ACTOR: Adaptive Control of Transmission Power in RPL.

RPL-Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (usually pronounced "ripple")-is the de facto standard for IoT networks. However, it neglects to exploit IoT devices' full capacity to optimize their transmission power, mainly because it is quite challenging to do so in parallel with the routing strategy, given the dynamic nature of wireless links and the typically constrained resources of IoT devices. Adapting the transmission power requires dynamically assessing many parameters, such as the probability of packet collisions, energy consumption, the number of hops, and interference. This paper introduces Adaptive Control of Transmission Power for RPL (ACTOR) for the dynamic optimization of transmission power. ACTOR aims to improve throughput in dense networks by passively exploring different transmission power levels. The classic solutions of bandit theory, including the Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Discounted UCB, accelerate the convergence of the exploration and guarantee its optimality. ACTOR is also enhanced via mechanisms to blacklist undesirable transmission power levels and stabilize the topology of parent-child negotiations. The results of the experiments conducted on our 40-node, 12-node testbed demonstrate that ACTOR achieves a higher packet delivery ratio by almost 20%, reduces the transmission power of nodes by up to 10 dBm, and maintains a stable topology with significantly fewer parent switches compared to the standard RPL and the selected benchmarks. These findings are consistent with simulations conducted across 7 different scenarios, where improvements in end-to-end delay, packet delivery, and energy consumption were observed by up to 50%.

Percutaneous nephrostomy versus ureteral stent in hydronephrosis secondary to obstructive urolithiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To assess if there is a preferable intervention between retrograde ureteral stent (RUS) and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) tube, in cases of upper urinary tract stone obstruction with complications requiring urgent drainage, by evaluating outcomes regarding urinary symptoms, quality of life (QoL), spontaneous stone passage, and length of hospital stays, since there is no literature stating the superiority of one modality over the other. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and other sources for relevant articles in June 2019 without any date restrictions or filters applied. The selection was done first by the title and abstract screening and then by full-text assessment for eligibility. Only randomized controlled trials or cohort studies in patients with hydronephrosis secondary to obstructive urolithiasis that presented comparative data between PCN and RUS placement concerning at least one of the defined outcome measures were included. Lastly, MEDLINE database and PubMed platform were screened again using the same terms, from June 2019 until November 2022. Results: Of 556 initial articles, seven were included in this review. Most works were considered of moderate-to-high quality. Three studies regarding QoL showed a tendency against stenting, even though only one demonstrated statistically significant negative impact on overall health state. Two works reported significantly more post-intervention urinary symptoms in stenting patients. One article found that PCN is a significant predictor of spontaneous stone passage, when adjusted for stone size and location. Findings on length of hospital stays were not consistent among articles. Conclusion: PCN appears to be the intervention better tolerated, with less impact on the patient's perceived QoL and less post-operative urinary symptoms, in comparison with RUS. Nevertheless, further studies with larger samples and a randomized controlled design are suggested.

Comparison of Estimated Wild Giant Anteater (Myrmecopahaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) Diets with Commercial Diets for Insectivores: Implications for Anteater Health.

Using the stomach contents of 24 wild road-killed giant anteaters as proxies for their diet, we found that estimated wild diets were much lower in calcium (about ten times less) and phosphorus compared with manufactured feeds commonly fed to anteaters under human care. Indicators of soil consumption, such as ash, iron, and manganese were higher in the stomach contents than in either wild termites or manufactured diets, likely due to high levels of soil ingestion during feeding in the wild. Protein and fat levels in insects, stomach contents, and commercial diets all met carnivore recommendations. Both giant anteaters and tamanduas in managed care often develop hypercalcemia, perhaps because these taxa have an enhanced ability to retain calcium allowing them to survive on such low calcium diets. Results from this study indicate that, for anteaters in managed care, it is important to keep dietary calcium and vitamins D and K within recommended levels to prevent nutritional diseases such as hyper- and hypocalcemia and vitamin K deficiency.

Molecular detection of piroplasmids in mammals from the Superorder Xenarthra in Brazil.

