patients and Method: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. Results: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p < 0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p < 0.05). It was concluded that 19 percent of boys and 21 percentof girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r = -0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r = -0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. Conclusions: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.

[Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude]. / Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p<0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p<0.05). It was concluded that 19% of boys and 21% of girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r=-0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r=-0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.