ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Erythrina mulungu Benth. ("mulungu", Fabaceae) is a Brazilian native species with ethnopharmacological use for respiratory diseases. However, the effects of E. mulungu on the respiratory were never studied. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effects of an ethanolic extract from flowers of E. mulungu in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice, and to study the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: OVA-sensitized mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with four doses (200, 400, 600, and 800â¯mg/kg) of the E. mulungu extract or dexamethasone (DEXA, 2â¯mg/kg) during seven consecutive days and simultaneously challenged with intranasal OVA. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was evaluated in vivo, 24â¯h after the last OVA challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for counting the number of total and differential inflammatory cells. Blood was collected for measurement of anti-OVA IgE levels. Levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-â¯4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon (INF)-γ were measured in pulmonary homogenate by ELISA. The recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lung tissue was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). The extract's chromatographic profile was evaluated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). RESULTS: The treatment with E. mulungu extract significantly reduced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, significantly reduced the number of leukocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in BAL, and significantly decreased the levels of IL-4 and IL-5, while increased levels of IL-13 and INF-γ. In addition, E. mulungu significantly decreased the cellular inflammatory infiltration in the lung tissue. Erysotrine, erysotrine-N-oxide, and hypaphorine were the major constituents identified in the extract. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results confirm the potential of E. mulungu for asthma treatment, through modulation of inflammatory response, supporting its ethnopharmacological use for respiratory diseases.
Subject(s)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Asthma/drug therapy , Erythrina , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/pathology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Cytokines/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Erythrina/chemistry , Ethanol/chemistry , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Leukocyte Count , Lung/drug effects , Lung/immunology , Lung/pathology , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Phytochemicals/analysis , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Plant Bark/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Solvents/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To appraise the available evidence comparing low oxygen (LowO2) and atmospheric oxygen tension (AtmO2) for embryo culture. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Women undergoing assisted reproduction using embryo culture. INTERVENTION(S): Embryo culture using LowO2 versus AtmO2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Reproductive, laboratory, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULT(S): A total of 21 studies were included in this review. All used O2 concentration between 5% and 6% in the LowO2 group. Considering the studies that randomized women/couples, we observed very low quality evidence that LowO2 is better for live birth/ongoing pregnancy (relative risk [RR] = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.3) and clinical pregnancy (RR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2). Considering the studies that randomized oocytes/embryos, we observed low quality evidence of no difference of fertilization (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 1.0-1.0) and cleavage rate (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 1.0-1.1), and low quality evidence that LowO2 is better for high/top morphology at the cleavage stage (RR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3). No studies comparing pregnancy outcomes were identified. Several studies used different incubators in the groups-a new model for the LowO2 group and an old model for the AtmO2 group. The risk of detection bias for the laboratory outcomes was high as embryologists were not blinded. CONCLUSION(S): Although we observed a small improvement (â¼5%) in live birth/ongoing pregnancy and clinical pregnancy rates (PRs), the evidence is of very low quality and the best interpretation is that we are still very uncertain about differences in this comparison. The clinical equipoise remains and more large well-conducted randomized controlled trials are needed. They should use the same incubators in both groups and the embryologists should be blinded at least when evaluating laboratory outcomes.
Subject(s)
Blastocyst/metabolism , Embryo Culture Techniques , Fertilization in Vitro , Oxygen/metabolism , Atmospheric Pressure , Embryo Implantation , Female , Fertilization in Vitro/adverse effects , Humans , Live Birth , Odds Ratio , Pregnancy , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Introdução: Paciente neuropatas podem desenvolver complicações múltiplas como distonia, déficit de crescimento e desenvolvimento, desnutrição e disfagia. Nos disfágicos, a gastrostomia é a via preferencial para alimentação, necessitando de acompanhamento nutricional especializado. Objetivo: Descrever o estado nutricional e a conduta dietoterápica de neuropatas pediátricos gastrostomizados em ambulatório de referência em Nutrição e Gastroenterologia Pediátrica. Método: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo com 9 crianças e adolescentes portadores de neuropatia hipóxia-isquêmica neonatal, gastrostomizados, (n=7 sexo masculino), avaliados no primeiro e último atendimento. Os critérios de inclusão: serem neuropatas, possuir idade entre 0 e 18 anos, gastrostomizado por no mínimo 3 meses; Foram excluídos pacientes com associação à erros inatos de metabolismo (EIM), síndrome genéticas e hepatopatias. Foram coletados do prontuário dados antropométricos e da conduta dietoterápica. Resultados antropométricos foram comparados aos Protocolos do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± desvio padrão e mediana (valor máximo e mínimo). Resultados: A mediana de idade no atendimento inicial foi 4 anos e 3 meses (12a6m e 9m) e a final de 6 anos (2a10m e 13a8m). O tempo de seguimento ambulatorial variou de 5 meses a 2 anos (mediana=10 meses), sendo realizado de 2 à 8 atendimentos por paciente (mediana=4 atendimentos). A mediana de idade da gastrostomia foi 1 ano e 7 meses (8m e 6a9m). A média do z-escore inicial de peso para idade (P/I) foi -3,2 ± 1,31, estatura para idade (E/I) foi -3,6 ± 1,34 e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC/I) foi -1,5 ± 094. No último atendimento, os valores médios de P/I foram -2,4 ± 2,0, E/I -3,4 ± 1,74 e IMC/I -0,6 ± 0,98. Na conduta dietoterápica, a necessidade energética foi calculada de acordo com Holliday-Segar (1957), adicionando-se 50% para muito baixo peso para...