Xenarthra mammals can be found from southern North America to southern South America, including all Brazilian biomes. Although it has been shown that Xenarthra mammals can play a role as reservoirs for several zoonotic agents, few studies investigate the diversity of piroplasmids (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) in this group of mammals. Taking into account that piroplasmids can cause disease in animals and humans, understanding the prevalence and diversity of piroplasmids in Xenarthra mammals would contribute to conservation efforts for this group of animals as well as to infer risk areas for transmission of emergent zoonosis. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence and molecular identity of piroplasmids in free-living mammals of the Superorder Xenarthra from four Brazilian states (Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Rondônia, and Pará). For this, DNA was extracted from blood or spleen samples from 455 animals. A nested PCR based on the 18S rRNA gene was used as screening for piroplasmids. Of the 455 samples analyzed, 25 (5.5%) were positive. Additionally, PCR assays based on 18S rRNA near-complete, cox-1, cox-3, hsp70, cytB, ß-tubulin genes and the ITS-1 intergenic region were performed. Five out of 25 positive samples also tested positive for ITS-1-based PCR. The phylogenetic analysis positioned three 18S rRNA sequences detected in Priodontes maximus into the same clade of Babesia sp. detected in marsupials (Didelphis albiventris, Didelphis marsupialis, and Monodelphis domestica) and Amblyomma dubitatum collected from opossums and coatis in Brazil. On the other hand, the 18S rRNA sequence obtained from Dasypus novemcinctus was closely related to a Theileria sp. sequence previously detected in armadillos from Mato Grosso State, grouping in a subclade within the Theileria sensu stricto clade. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS-1 region, the sequences obtained from Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Tamandua tetradactyla were placed into a single clade, apart from the other piroplasmid clades. The present study demonstrated the molecular occurrence of Piroplasmida in anteaters and Babesia sp. and Theileria sp. in armadillos from Brazil.

Renal anastomosing haemangioma.

Anastomosing haemangioma is a rare subtype of haemangioma, a benign vascular tumour. Its rarity stems from its low incidence and difficulty in obtaining an accurate diagnosis. In addition, its histological resemblance to malignant neoplasms may lead to unnecessary overtreatment. Here, we report the case of an asymptomatic male patient with a slight increase in kidney function who underwent an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan for suspected renal cell carcinoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy. Histological analysis revealed an anastomosing haemangioma. The patient is currently asymptomatic with no relapse or imaging progression. We also present a literature review on anastomosing haemangioma.

Fatores socioeconômicos associados à leptospirose no estadodo Acre, Amazônia ocidental brasileira (2007-2020) / Socioeconomic factors associated with leptospirosis in the stateof Acre, western Brazilian Amazon (2007-2020)

Introdução: doença provocada por infecção de origem bacteriana, a leptospirose é um dos agravos mais negligenciados no Brasil, estando associada a características socioeconômicas. Objetivo: analisar possíveis associações entre taxas de incidência da doença e fatores socioeconômicos no estado do Acre, a partir de análises espaciais. Material e Método: estudo ecológico com uso de dados secundários, sendo feita análise de autocorrelação espacial pelo Índice de Moran Local Bivariado, entre variáveis socioeconômicas e taxa média de incidência de leptospirose de todo o período de estudo. Adicionalmente, a análise espaçotemporal foi desenvolvida por meio de varredura cilíndrica estatística de Kulldorff, com raio de 70 quilômetros e distribuição de probabilidade de Poisson. Resultados: a maior quantidade de casos foi observada em homens, pardos e na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos, em ambiente domiciliar e em pessoas com ensino fundamental 1 e 2 incompletos. Conclusão: a partir das análises estatísticas espaciais, destacaram-se municípios das partes norte e sul do estado. Ressalta-se que há possibilidade de subnotificação de casos, o que poderia ser analisado a partir de estudos que coletem dados primários.

Introduction: disease caused by infection of bacterial origin, leptospirosis is one of the most neglected diseases in Brazil, being associated with socioeconomic characteristics. Objective: to analyze possible associations between disease rates and socioeconomic factors in the state of Acre, based on spatial analysis. Material and Method: ecological study using secondary data, with analysis of spatial autocorrelation by the Moran Local Bivariate Index, between socioeconomic variables and mean rate of leptospirosis throughout the study period. Additionally, the space-time analysis was performed using Kulldorff statistical cylindrical sweep, with a radius of 70 kilometers and Poisson probability distribution. Results: the highest number of cases was observed in men, brown and in the age group of 20 to 39 years old, in the home environment and in people with incomplete elementary school 1 and 2. Conclusion: from the spatial statistical analyses, municipalities in the northern and southern parts of the state stood out. It should be noted that there is a possibility of underreporting of cases, which could be analyzed based on studies that collect primary data.

Obstrução duodenal por cálculo - síndrome de bouveret: um relato de caso / Duodenal obstruction by calculus - bouveret syndrome: a case report

Introdução: A Síndrome de Bouveret é uma complicação rara, causada por um cálculo biliar grande que obstrui o intestino por meio de uma fístula e tem como principais sintomas: náuseas, vômitos, dor abdominal e distensão. O diagnóstico é feito por meio de exames de imagem, o tratamento é desafiador e pode envolver cirurgia ou procedimentos endoscópicos. Tem morbimortalidade considerável, mas a falta de diretrizes padrão dificulta o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Objetivos: Apresentar um relato de caso de paciente com características fisiopatológicas e diagnóstico de Síndrome de Bouveret, discutir a sintomatologia clínica, diagnóstico, tratamento e o desfecho cirúrgico. Método: Relato de caso realizado por revisão de prontuário e exames de paciente com síndrome de Bouveret. Apresentação: Feminina, 62 anos, quadro clínico compatível com obstrução duodenal. Tomografia de abdômen: imagem ectópica radiopaca, distensão hidroaérea intestinal, sugerindo cálculo biliar, confirmada através de endoscopia digestiva alta. Submetida a gastrotomia, seguida de gastrorrafia, sem reparo da fístula colecistogástrica. Discussão: Síndrome de Bouveret é mais comum em idosos e mulheres com antecedentes de cálculos biliares grandes. O diagnóstico é feito por meio de exames de imagem, geralmente por tomografia computadorizada e o tratamento visa remover o cálculo e aliviar a obstrução intestinal de maneira menos invasiva possível. Por alto risco cirúrgico, o tratamento endoscópico por meio de métodos como retirada com cesta ou litotripsia é indicado, porém, requer múltiplos procedimentos e possui limitações. A abordagem cirúrgica pode ser realizada em um ou dois tempos, dependendo das condições do paciente. Conclusão: Exames de imagens aliados à clínica são essenciais para o diagnóstico e tratamento com gastrostomia e o reparo de fistula em dois tempos se mostra uma ótima opção

Introduction: Bouveret syndrome is a rare complication, caused by a large gallstone that obstructs the intestine through a fistula and has as main symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and distension. The diagnosis is made through imaging tests, the treatment is challenging and may involve surgery or endoscopic procedures. It has considerable morbidity and mortality, but the lack of standard guidelines makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. Objectives: To present a case report of a patient with pathophysiological characteristics and diagnosis of Bouveret syndrome, to discuss the clinical symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and surgical outcome. Method: Case report performed by review of medical records and examinations of patients with Bouveret syndrome. Presentation: Female, 62 years old, clinical picture compatible with duodenal obstruction. Abdominal CT scan: radiopaque ectopic image, intestinal hydrorespiratory distension, suggesting gallstone, confirmed by upper digestive endoscopy. Submitted to gastrotomy, followed by gastrorraphy, without repair of the cholecystogastric fistula. Discussion: Bouveret syndrome is more common in the elderly and women with a history of large gallstones. The diagnosis is made through imaging tests, usually by computed tomography and the treatment aims to remove the stone and relieve intestinal obstruction in the least invasive way possible. Due to high surgical risk, endoscopic treatment through methods such as basket removal or lithotripsy is indicated, however, it requires multiple procedures and has limitations. The surgical approach can be performed in one or two times, depending on the patient's conditions. Conclusion: Imaging exams combined with the clinic are essential for diagnosis and treatment with gastrostomy and two-stage fistula repair is a great option

Introducción: El Síndrome de Bouveret es una complicación rara, causada por un gran cálculo biliar que obstruye el intestino a través de una fístula y tiene como síntomas principales: náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal y distensión. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de pruebas de imagen, el tratamiento es desafiante y puede involucrar cirugía o procedimientos endoscópicos. Tiene una morbilidad y mortalidad considerables, pero la falta de pautas estándar dificulta el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Objetivos: Presentar un reporte de caso de un paciente con características fisiopatológicas y diagnóstico de Síndrome de Bouveret, discutir la sintomatología clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y resultado quirúrgico. Método: Reporte de caso realizado mediante revisión de historias clínicas y exámenes de un paciente con síndrome de Bouveret. Presentación: Mujer, 62 años, cuadro clínico compatible con obstrucción duodenal. Tomografía de abdomen: imagen ectópica radiopaca, distensión intestinal hidroaérea, sugestiva de cálculos biliares, confirmada por endoscopia digestiva alta. Sometido a gastrotomía, seguida de gastrorrafia, sin reparación de la fístula colecistogástrica. Discusión: El síndrome de Bouveret es más común en ancianos y mujeres con antecedentes de cálculos biliares grandes. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas de imagen, generalmente por tomografía computarizada, y el tratamiento tiene como objetivo eliminar el cálculo y aliviar la obstrucción intestinal de la forma menos invasiva posible. Debido al alto riesgo quirúrgico, está indicado el tratamiento endoscópico mediante métodos como la extracción con canastilla o la litotricia, sin embargo, requiere múltiples procedimientos y tiene limitaciones. El abordaje quirúrgico se puede realizar en una o dos etapas, dependiendo de las condiciones del paciente. Conclusión: Los exámenes de imagen combinados con la clínica son fundamentales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento con gastrostomía y la reparación de fístulas en dos tiempos demuestra ser una gran opción.

Perfil das notificações de dengue e febre chikungunya em Cabo Frio/Rj, 2014-2019 / Profile of dengue and chikungunya notifications in Cabo Frio/Rj, 2014-2019 / Perfil de las notificaciones de dengue y chikungunya en Cabo Frio/Rj, 2014-2019

Introdução: De acordo com a literatura científica, diagnósticos clínicos diferenciais de arboviroses representam uma dificuldade no que tange à dengue, na medida em que está no Brasil há muitos anos, o que acarreta em ser a arbovirose mais conhecida no país. As notificações de arboviroses se tornaram obrigatórias para inserção no SINAN, possibilitando a construção de perfis demográficos e o cálculo de incidências a partir de informações específicas para estas doenças. No que tange à dengue, a epidemia deste agravo ocorre no país desde 1986, evidenciando falhas na prevenção, relacionadas a aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Objetivo: analisar perfis das notificações de dengue e febre de chikungunya dos casos notificados no município de Cabo Frio. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo transversal e descritivo, com uso de dados secundários do SINAN referentes a casos de arboviroses no município de Cabo Frio/RJ. Foram observadas variáveis relacionadas ao sexo, escolaridade, raça/cor e critérios de confirmação, além do grau de completude. Resultados: Foram notificados 8.777 casos suspeitos de arboviroses, incluindo-se 1.367 notificações (15,57%) referentes à febre de chikungunya e 1.986 (22,63%), à dengue. Em relação ao desfecho, 1186 casos (51,45%) foram fechados como inconclusivos e 344 destes (14,92%) foram descartados como arboviroses. Dentre os inconclusivos, 943 (79,51%) eram referentes à notificação de dengue, idem para os 277 casos descartados (80,52%). Conclusão: Observou-se baixa taxa de completude nas fichas de notificação, explicada pelo baixo número de recursos humanos e pela insuficiente infraestrutura. Sugere-se a interação de diferentes profissionais e pesquisadores, facilitando a compreensão da complexa dinâmica das arboviroses em questão.

Introduction: According to the scientific literature, differential clinical diagnoses of arboviruses represent a difficulty with regard to dengue, as it has been present in Brazil for many years, which makes it the most well-known arbovirus in the country. Notifications of arboviruses became mandatory for inclusion in SINAN, enabling the construction of demographic profiles and the calculation of incidences based on specific information for these diseases. With regard to dengue, the epidemic of this disease has occurred in the country since 1986, showing failures in prevention, related to socioeconomic and environmental aspects. Objective: to analyze profiles of notifications of dengue and chikungunya fever of cases notified in the municipality of Cabo Frio. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, using secondary data from SINAN regarding cases of arboviruses in the municipality of Cabo Frio/RJ. Variables related to sex, education, race/color and confirmation criteria were observed, in addition to the degree of completeness. Results: 8,777 suspected cases of arboviruses were reported, including 1,367 reports (15.57%) referring to chikungunya fever and 1,986 (22.63%) to dengue fever. Regarding the outcome, 1186 cases (51.45%) were closed as inconclusive and 344 of these (14.92%) were discarded as arboviruses. Among the inconclusive ones, 943 (79.51%) were related to dengue notification, the same for the 277 discarded cases (80.52%). Conclusion: A low completeness rate was observed in the notification forms, explained by the low number of human resources and insufficient infrastructure. It is suggested the interaction of different professionals and researchers, facilitating the understanding of the complex dynamics of the arboviruses in question.

Introducción: Según la literatura científica, los diagnósticos clínicos diferenciales de los arbovirus representan una dificultad con respecto al dengue, ya que está presente en Brasil desde hace muchos años, lo que lo convierte en el arbovirus más conocido en el país. Las notificaciones de arbovirus pasaron a ser obligatorias para su inclusión en el SINAN, lo que permitió la construcción de perfiles demográficos y el cálculo de incidencias a partir de información específica de estas enfermedades. Con respecto al dengue, la epidemia de esta enfermedad se presenta en el país desde 1986, mostrando fallas en la prevención, relacionadas con aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales. Objetivo: analizar perfiles de notificaciones de dengue y fiebre chikungunya de los casos notificados en el municipio de Cabo Frio. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal y descriptivo, utilizando datos secundarios del SINAN sobre casos de arbovirus en el municipio de Cabo Frio/RJ. Se observaron variables relacionadas con el sexo, escolaridad, raza/color y criterios de confirmación, además del grado de completitud. Resultados: se notificaron 8.777 casos sospechosos de arbovirus, de los cuales 1.367 (15,57%) se referían a fiebre chikungunya y 1.986 (22,63%) a dengue. En cuanto al resultado, 1186 casos (51,45%) se cerraron como no concluyentes y 344 de estos (14,92%) se descartaron como arbovirus. Entre los inconclusos, 943 (79,51%) estaban relacionados con la notificación de dengue, lo mismo para los 277 casos descartados (80,52%). Conclusión: Se observó un bajo índice de completitud en los formularios de notificación, explicado por el bajo número de recursos humanos y la infraestructura insuficiente. Se sugiere la interacción de diferentes profesionales e investigadores, facilitando la comprensión de la compleja dinámica de los arbovirus en cuestión.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID-19 under the hierarchy of the urban network of municipalities in the state of Acre, western Brazilian Amazon region, 2020-2021: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Respiratory Syndromes Surveillance System was created by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2000 to monitor influenza in this country. With the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic, it became incorporated into the surveillance network for influenza and other respiratory viruses. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the state of Acre through its hierarchical urban network. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, descriptive and ecological study, using a spatiotemporal approach and using secondary data. This study was conducted in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. METHODS: This study used secondary data, and epidemiological weeks and municipalities were taken to be the units of analysis. Incidence rates and kernel intensities were calculated for four study periods. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed using scan statistics to identify clusters of SARS cases and considering the population of each municipality. RESULTS: In general, it could be observed that there were higher kernel rates and intensities in municipalities located in the north and south of this state (i.e. its most populous municipalities). CONCLUSION: Priority areas for interventions to control transmission of COVID-19 were highlighted, with the aim of reducing the risks of transmission to more distant areas in the urban hierarchy of the state of Acre.

Identification of spatial patterns in the distribution of meningitis in the State of Mato Grosso ­ Brazil, from 2007 to 2019 / Identificação de padrões espaciais na distribuição da meningite no estado de Mato Grosso ­ Brasil, no período de 2007 a 2019

Objective: to analyze the underreporting of meningitis records in the state of Mato Grosso, under conditions of vulnerability, based on spatial analysis. Methodology: Meningitis cases and estimated population were collected from DataSUS, organized by municipality of residence in the state of Mato Grosso and year of notification. Incidence rates were calculated by dividing the number of cases by the population, multiplying the result by 100,000. For spatial autocorrelation analysis, mean rates were used for the entire period, in addition to the variables percentage of poor, percentage of the population living in households with toilets and running water, and Municipal Human Development Index ­ Income (MHDI Income), obtained from the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. Results: in general, inverse autocorrelation was observed for the percentage variable of the population living in households with toilets and running water, with municipalities in the center and southeast of the state under high-high autocorrelation and municipalities in the northwest and northeast under low -low. As for the MHDI Income, cities in the center presented high-high autocorrelation and cities in the south and northwest, low-low. Conclusion: the scenario suggests that there is underreporting of meningitis cases in Mato Grosso, as situations marked by less privileged socioeconomic conditions are risk factors for disease transmission. Improvement of health services is suggested, seeking equitable public policies that aim to reduce the existing inequalities in this country.

Objetivo: analisar a subnotificação dos registros de meningite no estado de Mato Grosso, analisado sob condições de vulnerabilidade, a partir de análise espacial. Metodologia: casos de meningite e população estimada foram coletados no DataSUS, sendo organizados por município de residência no estado de Mato Grosso e ano de notificação. Taxas de incidência foram calculadas a partir da divisão do número de casos pela população, multiplicando o resultado por 100.000. Para análise de autocorrelação espacial, foram utilizadas taxas médias para todo o período, além das variáveis percentual de pobres, percentual da população que vive em domicílios com banheiro e água encanada e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal ­ Renda (IDHM Renda), obtidas junto ao Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Resultados: de uma forma geral, observou-se autocorrelação inversa quanto à variável percentual da população que vive em domicílios com banheiro e água encanada, com municípios do centro e do sudeste do estado sob autocorrelação alto-alto e municípios do noroeste e do nordeste, sob baixo-baixo. Quanto ao IDHM Renda, municípios do centro apresentaram autocorrelação alto-alto e municípios do sul e noroeste, baixo-baixo. Conclusão: o cenário sugere que há subnotificação de casos de meningite em Mato Grosso, pois situações marcadas por condições socioeconômicas menos privilegiadas são fatores de risco para transmissão da doença. Sugere-se aprimoramento de serviços de saúde, buscando políticas públicas equânimes que visem reduzir as desigualdades existentes neste pa

Characterization of Traumatic Injuries Due to Motor Vehicle Collisions in Neotropical Wild Mammals.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a severe threat to wildlife biodiversity worldwide and most vertebrate species are at risk. However, there is a considerable knowledge gap on the traumatic features and potential patterns of MVCs in wildlife. We investigated traumatic injuries (TIs) caused by MVCs (MVCs-TIs) in 430 neotropical wild mammals representing 44 species from Brazil. Injuries were classified topographically into four categories: abdomen/pelvis (AP), chest (TX), head/neck (HN) and extremities (EX). We also determined the prevalence of pathological changes in MVC fatalities. AP (n = 381; 89%) was the most affected body segment, followed by TX (n = 372; 87%), HN (n = 363; 84%) and EX (n = 288; 67%). The most prevalent gross pathological findings were single or multiple bone fractures (n = 397; 92%), visceral organ rupture (n = 371; 86%), haemothorax (n = 220; 51%) and pulmonary haemorrhage (n = 212; 49%). Microscopically, pulmonary oedema (n = 324; 82%) and haemorrhage (n = 272; 69%) were the most prevalent lesions. No distinct TI patterns were evident across the various taxonomic groups, although trends were found in some taxa, such as armadillos. These results may help clinicians performing emergency care on MVC wildlife patients and may be of value in pathological and forensic investigations where a MVC has been deemed a likely contributory factor to death.

Urban agriculture in São Paulo: an analysis from the sociology of public action.

How can one analyze the public actions of organizations and actors from different sectors? Studies using a policy analysis perspective have shed light on the role of the state in making and implementing urban agriculture (UA) policy. However, this perspective has limitations when it comes to explaining the interactions between the state, civil society, and the business organizations that support it. This article provides an analytical framework derived from the sociology of public action (SPA) to understand how multiple organizations support UA. We have applied the SPA framework to the city of São Paulo and our analysis indicates that civil society has mobilized significant meanings, ideas, and networks to reinforce the importance of UA. As a result, there has been a paradigm shift in terms of UA: it has gone from a state of invisibility within an institutional void to an improved state of policy planning. However, civil society organizations still lead the delivery of services for farmers with intermittent state support, which indicates that there has been a paradigm shift in UA policy planning, but not in policy implementation.

Ovarian Filariasis in a Wild Southern Tamandua (Tamanduatetradactyla; Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae).

Knowledge of reproductive health in wild southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla; Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae) is fragmentary. During necropsies of roadkill xenarthran species in Brazil, a case of ovarian filariasis in an adult female southern tamandua was observed. Macroscopically, both ovaries were irregularly enlarged and had numerous smooth protuberances. Histologically, the affected ovarian parenchyma presented adult nematodes (including females with microfilaria) surrounded by pleocellular inflammatory infiltrates. The morphological characteristics of the nematodes were consistent with the superfamily Filarioidea (order Spirurida). The adjacent ovarian parenchyma had developing and atretic follicles at different stages of maturation. Filarial nematodes were not observed in other tissues. The cause of death of this tamandua was fatal acute polytrauma as a consequence of the motor vehicle collision. This case adds to a prior report of ovarian filariasis in two southern tamanduas in Nicaragua and Guatemala, dating back almost 100 years, and suggests filarial infections could potentially have an impact on reproductive success in southern tamanduas and possibly other xenarthrans. Several xenarthran species are under different levels of threat and knowledge of their basic reproductive health is crucial for conservation programs.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID-19 under the hierarchy of the urban network of municipalities in the state of Acre, western Brazilian Amazon region, 2020-2021: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The Respiratory Syndromes Surveillance System was created by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2000 to monitor influenza in this country. With the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic, it became incorporated into the surveillance network for influenza and other respiratory viruses. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the state of Acre through its hierarchical urban network. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional, descriptive and ecological study, using a spatiotemporal approach and using secondary data. This study was conducted in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. METHODS: This study used secondary data, and epidemiological weeks and municipalities were taken to be the units of analysis. Incidence rates and kernel intensities were calculated for four study periods. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed using scan statistics to identify clusters of SARS cases and considering the population of each municipality. RESULTS: In general, it could be observed that there were higher kernel rates and intensities in municipalities located in the north and south of this state (i.e. its most populous municipalities). CONCLUSION: Priority areas for interventions to control transmission of COVID-19 were highlighted, with the aim of reducing the risks of transmission to more distant areas in the urban hierarchy of the state of Acre.

Cancer surveillance in Mato Grosso, Brazil: methodological and operational aspects of a university extension/research project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological and operational aspects of the "Project for surveillance of cancer and its associated factors: population-based and hospital-based registry" (VIGICAN), in the state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. METHODS: VIGICAN was divided into two projects: a university extension one, which updated the data from the Population-based Cancer Registry (PBCR) of MT in the 2008-2016 period; and a research project, which collected primary data, through individual interviews and analysis of medical records of people with a diagnosis of cancer, aged 18 years or older, treated at reference hospitals for oncology. To analyze the factors associated with cancer, the following variables were collected: socioeconomic and demographic, social support, health status and behavior, and environmental exposure. RESULTS: In the 2008-2016 period, approximately one hundred thousand cases of cancer (incident and prevalent) were reported in the PBCR Cuiabá and PBCR Interior. After validation procedures, 50 thousand incident cases were elected. The survey interviewed 1,012 patients, 38.2% living in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, 60.4% in small cities of the state, and 1.4% in other states. Preliminary data showed that the majority were women (55.0%) and younger than 60 years of age (54.3%). Among the interviewees, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco, 15.5% consumed alcoholic beverages (15.5%), and 32.7% lived nearby crops. CONCLUSION: The development of these projects allowed the integration of education with health services and will enable the recognition of specificities and different exposure scenarios and factors associated with cancer in the Mato Grosso territory.

Mortality trend of cancer and main types according to macroregion in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality trend from all cancers and the five main ones in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2000 to 2015. METHODS: This is a descriptive, ecological, time series study, with data referring to deaths of residents of Mato Grosso due to cancer (ICD-10 codes C00 to C97), from the Mortality Information System (SIM). Time trend analyses of the standardized mortality rate from all cancers and five specific cancers (lung, prostate, breast, colorectal and cervical) for the state and according to macroregion (South, West, North, East and Center-North) were performed using linear regression (p<0.05). RESULTS: From 2000 to 2015, 28,525 deaths from all cancers in residents of the state of Mato Grosso were recorded. An increasing trend was observed for all cancers, in addition to lung, breast and colorectal cancers. The South and North macroregions showed an increasing trend for all cancers, breast and colorectal, and Center-North for breast and colorectal. East showed an increasing trend for all cancers, prostate and colorectal, and decreasing for cervical. CONCLUSION: In the state of Mato Grosso, there was an increasing trend in mortality for all cancers and from specific ones, with emphasis on breast and colorectal cancer in most macroregions.

Cancer mortality in the State of Mato Grosso from 2000 to 2015: temporal trend and regional differences.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of standardized cancer mortality rate in the state of Mato Grosso according to health regions, from 2000 to 2015. METHODS: Ecological time series study with data on deaths by cancer from the Mortality Information System. The rates were standardized using direct method and calculated by year and health regions. The annual percentage changes (APC) and respective confidence interval (95%CI) were obtained through simple linear regression. Thematic maps were built to show the spatial distribution of rates. RESULTS: There were 28,525 deaths by cancer registered in Mato Grosso, with the main types being lung, prostate, stomach, breast and liver cancer. The highest mortality rates were found in regions Médio Norte, Baixada Cuiabana and Sul Mato-Grossense. From 2000 to 2015, an upward trend was seen in the mortality rate by cancer in Mato Grosso (APC=0.81%; 95%CI 0.38-1.26), and in four health regions, Garças Araguaia (APC=2.27%; 95%CI 1.46-3.08), Sul Mato-Grossense (APC=1.12%; 95%CI 0.28-1.97), Teles Pires (APC=1.93%; 95%CI 0,11-3,74) and Vale dos Arinos (APC=2.61%; 95%CI 1.10-4.70), while the other regions remained stable. CONCLUSION: In the state of Mato Grosso and in the four health regions, cancer mortality rate showed a growing trend. The results point to the need to consider regional differences when thinking about actions for cancer prevention, control and assistance.

Socioeconomic development and colorectal cancer mortality in a state of the Brazilian Legal Amazon from 2005 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates and socioeconomic factors in the five mesoregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Center-South) of the state of Mato Grosso, from 2005 to 2016. METHODS: Ecological study that considered deaths from CRC (C18 to C21) of residents of the state. Mortality rates were standardized by the direct method, using the world standard population. For the analysis of socioeconomic factors, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (IFDM) and its components (education, income and employment and health) were used. Means of mortality rates and socioeconomic factors between the mesoregions were tested using ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between mortality rates due to CRC and these factors. RESULTS: In the period from 2005 to 2016, 1,492 deaths from CRC were registered in the state of Mato Grosso. The Southwest mesoregion had the highest average for both the crude rate and standardized CRC mortality rates (3.47 and 3.86 deaths/100,000 inhabitants, respectively). There was a significant correlation between mortality rates from the disease with the following indicators: Overall IFDM for the North, Southeast and Center-South mesoregions; education for the North and Southeast mesoregions; income and employment for the North and Center-South mesoregions; and health for the North, Southeast and Center-South mesoregions. CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between CRC mortality rates and better socioeconomic development in the state.

Trends in the incidence of colorectal cancer in Greater Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (Brazil), from 2000 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal incidence trend of colorectal cancer (CRC), according to sex and age, in the Greater Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2000 to 2016. METHODS: Ecological time series study, with cases of CRC (C18 to C21) diagnosed from 2000 to 2016, of residents of the Greater Cuiabá (Cuiabá and Várzea Grande), in Mato Grosso. The information on the cases was obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The rates were adjusted by world population. The age groups considered ranged from 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years and 80 years and older. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of incidence. RESULTS: A total of 1,715 cases of CRC were registered with information on sex and age, with an adjusted rate of 16.4 new cases/100,000 men and 16.1 new cases/100,000 women. Men presented trend of increasing incidence rates in the age group of 70 to 79 years, with increase of 4.0% per year, while women presented trend of increase in the age group 50 to 59 years, with increase of 2.7% per year. CONCLUSION: Older men showed a more significant trend towards an increase in the incidence of CRC, but in women this occurred in a younger age group, highlighting the importance of considering age related information in the analyzes of occurrence of the disease in this population.

Socio-environmental factors and schistosomiasis hospitalizations in Minas Gerais, Brazil (2007-2017) / Factores socioambientales y hospitalizaciones por esquistosomiasis en Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017) / Fatores socioambientais e internações por esquistossomose em Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017)

Objective:to present a spatial analysis of hospitalizations for schistosomiasis in Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Method:ecological study, with spatio-temporal distribution. Data collection was carried out in 2019, at DataSUS, for the period between 01/01/2007 and 12/31/2017. The average rates, Moran Local Bivariate rates and thematic maps were performed using the QGis program. Results:higher hospitalization rates were observed in the North, East and Northeast parts of the state. Lower rates were observed in the Southeastern portion. The variables MHDI and percentage of households without garbage collection had higher values of Local Moran Index. Municipalities in the eastern and southeastern portions of the state were classified under the "high-high" stratum. Conclusion:hospitalizations were associated with lack of basic sanitation, conditions of poverty and inequality and strong presence of water collections. There are still regions where schistosomiasis remains endemic, having a focused character.

Objetivo: presentar un análisis espacial de las hospitalizaciones por esquistosomiasis en Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Método: estudio ecológico, con distribución espacio-temporal. La recolección de datos se realizó en 2019, en DataSUS, para el período comprendido entre el 01/01/2007 y el 31/12/2017. Las tasas promedio, las tasas Bivariadas Locales de Moran y los mapas temáticos se realizaron mediante el programa QGis. Resultados: se observaron mayores tasas de hospitalización en las zonas Norte, Este y Noreste del Estado. Se observaron tasas más bajas en la parte Sureste. Las variables IDHM y porcentaje de viviendas sin recolección de basura presentaron valores más altos de Índice Moran Local. Los municipios de las partes este y sureste del estado se clasificaron en el estrato "alto-alto". Conclusión: las hospitalizaciones se asociaron a la falta de saneamiento básico, condiciones de pobreza y desigualdad y fuerte presencia de captaciones de agua. Todavía hay regiones donde la esquistosomiasis sigue siendo endémica, teniendo un carácter focalizado.

Objetivo:apresentar análise espacial das internações por esquistossomose em Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Método:estudo ecológico, com distribuição espaço-temporal. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2019, no DataSUS, referente ao período entre 01/01/2007 e 31/12/2017. As taxas médias, as taxas de Moran Local Bivariado e os mapas temáticos foram realizados com uso do programa QGis. Resultados:foram observadas maiores taxas deinternação nas partes Norte, Leste e Nordeste do Estado. Menores taxas foram observadas na porção Sudeste. As variáveis IDHM e porcentagem de residências sem coleta de lixo tiveram maiores valores de índice de Moran Local. Municípios das porções Leste e Sudeste do Estado foram classificados sob estrato "alto-alto". Conclusão:as internações estiveram associadas à falta de saneamento básico, condições de pobreza e desigualdade,e forte presença de coletas de água. Ainda há regiões onde a esquistossomose permanece endêmica, tendo caráter focalizado.